Diffraction efficiency of volume gratings with finite size: Corrected analytical solution

Abstract

In order to correct errors in a previously published work on a treatment of two-dimensional coupled-wave theory, a complete derivation of the two-dimensional ‘overlap grating’ coupled wave equations is given. By using the Riemann method, a corrected solution to the equations in closed mathematical form is obtained. On the basis of this solution a brief investigation of the diffraction properties of finite-sized gratings, and in particular the dependence of diffraction efficiency on the geometric size of gratings, is given.     

Avrami theory for transformations from non-uniform austenite grain structures

Abstract

Classical overall transformation kinetics theory for grain boundary nucleated transformations relies on the assumption that the parent phase grain size is uniform. In the present work the theory is adapted to deal with the case where there is a distribution in the size of the parent grains, as is often found in practice. It is demonstrated that the overall transformation rate is fastest when the starting grain structure is uniform. The method has been applied to the formation of allotriomorphic ferrite in austenite and the results have been compared against published experimental data.     

Development of combined methods of high-intensity workpiece surfacing. III. Design of ion modification

Design of combined vacuum ion modification is considered. The structural stability of various stages of the process is investigated in subjecting workpieces to surfacing and during their operation. Basis ways of rational design of production and operation processes are outlined. Part I of the present work is published in Inzh.-Fiz. Zh.68, No. 6 (1995) and Part II in Inzh.-Fiz. Zh.,69, No. 1 (1996). Translated from Inzhenerno-Fizicheskii Zhurnal, Vol. 69, No. 2, pp. 215–223, March–April, 1996.     

Addenda to Henry Collen and the treaty of nanking

Abstract

In 1922, the combined work of journalist Victoria Hayward and photographer Edith S. Watson was collected in a publication entitled Romantic Canada. Introduced by Edward J. O'Brien and published in Toronto, it is 254 pages in length and generously illustrated with 77 halftone reproductions.¹ The book takes the reader from the eastern to the western shores of Canada, following rural pathways through isolated settlements and historic villages, and stopping along the way to study the particularities of place and custom. What is extraordinary about this book is the way in which the photographs and text complement each other in creating a pictorial and literary celebration of traditional country life. For the photographic historian, the work offers insights into the discursive relationship between photographic aesthetics and the cultural role of woman journalists in post-First World War Canada.     

Understanding the complexities of bake hardening

Abstract

The basic science behind bake hardening steels is well understood in terms of the interactions between interstitial solutes and dislocations. However, the manufacture of such alloys involves a variety of other variables, the interactions between which are influential in controlling the extent of hardening. In the present work, a model which includes the chemical composition of the steel, the strain before aging and the annealing and aging conditions is developed and used to explore certain anomalies in the published literature. It is found that whereas the roles of deformation and aging can be rationalised, the generic effect of niobium is associated with large uncertainties and warrants further experimental work.     

Musculoskeletal disorders and the workplace: Low back and upper extremities - Executive Summary

The Panel on Musculoskeletal Disorders and the Workplace of the National Research Council and the Institute of Medicine prepared a report based on a two years analysis of the evidence relating musculoskeletal disorders of the low back and upper extremities to work. This paper provides an overview of (1) the size and complexity of the problem, (2) the panel's composition and charge, (3) the analytic and interpretative approaches employed, and (4) the study's conclusions and recommendations. A full report of the panel's work, published in 2001, is available from the National Academy Press.     

Friction stir welding of mild steel: tool durability and steel microstructure

Abstract

In previous work, we have established a scheme that exploits a three-dimensional heat and mass flow model to assess tool durability and define the domains of satisfactory tool life in the context of welding difficult aluminium alloys. We now apply this scheme to the friction stir welding of steel and extend the calculations to cover consequences on the microstructure of the steel while optimising tool life. This is the first published model that covers both the processing parameters and the consequences on the physical metallurgy of the steel.     

Duchenne de Boulogne

Abstract

In this 1986 article ‘The Body and the Archive’, Alan Sekula argues that the Essays on Physiognomy of Johann Casper Lavater, which were published in the 1770s, helped to establish a belief that was augmented and elaborated during the nineteenth century through the use of photography.¹ To give an example, Francis Galton based much of his photographic work on the premise that the surface of the body could provide an observer with clues about the inner character of an individual, a virtually timeless supposition that Lavater had revived and systematized. Of course, nineteenth-century physiognomic studies aimed to corroborate a wide range of assumptions about the social and biological status of the individual, which may be seen as responses to the socioeconomic needs of the time — Galton's eugenic theories are generally cast against the background of growing, impoverished urban populations in the second half of the century.² Nevertheless, Lavater's original delineation of the subject of physiognomy may provide us with a valuable starting point for the study of nineteenth-century work in that area, and this holds true when we come to examine the work of Duchenne of Boulogne, whose Le Mçcanisme de la Physionomie Humaine was published in Paris in 1862.     

