Biophysical Approaches to the Pharmaceutical Development of Proteins

The complexity of protein pharmaceuticals necessitates a multifaceted approach to their characterization, stabilization, and development. The combined use of spectroscopic, hydrodynamic, chromatographic and thermodynamic methods to evaluate various levels of macromolecular structure is described. Near future developments in our ability to evaluate proteins at high structural resolution are also considered.     

8大专家的头脑风暴——解答医药包装中的N个问题：全球医药包装发展综述

随着国民生活水平的提高和OTC药品政策的出台，药品包装已成为制药企业市场竞争的重要因素，越来越多的制药企业都愈加重视药品的包装。     

药用包装袋的最新进展

如今的医疗用品变得越来越复杂，它们的包装袋因此也起了翻天覆地的变化。今天的包装不但要强韧，抗恶劣和有害环境，而且要更便宜更划算。     

药用包装袋的最新进展

如今的医疗用品变得越来越复杂，它们的包装袋因此也起了翻天覆地的变化。今天的包装不但要强韧，抗恶劣和有害环境，而且要更便宜更划算。     

药用玻璃包装现状及发展趋势

直接接触药品的包装是药品生产的继续，也是对药品施加的最后一道工序，作为药品不可分割的一个组成部分，药品包装越来越受到人们的重视和社会各界的关注。我国《药品管理法》第五十二条明确规定“直接接触药品的包装材料和容器必须符合药用要求，符合保障人体健康、安全的标准。”     

Statistical Experimental Design and its Application to Pharmaceutical Development Problems

Abstract

Pharmaceutical scientists are often confronted with the problem of developing formulations and processes for difficult products and must do so in spite of competing objectives. Pressures, placed on the scientist to balance variables and meet these objectives, can be compounded when limited funds, time and resources require rapid and accurate development activities. Statistical experimental designs provide an economical way to efficiently gain the most information while expending the least amount of experimental effort

Some commonly used techniques called Response Surface Designs are presented. These include the Central Composite, Extreme Vertices, Simplex and Evolutionary Operations designs. Procedures for planning experiments and for analyzing and interpreting data are also discussed. Guidance is provided on the implementation of experimental results and the practical use of these techniques for routine experiments     

Statistical Experimental Design and its Application to Pharmaceutical Development Problems

Pharmaceutical scientists are often confronted with the problem of developing formulations and processes for difficult products and must do so in spite of competing objectives. Pressures, placed on the scientist to balance variables and meet these objectives, can be compounded when limited funds, time and resources require rapid and accurate development activities. Statistical experimental designs provide an economical way to efficiently gain the most information while expending the least amount of experimental effort

Some commonly used techniques called Response Surface Designs are presented. These include the Central Composite, Extreme Vertices, Simplex and Evolutionary Operations designs. Procedures for planning experiments and for analyzing and interpreting data are also discussed. Guidance is provided on the implementation of experimental results and the practical use of these techniques for routine experiments     

菱镁砼构件若干问题的探讨

应用菱镁砼构件作机电产品的包装材料,与木材相比,具有重大的经济效益、社会效益和生态效益;但如果菱镁砼构件质量不好,会收到适得其反的作用。本文重点介绍锯末、卤水对菱镁砼质量的影响,及对菱镁砼构件几种结构设计的探讨。     

微流量测量方法及其技术的发展

归纳了近五年来基于MEMS技术的微流量传感器结构及性能参数。根据国际上热门的研究方法推断微流量测量技术可能的发展方向与研究趋势,即集成两种或两种以上的测量方法,实现优势互补,提高测量精度或扩大量程比。最后基于现有的技术基础,提出了融合科氏效应与差压效应的微流量测量方法,阐述了传感器的工作原理与理论基础,并对其可行性进行了分析与论证。     

Pharmaceutical Development: Present and Future Directions

The future of Industrial Pharmaceutical Sciences depends upon an objective evaluation of the discipline in light of recent changes in the marketplace, the industry, the nature of new chemical entities entering the pipeline, manufacturing technologies, worldwide regulatory requirements, and even the plight of Academic Pharmaceutical Sciences. A proactive agenda must be established to effectively harness the business of Pharmaceutical Development to then drive interdepartmental alliances within R&D as well as with Commercial Manufacturing and Marketing. Pharmaceutical Development groups must become well integrated, dynamic learning organizations that can enhance the ability of Industrial Pharmaceutical Sciences to advance its unique, yet diverse science towards the twenty-first century.     

Pharmaceutical Development: Present and Future Directions

Abstract

The future of Industrial Pharmaceutical Sciences depends upon an objective evaluation of the discipline in light of recent changes in the marketplace, the industry, the nature of new chemical entities entering the pipeline, manufacturing technologies, worldwide regulatory requirements, and even the plight of Academic Pharmaceutical Sciences. A proactive agenda must be established to effectively harness the business of Pharmaceutical Development to then drive interdepartmental alliances within R&D as well as with Commercial Manufacturing and Marketing. Pharmaceutical Development groups must become well integrated, dynamic learning organizations that can enhance the ability of Industrial Pharmaceutical Sciences to advance its unique, yet diverse science towards the twenty-first century.     

