活性炭负载纳米镍催化葡萄糖还原胺化反应

在活性炭存在下硼氢化钠还原氯化镍制备了炭负载纳米镍（Ni/AC）,用扫描电镜、透射电镜、X射线衍射分析表征了催化剂的结构,以一步法葡萄糖的还原胺化合成葡甲胺的反应为模型,考察了催化剂的制备、催化反应条件等因素对葡甲胺产率的影响。产物结构经核磁共振波谱表征。葡萄糖与甲胺先形成环状甲胺基葡萄糖,进而在催化剂作用下被还原成葡甲胺。研究发现,催化剂制备过程中的NaCl对催化反应具有抑制作用。三乙胺的加入能够提高催化剂的催化性能。在n_葡萄糖∶n_Ni=9∶1,n_葡萄糖∶n_甲胺=1∶1.8,n_Ni∶n_三乙胺=1∶2.5,80 ℃及氢气5.0 MPa下反应1 h,葡甲胺的产率达到了98%。     

量子拓扑指数法预测多氯联苯醚的热力学性质

应用密度泛函理论(DFT),在B3LYP/6-31+G(d)基组上优化和振动分析计算了多氯联苯醚（PCDEs）所有209种可能的分子空间几何结构,得到其各原子之间空间拓扑距离,并建立拓扑空间距离矩阵。结合分子中各原子的支化度,应用原子的平衡电负性对分子图进行着色,得到量子拓扑指数PX₁、PX₂。采用多元线性回归技术建立联苯醚和209种可能结构的多氯联苯醚PCDEs 3种少见报道的热力学性质--标准生成热、标准生成自由能和相对自由能与PX₁、PX₂的定量关系拓扑模型,并用该模型分别对不同热力学性质进行预测与估算。结果表     

带斜截半椭圆柱面空冷器的传热和流阻特性数值模拟

在Re=400～2200范围内,对管后分别布置一对斜截半椭圆柱面和三角形小翼涡流发生器的顺排和叉排翅片圆管空冷器气侧传热和流阻性能进行数值模拟。结果表明两涡流发生器强化传热效果相当。由于流线型设计,斜截半椭圆柱面在顺排管和叉排管空冷器中产生的流阻分别比三角形小翼低0.07%～2.53%和1.51%～5.31%,在叉排管空冷器中,两涡流发生器在较高Re下均具有流动减阻效果,斜截半椭圆柱面最多可减阻6.40%,三角形小翼最多可减阻4.39%。顺排管空冷器中斜截半椭圆柱面综合性能R=(j/j₀)/(f/f₀)值在Re>700时比三角形小翼高相似文献   

水力式流浆箱稳流室的数值研究

流浆箱是造纸机上非常关键的设备,纸页的成形质量很大程度上取决于流浆箱的性能。水力式流浆箱采用稳流室作为浆料匀整装置,利用淹没射流原理,使流浆箱内的浆流具有均匀的速度剖面。稳流室长度是稳流室的一个非常重要的参数。基于可实现k-ε湍流模型,运用Fluent求解水力式流浆箱稳流室内的流场参数,利用PIV测量技术对数值模拟结果进行验证,测量结果与数值模拟结果吻合良好。利用统计学原理计算出稳流室各横截面上的速度均方差,并以速度均方差值的变化趋势来判断稳流室内浆流速度是否达到均匀,对于不同布浆管束直径d和浆料入射速度v,计算出稳流室内浆流达到均匀分布所要求的长度L,结果表明L值随着布浆管束的直径增加和入射速度的提高而增大,并且二者分别符合一次函数关系。利用二元函数拟合得出L值与d和v之间的关系式,该式可作为水力式流浆箱稳流室的设计参考。     

Effect of graphitization temperature on microstructure of PAN-based high modulus graphite fibers

以日本东丽公司T800碳纤维为原料,经不同温度的连续石墨化处理得到性能不同的高模量碳纤维。利用X射线衍射（XRD）和激光拉曼光谱（Raman光谱）研究了5种自制PAN基高模量碳纤维（1^#,2^#,3^#,4^#,5^#）的微观结构。结果表明：随着石墨化温度的升高,石墨微晶尺寸L_c、L_a10、L_a110及取向度均逐渐增大,而d₀₀₂和取向角则逐渐减小。石墨化温度越高,碳纤维的石墨化程度越高,结晶度越大。     

线圈倾角对方腔内空气热磁对流的影响

数值研究了零重力与重力环境下圆形载流线圈绕X轴倾斜时方腔内空气热磁对流。方腔左侧垂直壁面等温加热、右侧垂直壁面等温冷却,其他壁面绝热。磁场计算采用毕奥-萨伐定律。控制方程基本变量采用控制容积法离散,求解采用SIMPLE算法。获得了空气热磁对流的流场和温度场,以及平均Nusselt数并进行了比较,计算结果表明磁场力和线圈倾斜角对方腔内流场和换热有重要影响。随γ增加,方腔内对流变得越来越强。零重力环境下,Nu_m关于x_euler=45°呈现对称分布;重力环境下,Nu_m关于x_euler=0°相似文献   

