紫外线消毒动力学研究

当原水浊度＜3NTU、色度＜5倍、总大肠茵群数为(10^6～10^8）个／100mL时，经试验确定紫外线消毒反应为一级反应，其反应速率常数k值为4.253min^-1，受温度的影响较小，半衰期为9.78s。     

紫外线消毒在污水处理中的应用

为了保护好水环境，阐述了城市污水消毒的必要性和标准要求，分析比较了紫外线消毒与传统加氯消毒的优缺点．展示了紫外线消毒在城市污水处理中的应用前景。     

浅议地震灾区恢复供水过程中的消毒

消毒是给水处理中最基本的工艺之一,也是保证安全供水的重要环节。如何向地震灾区提供安全合格的饮用水,消毒环节就显得尤为重要。     

紫外线消毒技术在给排水中的应用

阐述了紫外线消毒的工作原理，技术特征及其应用成本，此外还分析了影响紫外线消毒效率的各种因素。国外实际应用的数据表明，紫外线消毒在灭菌效率，杀菌广谱性，消毒副产物，系统应用成本等方面均大大优于化学消毒，该技术在给排水方面的应用将大大提高用水安全性。     

紫外线消毒技术在天津泰达净水厂中的应用

以天津泰达净水厂的紫外线消毒工程为案例,分析了紫外消毒效果及其在控制三卤甲烷实践中起到的积极作用,并考察了紫外透光率、处理水量等因素对系统能耗的影响。结果表明,紫外消毒效果具有持续性,持续时间约为24 h,这使得在加氯量降低27.3%的情况下依然能保证消毒效果,对控制三卤甲烷起到了积极作用;在实际运行中,应尽量使用准确的紫外透光率、在线流量信号作为紫外消毒系统的运行参数,并根据单个紫外系统的过水流量合理设置配水量,使得在保证消毒剂量的情况下,紫外消毒系统的能耗最低,达到经济运行的目的。     

配水管网中二氧化氯和氯联合消毒余氯衰减规律的研究

研究配水管网中二氧化氯和氯联合消毒余氯的衰减规律,分析铸铁管、钢管和PVC管中不同消毒剂投加量下二氧化氯和氯联合消毒的衰减规律。研究结果表明,不同管材中二氧化氯和氯联合消毒衰减速率不同,联合消毒衰减速率低于单独采用二氧化氯的衰减速率。     

紫外线消毒技术在二次供水中的应用研究

介绍了紫外线消毒技术在二次供水中的应用情况,并进行了二次供水紫外线消毒实验。结果表明:①紫外线消毒会使二次供水中的余氯略有降低,但是仍满足我国《生活饮用水卫生标准》(GB 5749—2006)的限值要求;②紫外线消毒在80 m J/cm²辐射剂量内仅小幅改变水中部分有机物的官能团;③紫外线消毒对二次供水中消毒副产物(DBPs)的浓度和生成几乎没有影响。     

污水处理中的紫外消毒技术

介绍了紫外消毒的机理及在污水处理中影响紫外消毒的一些因素以及紫外消毒的现状和应用前景 ,提出紫外消毒可能取代传统的化学消毒法 ,在污水处理 ,特别是回用水的处理中得到广泛的应用     

紫外线消毒技术在再生水处理中的应用

采用紫外线消毒技术对城市污水再生水进行了消毒试验。结果表明,在试验条件下,当紫外线照射时间5.6 s时,消毒后再生水的总大肠菌群指标能够满足《城市污水再生利用城市杂用水水质》(GB/T 18920—2002)的要求;当紫外线照射时间7.5 s时,总大肠菌群的光复活和暗复活能力都丧失。由此证明,在再生水处理中采用紫外线消毒是可行的。     

紫外线消毒在城市污水处理中的应用

综述了紫外线消毒工艺的消毒原理、影响因素、设计方法及其在我国城市污水处理中的应用。     

Effect of cavitation on chemical disinfection efficiency

This study brings out the potential efficacy of hybrid techniques for water disinfection. The techniques studied include hydrodynamic cavitation, acoustic cavitation and treatment with chemicals like hydrogen peroxide and ozone. The hybrid techniques which combine hydrodynamic cavitation, acoustic cavitation and hydrogen peroxide appear to be an attractive alternative to any one technique on its own for the reduction in the heterotropic plate count bacteria as well as indicator microorganisms like the total coliforms, fecal coliforms and fecal streptococci.     