Bibliography: Photo narrative today

Abstract

The following bibliography is not exhaustive. Its aims are twofold: first, to introduce some of the most important modern creative work published in France, Britain and the USA; and second, to present a substantial survey of recent theoretical writing and criticism about the photo narrative, with particular emphasis on photo fiction. The critical work available reveals that historical research in the field is extremely scarce. A comprehensive history of photo narrative has yet to be written. Such a work would embrace all forms of photo narrative, irrespective of their function or destined audience. Of necessity, it would trace the recurrent use of photographic sequences from the early work of Muybridge and Marcy to contemporary experiments. Modern photo narrative often exhibits characteristics found in earlier work, such as the sequentially organized American Photographs by Walker Evans and the picture stories that begin to appear in the 1930s. New tendencies are nevertheless apparent, notably the disruption of traditional forms, the juxtaposition of fact and fiction, and the use of autobiographical material.     

Nicholas Henneman

Abstract

In 1992, Allen Ellenzweig published a pioneering work on the male nude as it was presented in photography, a study tracing the historical development of the masculine body in pictures from the daguerreotype to the present.¹ Ellenzweig's book accomplished more than a mere survey of homoerotic images. Quite the opposite, it challenged art historians to embark on the search for ‘an iconography of the homoerotic’ and to identify, if it existed, an art historical tradition within which gay modes of representation could be situated. It is the pursuit of a tradition of gay signs which motivates this brief examination of Robert Mapplethorpe's stilllifes.     

Roland G. Rood

Abstract

Roland G. Rood (1863–1927) is an enigmatic, yet fascinating, figure in the history of American art criticism. Very little about his education and career is known. His published writings as well as unpublished drafts for essays on aesthetics, however, provide a comprehensive framework for his ideas. Dating or referring to the period 1904–1907, this body of work indexes a significant direction of change in the relationship of art to science. Featured in Alfred Stieglitz's avant-garde journal Camera Work, Rood's criticism also illuminates the probing, psychological, and intertextural nature of Stieglitz's modernism.     

The autochrome process

Abstract

The autochrome was the first successful commercial colour process. It was invented by Louis and Auguste Lumiere at the tum of the century, patented in 1903 and produced until the 1950s on a sheet film called ‘Filmcolor’. Many articles were published between 1903 when the autochrome process was unveiled to the public, and 1935 when the decline of the screen process began and the first colour films with chromogenic development appeared. There are detailed deseriptions of the plate's range of use, its characteristies and processing, but these publications are very sketchy as to the nature of the components. The most detailed documents, on which this article is based, are the ‘report on the titles and work of Louis Lumiere’ published in 1918, the factory notebooks written by Louis Lumiere or M. Perrigot,¹ and the archives of the Lumiere firm, which are now scattered in various locations.     

Analytical estimates of the characteristics of surface plasmon resonance fibre-optic sensors

Abstract

In surface plasmon resonance (SPR) fibre-optic sensors, the optical power transmittance is important in determining behaviour. In this paper numerical calculations are used to estimate the optical power transmittance of SPR fibre-optic sensors. These analytical estimations can be applied in SPR fibre-optic sensors both with a transducing layer and without a transducing layer. The results of these numerical calculations agree well with previously published experimental results. This work will aid in the design of SPR fibre-optic sensors in terms of geometrical structure, materials and dynamic range as well as allowing the prediction of performance and of limitations of the design.     

Analysis of deformation induced martensitic transformation in stainless steels

Abstract

Many studies monitoring the formation of martensite during the tensile deformation of austenite report data which are, in principle, affected by both the applied stress and the resulting plastic strain. It is not clear in these circumstances whether the transformation is stress induced (i.e. the stress provides a mechanical driving force) or whether the generation of defects during deformation helps nucleate martensite in a scenario better described as strain induced transformation. The authors demonstrate in the present work that a large amount of published data relating the fraction of martensite to plastic strain can in fact be described in terms of the pure thermodynamic effect of applied stress.     