The chemical-enzymatic preparation and resolution of β-naphthyl alcohol

通过化学-酶相耦合的方法,成功制备出e.e.值>99%的S-β-萘乙醇,使其光学纯度达到了制备R-2-萘乙胺的要求。研究中以β-萘乙酮为原料,经硼氢化钠还原得到外消旋的β-萘乙醇。经过酶催化动力学拆分,β-萘乙醇中R型底物100%全转化为酯,S构型底物型被保留,这样体系中S构型底物的e.e.值达到近100%。本文还考察了若干因素对酶催化动力学拆分过程的影响,并最终确定了酶催化动力学拆分β-萘乙醇制备S-β-萘乙醇的最适条件：反应温度45 ℃,溶液为甲苯,底物浓度为100 mmol/L。     

乙酸乙酯-1,2-丙二醇二元系的密度、折射率和黏度

常压下测定了乙酸乙酯和1,2-丙二醇二元系在298.15～323.15 K下的密度、折射率和黏度,建立了混合液密度、黏度随组成和温度变化关系的方程。计算了过量摩尔体积V^E,折射率偏差Δn_D,黏度偏差Δη和过量流动活化自由能ΔG^*E。结果表明,过量摩尔体积低温时在全浓度范围内为负值,但随温度升高,在富酯区变为正值;而折射率偏差高温时在富醇区为微小正值,其他情况都是负值;黏度偏差和过量流动活化自由能显示了相同的变化关系,均为负值,且都随温度降低而偏差增大。     

Preparation of Pt-based catalyst by reverse microemulsion and its selective hydrogenation performance

采用反相（W/O）微乳液法制备负载型Pt基催化剂,以间氯硝基苯（m-CNB）选择加氢反应为探针,考察微乳液组成、助表面活性剂和油相种类、还原剂用量及载体种类等制备参数对催化剂活性的影响,并对Pt粒子及催化剂进行TEM表征。结果表明：选择十六烷基三甲基溴化胺（CTAB）/正丁醇/环己烷/H₂PtCl₆溶液的W/O微乳体系,m(CTAB)∶m(正丁醇)=3∶7,m(CTAB+正丁醇)∶m(环己烷)=3∶7,H₂PtCl₆溶液含量3.6%,N₂H₄·H₂O用量100 μL时制备的Pt/γ-Al₂O₃催化剂对m-CNB选择加氢活性最高。TEM分析表明催化剂中Pt粒子均匀分散在载体上。     

水力喷射空气旋流器的气相压降特性

Water-sparged aerocyclone(WSA)is a new type of gas-liquid mass transfer equipment with high efficiency.The gas phase pressure drop characteristics in WSA was investigated in this study.With the increase of inlet gas velocity(u_g), the liquid jet presents three patterns: steady-state jet, deformed spiral jet and atomized spiral jet, and the pressure drop curves in WSA can be divided into three different regions, i.e., low pressure drop, abruptly increased pressure drop and high pressure drop.In the low pressure drop region, the liquid holdup in outlet gas(ε_L)is almost zero, and the gas pressure drop in WSA(Δp)increases with u_g.In the second region,ε_L develops from zero and Δp increases abruptly.In the high pressure drop region, ε_L and Δp increase with u_g. The mechanism of the three pressure drop regions is discussed.A non-dimensional empirical model is developed for the regions with low and high pressure drop, which correlates the Euler number with the gas Reynolds number based on the available experimental data and can be well used to predict the pressure drop in WSA.     

塔板上流型变化对板效率影响的计算传质学

利用能够描述塔板上气液两相错流过程的流体力学模型,建立了同时模拟气液两相流动与传质过程的数学模型;通过对气液两相传质方程和流体力学模型方程的联立求解,计算得到了塔板上液相速度分布和气液两相浓度分布的数值解,考察了气相完全混合和气相部分混合两种条件下塔板上的气液两相浓度分布,同时考察了气相完全混合时流型变化对塔板效率的影响.     

计算传质法预测精馏塔效率(英文)

A computational mass transfer model is proposed for predicting the concentration profile and Murphree efficiency of sieve tray distillation column. The proposed model is based on using modified two equations formulation for closing the differential turbulent mass transfer equation with improvement by considering the vapor injected from the sieve hole to be three dimensional. The predicted concentration distributions by using proposed model were checked by experimental work conducted on a sieve tray simulator of 1.2 meters in diameter for de-sorbing the dissolved oxygen in the feed water by blowing air. The model predictions were confirmed by the ex-perimental measurement. The validation of the proposed model was further tested by comparing the simulated re-sult with the performance of an industrial scale sieve tray distillation column reported by Kunesh et al. for the strip-ping of toluene from its water solution. The predicted outlet concentration of each tray and the Murphree tray effi-ciencies under different operating conditions were in agreement with the published data. The simulated turbulent mass transfer diffusivity on each tray was within the range of the experimental result in the same sieve column re-ported by Cai et al. In addition, the prediction of the influence of sieve tray structure on the tray efficiency by using the proposed model was demonstrated.     