Approaches to design

There has been a tendency to accept the systems approach as a universal method of tackling complex problems. It is argued that there are some situations in which other approaches may be more useful guides during a search of the solution space.     

Approaches to the Cutting Stock Problem

In this paper, we survey various approaches to the cutting stock problem; available computational experience is discussed. The intention is to synthesize the considerable work that has been done on this problem. The different approaches studied will include column generation, zero-one programming, combinatorial heuristics, and subgradient optimization. Applications to related combinatorial optimization problems are mentioned.     

Supercritical Antisolvent Process Applied to the Pharmaceutical Industry

Pharmaceutical preparations are the final product of a technological process that gives the drugs the characteristics appropriate for easy administration, proper dosage, and enhancement of the therapeutic efficacy. The design of pharmaceutical preparations in nanoparticulate form has emerged as a new strategy for drug delivery (Pasquali, Bettini, and Giordano, 2006 Pasquali , I. , R. Bettini , and F. Giordano . 2006 . Solid-state chemistry and particle engineering with supercritical fluids in pharmaceutics . Eur. J. Pharm. Sci. 27 : 299 – 310 .[Crossref], [PubMed], [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar]). Particle size (PS) and particle size distribution (PSD) are critical parameters that determine the rate of dissolution of the drug in the biological fluids and, hence, have a significant effect on the bioavailability of those drugs that have poor solubility in water, for which the dissolution is the rate-limiting step in the absorption process (Perrut, Jung, and Leboeuf, 2005 Perrut , M. , J. Jung , and F. Leboeuf . 2005 . Enhancement of dissolution rate of poorly-soluble active ingredients by supercritical fluid processes: Part I: Micronization of neat particles . Int. J. Pharm. 288 : 3 – 10 .[Crossref], [PubMed], [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar]; Van Nijlen et al., 2003 Van Nijlen , T., G. Van Den Mooter , R. Kinget , P. Augustijns , N. Blaton , and K. Brennan . 2003 . Improvement of the dissolution rate of artemisinin by means of supercritical fluid technology and solid dispersions . Int. J. Pharm. 254 : 173 – 181 .[Crossref], [PubMed], [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar]). Supercritical antisolvent (SAS) processes have been widely used to precipitate active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) (Chattopadhyay and Gupta, 2001 Chattopadhyay , P. , and R. B. Gupta . 2001 . Production of antibiotic nanoparticles using supercritical CO₂ as antisolvent with enhanced mass transfer . Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 40 : 3530 – 3539 .[Crossref], [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar]; Rehman et al., 2001 Rehman , M. , B. Y. Shekunov , P. York , and P. Colthorpe . 2001 . Solubility and precipitation of nicotinic acid in supercritical carbon dioxide . J. Pharm. Sci. 90 : 1570 – 1582 .[Crossref], [PubMed], [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar]) with a high level of purity, suitable dimensional characteristics, narrow PSD, and spherical morphologies. The SAS process is based on the particular properties of the supercritical fluids (SCFs). These fluids have diffusivities two orders of magnitude larger than those of liquids, resulting in a faster mass transfer rate SCF properties (solvent power and selectivity) can be also adjusted continuously by altering the experimental conditions (temperature and pressure). As a consequence, SCFs can be removed from the process by a simple change from the supercritical to room conditions, which avoids difficult post-treatments of waste liquid streams. Carbon dioxide (CO₂) at supercritical conditions, among all possible SCFs, is largely used because of its relatively low critical temperature (31.1°C) and pressure (73.8 bar), low toxicity, and low cost. In this article, we show some results about processed antibiotics (ampicillin and amoxicillin), two of the world's most widely prescribed antibiotics, when they are dissolved in 1-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP) and carbon dioxide is used as antisolvent.     

Exploring the Approaches to Data Flow Computing

Architectures based on the data flow computing model provide an alternative to the conventional Von-Neumann architecture that are widely used for general purpose computing. Processors based on the data flow architecture employ fine-grain data-driven parallelism. These architectures have the potential to exploit the inherent parallelism in compute intensive applications like signal processing, image and video processing and so on and can thus achieve faster throughputs and higher power efficiency. In this paper, several data flow computing architectures are explored, and their main architectural features are studied. Furthermore, a classification of the processors is presented based on whether they employ either the data flow execution model exclusively or in combination with the control flow model and are accordingly grouped as exclusive data flow or hybrid architectures. The hybrid category is further subdivided as conjoint or accelerator-style architectures depending on how they deploy and separate the data flow and control flow execution model within their execution blocks. Lastly, a brief comparison and discussion of their advantages and drawbacks is also considered. From this study we conclude that although the data flow architectures are seen to have matured significantly, issues like data-structure handling and lack of efficient placement and scheduling algorithms have prevented these from becoming commercially viable.     

包装创新设计方法探析

产品的生命在于创新，任何产品都需要不断地改进，注入新的因素，才能获得新的生命力。产品包装也无例外，本文就产品包装的改进及创新设计方法进行分析探索。