自动重质油组分分离装置的研制

介绍一种用于测定原油及渣油组分的自动重质油组分分离的装置,该自动重质油组分分离装置按照SH/T0509-2010标准,采用洗脱色谱柱法测量原油及渣油中各组分的含量。应用视觉识别技术和计算机控制,实现原油及渣油组分分离过程中溶剂自动计量、溶剂自动注入色谱层析柱,分离组分自动收集,从而实现原油及渣油组分分离自动操作,提高工作效率和数据检测的准确性,避免有机溶剂对操作者产生危害及环境污染。     

超声波对重质油4组分分布的影响

渣油的饱和分、芳香分、胶质和沥青质4组分的分布直接影响各工艺的产品产率与产品质量,对重质油加工具有十分重要的意义.探索超声波作用对油品4组分含量变化的影响,为进一步探索超声波对重质油4组分的化学作用提供依据.结果表明:超声波作用对重质油4组分的分布有影响,可以促进饱和分和芳香分质量分数的增加,胶质和沥青质质量分数的降低.本试验范围内,超声温度50～60℃,超声时间15 min,超声频率28 kHz,超声功率200 W,与原料油相比,重质油4组分中饱和分和芳香分质量分数增加率分别为5％和4％,胶质和沥青质质量分数分别减少了2.5％和7.5％.     

重质石油污染土壤的生物修复

石油污染土壤的生物修复以其成本低、环境友好而具有良好的发展前景。生物修复的研究主要集中在难降解的重质石油烃尤其是芳烃的生物降解基因和机理的研究。微观上应用分子生物学技术探索石油烃生物降解的机理、宏观上应用先进的仪器研究石油烃的降解和物理参数相关性的规律,筛选优势降解菌或菌群培育高效基因工程菌,通过对降解石油中重质组分的菌群进行群落分析和同生菌群的强化研究,认为不可培养微生物的研究和从分子水平重建石油降解微生物区系是一个重要的研究方向。     

医用重质碳酸镁制备的研究

以廉价易得的菱苦土等矿物、工业硫酸等化工产品为原料,经过酸解,制取可溶性镁盐溶液,除去原料中不溶性杂质,再与碳酸氢铵进行复分解反应,其溶液经热解处理、分离、干燥制得医用重质碳酸镁,其产品质量达到中国药典(二部)标准,可用于制造中和胃酸的药品。     

生物质碳材料的制备及应用

生物质碳材料因具有原料丰富、成本低、易得、生态友好、轻质、超大表面积和高介电损耗等优点而被广泛用于电工、环境、吸附以及储能等领域。综述了近年来生物质碳材料在相关领域的应用,并展望了该材料未来的发展方向。     

核壳结构碳材料的制备和应用研究进展

核壳结构碳材料属于纳米级中空介孔碳球,化学性质稳定,易于控制物质的贮存和释放,引起了研究者相当大的关注。简述了核壳结构碳材料的结构和外在特征,详细的介绍了制备核壳结构碳材料的合成路线,同时综述了核壳结构碳材料在多个领域上的应用。     

空心纳微米碳球的制备研究进展

新型碳材料中,空心碳球具有独特的空腔结构而具有比表面积大、密度低、化学稳定性好、热稳定性高等优点,在能源、气体储存、吸附分离和催化等领域有着广泛的应用。本文将常用的制备空心纳微米碳球的方法进行综述,最后展望了空心炭球的应用和研究前景。     

不同催化剂对重质油加氢反应产物的影响

采用不同的加氢催化剂,在不同的实验条件下,考察了重质油中四组分的含量变化,烃组成、元素组成。并建立了重质油组成的分离、分析方法,对加氢重质油进行四组分分离,从而探究重质油性质在加氢过程中的转化规律。     

重质油分离方法研究进展

综述了重质油分离方法的最新进展,并对不同分离方法的使用和改进情况进行了系统的总结。根据不同的需要,按溶解度、极性、酸碱性、分子体积、分子质量将重质油进行预分离,有利于对于重质油分子组成和结构的深入认识。     

重质油分离与评价方法研究进展

综述了重质油分离与评价方法的最新进展,并对不同分离方法的应用和优缺点进行了系统的总结,可根据实际需要,按沸点、溶解度、极性、酸碱性、分子量、分子体积大小将重质油进行分离,然后对分离后的组分进行分析评价,所得分析数据为重质油的加工过程提供理论指导。     

Study of the composition of heavy ends of petroleum

Bombay High Crude comes from the most potential oilfield of India. Its dewaxed distillate, of boiling range 370–520°C, was subjected to ion exchange and coordination chromatography to separate acids, bases and neutral nitrogen compounds. The remaining hydrocarbon plus fraction was separated into saturates, mono-, di- and polyaromatics on a dual column of silica-alumina. The polar non-hydrocarbons were characterised by infrared spectroscopy, and saturates and aromatics by n.m.r. and mass spectrometry.     

