FY-3A/MWHS在轨辐射定标及结果分析

风云三号A星微波湿度计(FY-3A/MWHS)是我国首次在轨定量遥感大气参数的高频微波辐射计,本文以发射前地面真空试验数据为基础完成了FY-3A/MWHS在轨辐射定标,利用同期在轨的同类载荷NOAA/AMSU-B数据进行在轨辐射定标对比分析,结果表明FY-3A/MWHS在轨星上定标观测基础数据在卫星绕地飞行一圈的观测过程中变化合理,经非线性偏差订正和天线订正等辐射定标处理后,FY-3A/MWHS与NOAA-17/AMSU-B对应通道定标结果相比匹配目标点通道亮温差最大不超过1.5 K,FY-3A/MWHS在轨辐射定标结果为其资料在数值天气预报模式中的同化以及大气参数反演等定量应用奠定了基础。FY-3A/MWHS定标及结果分析方法对我国未来星载被动微波探测器的在轨定量应用具有示范意义。     

海洋二号卫星微波辐射计系统设计

海洋二号(HY-2A)卫星是我国首颗海洋动力环境卫星,微波辐射计是该星的4个微波载荷之一,主要用于测量全球海洋表面温度、海面风速、海洋上空水汽和降雨等参数。HY-2A微波辐射计采用圆锥扫描方式,使用冷空反射器和星载热定标源完成在轨两点定标,覆盖频率范围为6~37 GHz,本文对系统、天线、接收通道和配平设计进行了介绍。     

海洋二号卫星雷达高度计测高误差校正算法及验证

影响星载卫星雷达高度计测高精度的因素很多,其中大气干对流层延迟、大气湿对流层延迟、大气逆压延迟、电离层延迟以及海况偏差直接影响海表面高度计算精度。本研究开展了海洋二号卫星雷达高度计上述误差修正算法研究,并利用国外较为成熟的Jason-1/2和Topex/Poseidon(T/P)卫星雷达高度计数据产品对海洋二号卫星雷达高度计使用的误差校正算法进行验证。结果表明,海洋二号卫星雷达高度计数据处理时使用的误差校正算法均可满足精度要求。     

地球同步轨道卫星对地点波束天线在轨热分析

卫星在轨运行期间,卫星天线部件的温度会随着不断变化的外热流和辐射交换而变化。对温度变化敏感的部件如天线反射器在这种情况下易发生热致振动现象,从而影响其正常功能。对在轨运行的卫星天线所进行的热分析为卫星天线的热控设计和热致振动的预测提供了温度数据。首先建立某型号卫星天线系统的物理模型,然后利用UG-TMG软件对其进行在轨运行空间瞬态热分析,最后分析天线反射器的温度结果,为以后的热致振动研究提供参考和数据支持。     

相对辐射定标与相对辐射校正场

相对辐射校正是提高遥感卫星图像质量的一个极其重要的途径,辐射校正场定标是相对辐射定标的一个行之有效的方法。本文在介绍了CCD遥感卫星成像原理和过程的基础上,分析了相对辐射校正的原理,进而阐述了进行相对辐射校正的三种方法。同时,本文还特别针对在轨对地定标探讨了选择相对辐射校正场的方法,并介绍了几个条件优越的相对辐射校正场。     

海洋二号卫星扫描辐射计海洋参数反演算法研究

针对海洋二号(HY-2)卫星扫描辐射计,利用辐射传射方程模拟,建立了海面温度、海面风速、大气水汽含量、大气液态水含量和雨率的反演算法,并利用扫描辐射计在轨数据对上述参数进行反演。经过对反演的海面温度和风速全球产品的真实性检验表明,算法合理可行,能够反演大气海洋参数,反演精度满足设计指标需求。目前,其他参数的反演产品的检验还在进行,而且反演算法还要根据对辐射计测量值定标的深入而进一步优化。     

亚马逊热带雨林星载SAR天线方向图获取与应用

利用亚马逊热带雨林后向散射系数的稳定性可获取星载合成孔径雷达(SAR)俯仰向双程天线方向图并对SAR图像进行辐射校正.给出了基于亚马逊热带雨林星载SAR数据实现天线方向图的估值方法,并利用绝对校正后的SAR图像散射系数沿距离向的衰落特性获得了在轨天线波束指向偏差的估计.仿真结果表明了利用本文算法基于亚马逊热带雨林星载SAR数据获取俯仰向天线方向图的可靠性和稳定性.     