并流喷射填料塔板流体力学及传质性质性能的实验研究

The jet co-flow packing tray(JCPT) with three different types of perforation in equal opening fraction was tested in two rectangular columns with 0.12 m in width and 0.27 m in length operated with air-water system.The influences of gas phase orifice F-factor and clear liquid height He on the amount of liquid lifted, Q, were examined. The corresponding correlation between Q with F-factor and equivalent diameter of perforated holes as well as Hc was obtained. Furthermore, the non-steady state mass transfer performance of JCPT was tested by the humidification of air with water. Finally, by the analysis of data and comparison, it was found that the JCPT tray with single cap and two holes exhibited the highest mass transfer efficiency and best performance.     

悬挂式降液管塔板的抗堵功能研究及应用

为了延长精馏塔和吸收塔的运行周期,研究开发了悬挂式降液管塔板(DJ塔板)。DJ塔板采用悬挂式矩形降液管作为降液通道,筛孔或固定阀作为鼓泡元件,具有处理能力大、传质效率高、抗堵性能好等特点。论文根据DJ塔板的机械结构,分析了塔板上的气液二相流流动规律,在此基础上阐述了其抗堵机理。DJ塔板已成功应用于丁二烯装置丁二烯精馏塔、化肥装置变换气脱硫塔、气体净化和除尘塔等40余座塔,实现了扩产、节能和减排目的。DJ塔板具有很好抗堵性能,其应用前景良好。     

一个用于精馏塔模拟的新模型

A new computational mass transfer model is proposed for simulating the distillation process by solving the fluctuating mass flux for the closure of turbulent mass transfer equation in order to obtain the concentration profile and the separation efficiency of distillation column. The feather of the proposed model is to abandon the conventional way of introducing the turbulent mass transfer diffusivity (dispersion coefficient) to the turbulent mass transfer equation. To verify the validity of the proposed model, a commercial scale packed column and a sieve tray column were simulated and compared with published experimental data. The simulated results were satisfactorily confirmed in both concentration distribution and separation efficiency.     

新结构95型塔板的流体力学性能

引　言传统的板式塔塔板开孔率有限 ,当处理量较大时 ,压降较高 ,板效率降低 .因此开发新型大通量高效率塔板具有重要的现实意义 .本研究通过改进降液管结构和板面设计 ,提高塔板的有效传质区面积 ,开发了一种新型大通量塔板——— 95型塔板 ,因该板的有效传质区面积约占全部塔板面积的95%而得名 .本文以水和空气体系对 95型塔板进行了流体力学和流动性能试验 ,同时与传统筛板进行了比较 ,对试验测定的数据进行了关联 .1　试验装置及筛板结构参数试验塔为一直径Φ1 0 0 0ｍｍ的不锈钢塔 .塔内设置两块塔板 ,上板为测试板 ,下板为气体分布板 …     

FST高效塔板传质元件内气相流场的数值模拟

FST高效塔板是一种喷射型塔板,同鼓泡型塔板相比,具有高通量、低压降等特点。塔板传质元件的结构会很大的影响塔板的传质效率和压降,为了优化塔板结构设计,提升塔板性能,有必要研究不同结构传质元件的效果。本文使用FLUENT软件对FST高效塔板传质元件开展数值模拟研究,得到传质元件内部气相流场,对比了3种结构传质元件内部气相流场的分布情况,考察了除雾叶片、旋流叶片径向角对气相流场的影响。结果显示除雾叶片会增强传质元件的除雾效果,降低塔板的雾沫夹带,但也会带来额外的塔压降。旋流叶片径向角会增强气相旋流强度,强化传质效果,但是也会带来压降过大、回流过大的问题。为优化设计塔板传质元件,应综合考虑各结构因素的影响,合理平衡塔板压降与传质效果、除雾效果。     

筛板精馏塔的板效率研究

在直径为0.75 m,塔高4m的不锈钢热模塔内,以正庚烷—环己烷为物系、在常压、全回流条件下,进行筛板塔传质效率的研究,选取孔径为13mm和6 mm,开孔率为3.9％和6.4％的塔板,测试了这些塔板的气液相默弗里板效率,通过排列组合,考察了孔径、不同塔板位置和出口堰高对传质效率的影响,并进行了传质效果对比.此外还运用A...     

Three Dimensional Simulation of Liquid Flow on Distillation Tray

The liquid flow on a single-pass sieve distillation tray is simulated with a three-dimensional computational fluid dynamics (CFD) program with the K-ε turbulence model. In the model, a source term SMi is formulated in the Navier-Stokes equations to represent the interfacial momentum transfer and another term SC is added to the mass transfer equation as the source of interfacial mass transfer. The simulation provides the detailed information of the three-dimensional distribution of liquid velocity on the tray, the circulation area and the concentration profile along the height of liquid layer.     

气体折流塔板流体力学和传质实验研究

对气体折流塔板的流体力学和传质进行了实验,找出了气液流动对塔板压降和传质的影响规律,通过气体折流塔板与传统筛板在流体力学与传质等方面的比较,找到了气体折流塔板的适用范围及相对于传统筛板的优点,为以后此塔板的应用提供了有效数据。