煤沥青基功能碳材料的研究现状及前景

我国煤沥青资源丰富,但深加工技术落后,产品附加值低,实现煤沥青高附加值利用是亟待解决的重大课题。本文介绍了以煤沥青为原料合成高性能功能碳材料的主要技术,重点阐述了以煤沥青为原料制备中间相沥青、多孔碳材料、碳纤维、二维纳米碳材料及碳基复合材料的研究进展。分析表明,高芳香性和高缩合度分子结构所引起的强π-π相互作用是阻碍煤沥青基高性能功能碳材料设计合成的瓶颈问题。通过催化聚合、氧化、共热解等技术手段可有效改善煤沥青分子结构及其物理、化学性质。结合模板复制、物理/化学活化、界面诱导以及催化石墨化等技术可实现多种功能性碳材料结构设计与表面化学性质调控。发展煤沥青分子结构调控新技术作为改善煤沥青基碳材料性能的重要策略,需要系统深入研究。     

介孔碳的研究进展及应用

介孔碳是一类新型的具有巨大比表面积和孔体积的介孔材料,可以通过不同的方法合成并对其孔结构和形貌进行调节。本文主要综述了介孔碳及介孔碳基复合材料的合成方法,对比阐述了不同方法制备的介孔碳材料所具备的孔道结构和形貌。介绍了将不同非金属和金属元素及其氧化物掺杂在介孔碳中合成复合材料,发现制备的复合材料具有更优的性能且掺杂元素不同复合材料的形貌和孔道结构不同。此外,简要说明了介孔碳及碳基复合材料在环境、催化、储能、电化学和生物医学等方面的应用,指出其在各个领域的应用仍存在不足。调整介孔碳的孔结构和表面性能、采用更简便易控制的合成方法将成为制备介孔碳及碳基材料的主要研究方向。     

Recent developments in plant oil based functional materials

The increasing interest of academic and industrial sectors in the use of bio‐based materials mirrors the overwhelming need for replacing, as much as possible, petroleum derived chemicals, reducing the negative environmental impact derived from their usage. Vegetable oils fulfill this goal extremely well, because of their worldwide availability, large volume production at comparatively low prices and versatility of the modifications and reactions in which they can participate to produce a large variety of different monomers and polymer precursors. Further reactions of these chemicals can lead to very different types of final materials with varied applications. It is because of this remarkable versatility that many review articles have appeared during the last few years; many of them have dealt with the various routes for vegetable oil modification and options for polymer synthesis, whilst others were dedicated to the analysis of the properties of the derived materials, generally focusing on structural properties. In this review, we focus on the capabilities of vegetable oils to be modified and/or reacted to obtain materials with functional properties suitable for use in coatings, conductive or insulating materials, biomedical, shape memory, self‐healing and thermoreversible materials as well as other special functional applications. © 2015 Society of Chemical Industry     

新型储氢材料研究进展

氢能作为一种环保可再生的新型能源,生产技术逐渐走向成熟,成本大幅度下降,将迎来快速发展的机遇期。氢能被广泛利用的关键在于是否能够实现高效储存。本文重点讨论了四类新型储氢材料,即金属络合氢化物储氢材料、碳纳米管储氢材料、沸石以及新型沸石类材料、有机液态储氢材料。文章指出：金属络合氢化物储氢材料储存压力低但循环稳定性差;碳纳米管储氢材料已经有很长的发展历史,安全性高且易脱氢,然而目前对其储氢机理认识不够成熟;沸石以及新型沸石类材料价格低廉,但是对反应条件的要求高;有机液态储氢材料被认为是大规模储存和运输的可行选择,然而昂贵的成本和苛刻的反应条件限制了其发展。文章指出后续需要改进并开发具有较高存储容量和具有经济价值的储氢材料。     