古建筑木材的热稳定性及热解动力学研究

采用热重分析(Thermogravimetric analysis,TGA)的方法研究了布达拉宫古建筑群中三种常用木材(红松、铁杉和云杉)在空气和氮气中的热解特性,采用Kissinger法计算了三种木材中木质素的降解活化能.结果表明,三种木材在空气中热解均包括木材中水分脱出过程、半纤维素、纤维素和木质素热解过程以及残炭的氧化三个阶段;在氮气中,这些木材的热解只有脱水过程和半纤维素、纤维素及木质素热解两个过程,其原因是木材在氮气中热解的残炭不会进一步被氧化为一氧化碳和/或二氧化碳.采用Kissinger法计算得到三种木材中木质素在空气中的降解活化能依次为红松(218 kJ/mol)、铁杉(146 kJ/mol)、云杉(188 kJ/mol).     

化学发泡法泡沫混凝土稳定性的研究

以普通硅酸盐水泥为胶凝材料,使用粉煤灰替代部分水泥,利用化学发泡法制备干密度≤250 kg/m3的泡沫混凝土,系统地研究了十二烷基苯磺酸钠(A)、十二烷基硫酸钠(B)、羟丙基甲基纤维素醚(C)和聚丙烯酰胺(D)四种稳泡剂对浆体最大发泡体积比、发泡体积比和浆体稳定性的影响.结果表明:在水泥浆体中分别掺四种稳泡剂均能提高浆体的最大发泡体积比,但改善效果不同;分别掺四种稳泡剂均能有效地提高浆体的稳定性,但影响效果不同.选择适宜的稳泡剂对化学发泡法泡沫混凝土的质量稳定性非常重要.     

Determination of N-chloramines in As-samra chlorinated wastewater and their effect on the disinfection process

Chlorine is the most widely used disinfectant of wastewater due to its capacity to inactivate most pathogenic microorganisms quickly. However, chlorine reacts with natural organic compounds present in wastewater to produce some undesirable organic byproducts. One such class of compounds is the nitrogenous compounds. The reaction between chlorine and compounds containing a nitrogen atom with one or more hydrogen atoms attached to it will form chloramines which have lower disinfection efficiency. Eighty percent of the wastewater generated in Jordan is treated at the Khirbet As-Samra wastewater treatment plant for eventual use in agriculture. In this study efficiency of chlorination was studied by collecting samples from the effluent of the treatment plant. The yield concentration of N-chloramines upon chlorination was determined. Efficiency of disinfection process as a function of contact time, concentration of chlorine dosage, concentration of nitrogenous compound and pH were studied. In this study, it has been found that at a chlorine dosage of 15 mg/L and contact time of 15 min, the percentage total coliform kill in As-samra wastewater sample was 100%. After addition of histidine, glycine and phenylalanine (15 mg/L in each case) to the wastewater sample, the percentage of total coliform kill dropped to 58, 78 and 79% respectively. When chlorine dosage was increased to 24 mg/L the percentage total coliform kill reached 96, 99 and 100% in wastewater samples treated with 5 mg/L histidine, glycine and phenylalanine, respectively. The percentage total coliform kill dropped to zero in wastewater samples treated with histidine, glycine and phenylalanine at a concentration of 30 mg/L each. This work supports the theory that amino acids and ammonia preferentially react with chlorine to form N-chloramine which significantly reduces the disinfection efficiency of the chlorination process.     