HY-2A卫星雷达高度计设计及其在轨工作结果

海洋二号(HY-2A)卫星是我国第一颗海洋动力环境卫星,雷达高度计是HY-2A卫星的主载荷之一,发射入轨后仪器工作正常,并获得了大量有效的观测数据。该仪器在20 m有效波高条件下测高精度达到了4 cm,在4 m有效波高条件下测高精度达到了2 cm,其产品精度接近Jason-2卫星高度计。本文就HY-2A卫星雷达高度计系统设计和在轨初步结果进行论述。     

HY-2卫星微波散射计在西北太平洋台风监测中的应用研究

本文在简述海洋二号(HY-2)卫星微波散射计工作机制及海面风场反演原理的基础上,针对HY-2卫星微波散射计在轨运行的数据,利用该散射计数据开展海面台风中心定位、结构、台风路径、风速等值线、大风半径等台风参数的定量化应用分析研究。同时将HY-2卫星观测到的海面风场与风云二号(FY-2E)卫星云图进行融合展示,并将HY-2海面风场与ASCAT反演的海面风场和浮标提供的观测数据进行对比验证,多方面的定量分析显示出HY-2卫星海面风场观测的有效性和在台风监测中的优势。最后,对HY-2卫星微波散射计的优缺点进行分析,展望了其可能的改进方向。     

海洋二号卫星微波辐射计的动平衡设计仿真与试验

为了实现卫星的高精度姿态控制,需要对以辐射计为代表的大型回转载荷进行严格的动平衡设计仿真与试验。结合海洋二号卫星研制需求,在产品设计初期开展了针对微波辐射计的动平衡设计仿真,以提供优化产品结构和布局的依据。为了评估空气环境对动平衡配平的影响,进行了辐射计动平衡配平的风阻影响分析。考虑了重力因素、在轨热变形和无重力下轴承径向游隙变化对辐射计动平衡的影响。最终在真空环境下开展了针对辐射计的动平衡试验,以很小的配重质量,实现了微波辐射计的配平。     

Insertion of triangulated surfaces into a meccano tetrahedral discretization by means of mesh refinement and optimization procedures

In this paper, we present a new method for inserting several triangulated surfaces into an existing tetrahedral mesh generated by the meccano method. The result is a conformal mesh where each inserted surface is approximated by a set of faces of the final tetrahedral mesh. First, the tetrahedral mesh is refined around the inserted surfaces to capture their geometric features. Second, each immersed surface is approximated by a set of faces from the tetrahedral mesh. Third, following a novel approach, the nodes of the approximated surfaces are mapped to the corresponding immersed surface. Fourth, we untangle and smooth the mesh by optimizing a regularized shape distortion measure for tetrahedral elements in which we move all the nodes of the mesh, restricting the movement of the edge and surface nodes along the corresponding entity they belong to. The refining process allows approximating the immersed surface for any initial meccano tetrahedral mesh. Moreover, the proposed projection method avoids computational expensive geometric projections. Finally, the applied simultaneous untangling and smoothing process delivers a high‐quality mesh and ensures that the immersed surfaces are interpolated. Several examples are presented to assess the properties of the proposed method.     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

Flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases

A flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases is presented. A better knowledge of the properties of the liquefied natural gas is needed, and therefore a liquid loop has been designed for our flow calorimeter. The fluid loop in the calorimeter is designed in order to avoid the two-phase region, since two phases would give compositional disturbances in the measurements. The avoidance of the two-phase region is made possible by increasing the pressure of the test fluid after the measurement section, then heating the fluid at super-critical pressure past the critical point. Finally, the fluid is throttled to the low-pressure gas state at the inlet condition of the compressor that circulates the fluid. To perform the pressure increase, a new cryogenic pump has been designed. To evaluate the new equipment, measurements were taken on liquid ethane over the temperature range 146–256 K at pressure between 0.9 and 5.1 MPa.     