模板法制备有序中孔炭材料及其性能

以SBA-15为模板,蔗糖为炭源,在不同的炭化温度下合成了不同比表面积的中孔炭材料。利用红外光谱(IR), 小角X射线衍射(XRD), 透射电镜(TEM),N₂吸脱附及循环伏安测试等技术考察了不同炭化温度对中孔炭材料形貌、比表面积、孔体积及比电容的影响。结果表明：最佳炭化温度为700℃,TEM观测表明,700℃炭化所制备的样品孔结构呈二维六角有序分布,N₂吸脱附测试表明,该样品的孔体积为1.88 cm³•g^-1,比表面积为1394 m²•g^-1,具有典型的中孔结构和集中的中孔分布,它的最可几孔径为3.4 nm;采用循环伏安测试电极及电容器的电化学行为,结果显示,该样品单电极在6 mol•L^-1的KOH电解液中,扫描速度为1 mV•s^-1时,比电容可达212 F•g^-1,是一种理想的超级电容器电极材料。     

微波等离子体法合成重油残渣基定向纳米碳薄膜

以重油残渣为原料,采用微波等离子法制备了一种结构新颖的定向纳米碳薄膜材料。经场发射扫描电子显微镜、高分辨透射电子显微镜分析,结果表明：产物纯度较高,外观呈条状麦穗形,各条状物平行排列形成定向阵列,最大宽度约为65nm,长度可达900nm左右;麦穗的主干表层和穗片晶化程度较好,层与层之间清晰可见,中心部位为非晶态,可能是产物经历了由外向内的生长过程,重油残渣中的重金属Ni、Fe等对其生长起了一定的催化作用。     

Surface properties of heavy petroleum distillation residues

Heavy residues of the distillation of oils from different origins and their main constituents (oil, asphalt, resins and asphaltenes) were analysed using various methods: elemental analysis, potentiometry for acid and base content measurement, i.r. spectroscopy for H bonding capacity determination, a spot test for the evaluation of the flocculation tendency of the constituents and either liquid contact angle measurements on compressed powders or inverse gas chromatography for the assessment of the surface free energy of the solid constituents of the residues. The properties of the heavy residues are quite different. In particular, the surface properties depend on the molecular composition (functional group content) of the residues but also on the degree of association of polar and less polar constituents. Clearly the weight ratio of resins and asphaltenes is a significant factor for the surface properties and the stability of heavy residues.     

New correlation for predicting the viscosity of heavy petroleum fractions

A new, simple and reliable empirical correlation for predicting the viscosities of heavy petroleum fractions is proposed, applicable to fractions with mid-boiling points from 80 to 550°C over a wide range of viscosities (0.4 to 260 mm² s⁻¹) and measurement temperatures (40 to 200°C). This correlation showed better accuracy in the prediction of heavy petroleum fraction viscosities than that of the most accurate and much more complicated predictive methods in the literature, since it gave an overall average absolute deviation of 6.5% when tested on 296 data for medium and heavy petroleum fractions.     

Sulfur dioxide as an activating agent for sulfur-impregnated activated carbon produced from dense petroleum coke

To develop novel sorbent materials for capturing vapor mercury from industrial flue gases at high temperatures, high-sulfur oil-sands fluid coke was activated using 50% sulfur dioxide (SO₂) at 700°C under various pre-treatment conditions. Pyrolysis in nitrogen prior to activation significantly decreased specific surface area (SSA) of the product, which was attributed to the thermoplastic behavior of coke at high temperatures. Air pre-oxidation suppressed this effect and provided an enhancement over non-pyrolyzed coke, with SSA peaking at 447 m²/g after 5 h activation. Acid washing of air pre-oxidized activated coke in 10% hydrochloric acid increased SSA by removal of inorganic ash which added weight but contributed minimal surface area. Decreasing initial particle size range from 212–300 to 53–106 μm significantly increased SSA, which was attributable to an outer porous layer of constant thickness. Under optimized conditions, an SSA of 531 m²/g was achieved – the highest reported in literature for physically activated fluid coke. Coke activated with SO₂ displays a high mesoporous fraction and pore surface coverage by sulfur groups that were thermally stable up to 500°C.