Characteristic transformation of humic acid during photoelectrocatalysis process and its subsequent disinfection byproduct formation potential

In this study, degradation of humic acid (HA) via photoelectrocatalysis (PEC) process and corresponding disinfection byproduct formation potential (DBPFP) were investigated. Particularly, structure variation and subsequent DBPFP of HA during PEC treatment were correlated. The PEC process was found to be effective in reducing dissolved organic carbon concentration by 75.0% and UV absorbance at 254 nm by 92.0%. Furthermore, 90.3% of haloacetic acids formation potential and 89.8% of trihalomethanes formation potential were reduced within 180 min. Based on molecular weight and resin fraction results, it was demonstrated that HA with large aromatic, hydrophobic and long aliphatic chain organics were transformed into small and hydrophilic organics during PEC process. Combined with the fourier transform infrared spectra and ¹³C nuclear magnetic resonance spectra analysis of HA fractions, it was concluded that phenolic hydroxyl and conjugated double bonds tended to be attacked by hydroxyl radicals during PEC process; these groups were reactive with chlorine to produce disinfection byproducts (DBP), especially trihalomethane and trichloroacetic acid. By contrast, amino, carboxyl and alcoholic hydroxyl groups were relatively difficult to be oxidized during PEC process; these groups had the potential to form dichloroacetic acid during chlorination. Results of these studies confirmed that PEC process was a safe and effective technique to decrease DBP formation significantly in water treatment plant.     

次氯酸钠消毒工艺在水厂中的应用

针对液氯消毒存在的安全性问题,以上海市自来水市北有限公司泰和水厂为例,对水厂的消毒工艺进行改造,由液氯投加改为次氯酸钠投加.结果表明,改造后次氯酸钠加氯系统安全系数高,设备故障率低,持续消毒效果良好,出厂水水质稳定,同时可节约大量压力水和电量.     

掺锗紫外光敏光纤制备及特性研究

本文研究了紫外光敏光纤的制备工艺及光纤性能。通过氢敏化及锗硼共掺杂技术提高了光纤光敏性。采用紫外写入法光栅反射率达９８．２％。     

SBR反应器内基质降解的动力学分析

分析了序批式活性污泥法(SBR法)反应器内基质降解的动力学过程,推导出动力学模式,提出了反应动力学参数的求定方法,利用试验结果对动力学关系式进行了回归分析,求得污水的动力学参数,为应用序批式活性污泥法提供了设计依据。     

Feasibility of the silver-UV process for drinking water disinfection

A synergistic effect between cationic silver and UV radiation (silver-UV disinfection) has been observed that can appreciably enhance inactivation of viruses. The purpose of this work was to assess the feasibility of this technique for drinking water disinfection and evaluate the effects of selected impurities, found in fresh water, and common parameters on inactivation of the coliphage MS-2 with the silver-UV process. Turbidity (kaolin), calcium hardness, carbonate alkalinity, and pH did not significantly degrade inactivation. Inactivation was reduced in the presence of chloride, at concentrations greater than 30 mg/L, and in water samples with UV-254 absorbance values greater than ca. 0.1 cm⁻¹. Inactivation of MS-2 with silver-UV disinfection was also reduced at high phosphate concentrations (above ca. 5 mM). Silver-UV inactivation of MS-2 increased with increases in temperature between 10 and 20 °C. Silver-UV inactivation of MS-2 was increased by greater than 1-log over UV alone, in two untreated fresh water sources, which indicates that silver-UV may be a viable treatment technology. An assessment of operation and management costs suggests that an increase in inactivation of MS-2 with silver-UV disinfection could be economically beneficial.     

两种煤矸石性能的研究

对于陕西某矿务局两种煤矸石进行了化学成分、矿物相组成、显微结构、成型干燥性能及其烧结性能的研究.结果表明:此处煤矸石的各项性能皆符合制备烧结材料的要求,可用于制造烧结砖瓦