Refrigerators Enter a New Era of Health Preservation Frestech initiates the establishment of China's first standard for household sterilization refrigerators

On November 30, 2007, the China Association for Standardization (CAS) held a press conference at Beijing Diaoyutai State Guest House. Leaders from the China Household Electric Appliance Research Institute, the China Household Electric Appliance Association, and the China Consumers' Association attended and made speeches.……     

From Industry 4.0 to Research 4.0. Development of High Performance Fibers in the Light of Digitization

We associate a variety of innovations with the term ＂Industry 4.0＂. The pioneer of many 4.0 modifications forms the basisfor the trend towards the integrated di...     

Optimum-Simulation von Ernteprozessen

Zusammenfassung Bei der Gestaltung von Ernteprozessen — beispielsweise des Prozesses Mähdrusch, Körnertransport und -abnahme — als transportverbundene Fließarbeitsverfahren mit mindestens zwei verschiedenen Arbeitsmitteln gibt es einen großen Optimierungsspielraum. Solche Prozesse sind mehrstufige Bedienungsprozesse mit gemischter Anordnung der Bedienungseinrichtungen. Außerdem besitzen sie stark ausgeprägte räumliche Aspekte. Es wird vor allem gezeigt, welche Merkmale solcher Prozesse in Simulationsmodellen abgebildet sein müssen, welche Zielgrößen in Abhängigkeit von welchen Einflußgrößen unter Berücksichtigung welcher Prozeßbedingungen ermittelt werden sollten und wie der Bewertungsprozeß zur Ermittlung der gewünschten Informationen gestaltet werden muß.     

Roman iron and steel: A review

ABSTRACT

The production of ferrous metal increased during the Roman Late Republican period, Principate and Empire. The direct bloomery process was used to extract the metal from its ores using slag-tapping and slag-pit furnaces. The fuel was charcoal and an air blast was introduced by bellows-operated tuyères. Iron formed as a bloom, often as a spongy mass of metal, which contained impurities from the smelting process, including unreacted ore, fuel, slag and fragments from the furnace walls, while the metal was often inhomogeneous with varied carbon contents. Blooms were either smithed directly into bars or ingots or they were broken up, which also allowed the removal of gross impurities and a selection of pieces with similar properties to be made. These could then be forge-welded together and formed into characteristically shaped ingots. Making steel in the furnace seems to have been achieved: it depended on the ore and the furnace and conditions within it. Surface carburization was also carried out. Iron and steel were used extensively in construction and for tools and weapons. Fire welding was often used to add pieces of steel to make the edges of tools and weapons, which could be heat-treated by quenching to harden them.     

A study of centrifugal cast high boron high speed steel

In the present study a high‐boron high speed steel (HSS) roll material was designed. Many expensive alloy elements have been substituted by cheap boron alloy, and high‐boron high speed steel roll has been manufactured by centrifugal casting method. The microstructures, mechanical properties and wear resistance of centrifugal casting high‐boron high speed steel roll have been investigated by optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, hardness test, impact test and wear test. The results indicated that the solidification microstructures of high‐boron high speed steel roll consisted of M₂(B,C), (W,Mo)₂(B,C), M₃(B,C), M₂₃(B,C)₆ type borocarbides and martensite, a small amount of retained austenite. Borocarbides were continuously distributed over the grain boundary. After quenching from 1050 °C, local broken network appeared in partial borocarbides, and fine secondary borocarbide precipitated from the matrix. After tempering from 525 °C, the amount of precipitated borocarbide increased significantly. After heat treatment, the hardness of high‐boron high speed steel roll excelled 60 HRC, and its impact toughness excelled 8.0 J/cm². The single groove steel rolling amount of high‐boron high speed steel rolls increases by 500% than that of bainite cast iron roll, when the rolls are used in K₁ mill housing of bar mill.     

Thixotropy of Systems with Shear Thinning and Plastic Flow Behavior

The definition of the thixotropy is a decrease in viscosity with time in shear and a subsequent recovery of viscosity after the shear deformation is removed.We ...