Plane strain fracture toughness test procedures for particulate metal matrix composites

Abstract

Procedures for plane strain fracture toughness tests on a number of particulate reinforced aluminium alloy metal matrix composites (MMCs) have been examined. Measurements of toughness are reported on a range of particulate aluminium alloy MMCs and the results are compared with validity criteria in standards for metallic materials. In particular, the effect of testpiece thickness was studied in a 6000 and a 2000 series aluminium alloy containing, respectively, 25 and 30% silicon carbide. The results are compared with other published work on the toughness of particulate reinforced MMCs.

MST/1225     

PRESSURE DROP FOR SOLID/LIQUID FLOW IN PIPES

ABSTRACT

The present report appears as part of a more general work concerned with the design of hydraulic conveying systems. Traditionally those systems are designed using empirical correlations for pressure drop prediction, the Durand equation (1953) still standing as a reference, though producing estimates that can deviate more than 40% from the true value.

The approach followed in this study is to identify the principal mechanisms involved in the flow of suspensions in pipes, compute the solids distribution in the cross-section, and to use that information to calculate the system pressure drop and predict the conveying regime (deposit velocity).

Applying the proposed methodology to published experimental data has conducted to better approximations for the pressure drop (29% maximum deviation) than the classical Durand equation.     

Thomas Annan and the scottish landscape

Abstract

Thomas Annan (1830–87) was a successful Scottish photographer who produced work in all the main subject categories associated with commercial practice in the midnineteenth century, including portraiture, landscape, urban and industrial documentation and reproductions of works of art. While it is true that the versatility and range of his achievement have not gone unacknowledged, his reputation today undoubtedly rests on one particular body of work— his survey of Glasgow's High Street slums, first published in 1871 as Photographs of the Old Closes and Streets of Glasgow.¹ Stark, shocking, and yet strangely hypnotic, the images in this book are among the earliest as well as the most powerful of their kind ever made. They are also sufficiently ambiguous in their status as ‘representations’ to have provided a fruitful target for critical analysis among cultural historians anxious to demonstrate the deeply problematic nature of the nineteenth-century documentary project as a whole.² Old Streets and Closes is in every way an outstanding work. It speaks eloquently of a now vanished past, while confronting us with the inherently paradoxical nature of photography's contribution to historical discourse.     

Søren Bisgaard’s contributions to Quality Engineering: Design of experiments

Abstract

This article examines Søren’s impact on the design and analysis of experiment through three of his published articles in ASQ journals. These articles demonstrate Søren’s unique blend of engineer and statistician with the ability to see the big picture both of the solution to the specific problem and of the solution strategy for good practice. Søren was a giant in our field who was struck down too early in life by mesothelioma at the age of 58 years. His work, and more importantly his impact on his colleagues, has continued to influence the profession.     

The success of Samuel Bourne in India

Abstract

In their 1955 edition of The History of Photography Helmut and Alison Gernsheim noted that the work of Samuel Bourne has ‘undeservedly fallen into oblivion’. They recognized the outstanding quality of the photographs produced on Bourne's excursions in India during the 1860s, including three arduous treks into the western Himalayas. By drawing on the young Englishman's own engaging accounts of his exploits in the mountains — a series of articles published in The British Journal of Photography — the Gernsheims were able to provide ‘an impression of a truly unique achievement’.¹ This initial effort to rescue Bourne from the limbo of forgotten landscapists was continued some twenty years later when his expeditionary work was featured in Ann Turner's BBC television series, ‘Pioneers of Photography’, which was brought out in book form by Aaron Scharf in 1976.² Other serious examinations of Bourne's photographs soon followed, the most significant of these being Arthur Ollman's brief but excellent monograph published in conjunction with an exhibition sponsored by the Friends of Photography in California.³ While the collective writings on Bourne thus ensured his entry into the mainstream of photo-history and provided the groundwork for future studies, numerous questions still remained unanswered regarding Bourne's entry into the photographic trade in India, his professional success, and the impact of his work on his contemporaries. Moreover, previous discussions of the artist's pictorial accomplishments have been limited to selected works with little or no investigation of the possible meanings attached to variations of formats and subtly interrelated series of images, including their cultural and social significance.⁴     

Stress induced martensite transformation texture in AISI 304 austenitic stainless steel

Abstract

The phenomenological theory of martensitic transformation was applied to a tension induced martensitic transformation in an AISI 304 austenitic stainless steel in order to estimate the transformation texture. Input data were obtained from the published literature. Calculated pole figures were constructed assuming a variant selection process based on Patel and Cohen’s theory, which emphasises that a mechanical component of free energy is the driving force for martensitic transformation at temperatures above martensite start M_s. The results showed a remarkably good match between the calculated and published measured data.