泥石流堵河条件的研究

泥石流堵塞主河是山区河流常发生的灾害之一。本文首先通过室内模型试验，观察到了泥石流堵河的3种形式，即潜坝壅堵、堰塞坝局部阻塞、堰塞坝全堵，同时证明了泥石流冲入河道总量也是堵河发生的重要影响因素。根据室内试验得到的堵河过程，建立了交汇区的动力学方程，并结合质点网格（PIC）和标志网格（MAC）算法，提出适用于泥石流与主河水流相互作用的双场耦合模型。该模型主要特点是对混合区不同单元可以用交汇过程中的计算容重表达非牛顿流体的流变参数，还可表达不同单元的泥沙沉积速度。通过模拟计算分析了泥石流堵塞主河的各种主要因素，如速度比，泥石流流变参数、泥石流总量等。在归纳分析试验结果及模拟计算结果的基础上，阐述了采用动量比判定泥石流堵河临界条件的理由，并提出了采用动量比乘以泥石流冲入河道无量纲总量作为堵河的判定综合因子。     

泥石流堰塞坝研究进展

泥石流堰塞坝是泥石流堵塞河道而形成的一种天然坝。泥石流堰塞坝在形成过程、坝体物质结构与组成、坝体物质侵蚀速率、溃决过程以及洪水峰值流量等方面与滑坡堰塞坝存在诸多差异性。因此,开展泥石流堰塞坝的形成与溃决机理研究具有重要意义。依次从泥石流堰塞坝的特点、堵河判据和坝体溃决过程与机理等方面,对近年来泥石流堰塞坝方面的研究进展进行了比较系统的阐述与总结;指出了当前研究中存在的问题与不足,并提出了泥石流堰塞坝形成与溃决方面需要进一步研究与解决的关键科学问题。     

基于动力学与物质条件的泥石流阻塞大河综合判据

受强震与极端天气事件的影响,泥石流阻塞大河事件呈急剧上升趋势,以往的研究多数针对泥石流堵断小河的物理过程,所建立的公式不适用于主河强水流作用下的泥石流阻塞大河问题.本文参考了Takahashi提出的泥石流在坡度变化沟道中的运动方程,考虑泥石流汇入主河后动力过程受主河水流阻力影响的因素,建立了泥石流进入主河后的运移距离计算公式;基于岷江典型河段实测和泥石流堵河水槽模型试验,确定了泥石流物质总量与堵塞系数之间的关系式;大直剪试验表明,当大颗粒体积比达到50%时,粗细混合料的抗剪强度由大颗粒所决定,据此提出堰塞坝形成稳定坝体的条件是抗水流冲刷的大颗粒所占比例达到50%以上,并通过现场资料对这一结论进行了验证.从而建立了基于泥石流在大河中运移距离、泥石流物质总量及泥石流体颗粒组构条件的泥石流阻塞大河综合判据.     

怒江泥石流扇地貌特征与扇体堵江机理研究

怒江流域泥石流沟众多,而且主要是两相泥石流。两相泥石流龙头集中了大量的粗大卵石和砾石,形成的扇体阻力大,是改变怒江河流地貌形态的主控因素。洪积扇的数量和规模远远小于泥石流扇,科学区分怒江两岸的泥石流扇和洪积扇对山区防灾减灾意义重大。许多泥石流扇完全堵塞主河形成了堰塞湖,怒江高黎贡山峡谷河段几乎每隔10~20 km就有一个泥石流堰塞湖,峡谷河段形成一段段顺直河谷连接堰塞湖缓流+堰塞坝激流的不断重复的河道,造成堵江的泥石流沟的流域面积多集中在40 km2左右。泥石流堰塞坝尼克点的发育造成了河道内大量泥沙淤积,利用钻孔采样的方法分析了堰塞湖内泥沙淤积规律。野外测量和计算发现组成泥石流的规模和龙头出沟口的速度是造成堵河的主控因素。     

基于水沙动力过程的泥石流阻塞大河模式及判据研究

根据潜坝壅堵模式的特点,基于异重流理论,给出了泥石流龙头在清水中的运动方程,并提出了有坎宽顶模型的潜坝壅堵上游水位计算式.基于水沙动力过程,以泥石流在坡度变化沟道内的运动方程为基础,考虑堰塞坝和主河水流的相互作用,给出了泥石流在主河中运移距离的计算公式;鉴于泥石流堵塞大河过程中物质流失严重的现象,根据水槽实验数据确定了流失系数;以周必凡提出的泥石流堵断主河总量的计算公式为基础,提出了按流失系数加以修正的泥石流阻塞大河物质总量条件.从而建立了基于动力学方程、物质总量的泥石流阻塞大河综合判据.     

溃决型黏性泥石流冲击下大颗粒堰塞坝溃决流量计算方法研究

震后环境下大颗粒堰塞坝溃决流量是设计溃决型黏性泥石流防治工程的关键参数。在宽顶堰流量计算公式的基础上,结合水静力学和流体力学,建立估算大颗粒堰塞坝溃决流量的堵溃模型。为解决如何确定堵溃模型中堵塞系数ω这一难点,通过多处溃决型黏性泥石流典型案例,回归分析堵塞系数ω与最大颗粒直径D的相互关系。最后采用2013年7月13日汶川县七盘沟溃决型黏性泥石流案例检验大颗粒堰塞坝堵溃模型适用性。结果表明:溃决流量堵溃模型中堵塞系数与最大颗粒直径成正比,在泥石流实地调查中,仅需确定泥石流携带的最大颗粒尺寸、潜在堰塞坝宽度和泥石流平均流速,即可快速预测潜在泥石流堵溃点处的溃决流量;七盘沟泥石流的溃决流量估算结果误差较小,为12%,说明大颗粒堰塞坝堵溃模型可用于估算震后地区溃决型黏性泥石流中大颗粒堰塞坝的溃决流量。     

汶川震区泥石流堵河类型探讨

选取震区内具有代表性的堵断型泥石流沟、堵塞型泥石流沟及不堵河型泥石流沟共6条,对堵断型泥石流基本影响因素进行分析总结,并与堵塞型、不堵河型泥石流沟进行比较,得出计算泥石流堵断主河可能性大小的经验公式,并对所选典型泥石流沟进行了计算。计算数值越大,堵塞程度就越高。一般堵塞度D>6时为堵断型泥石流;D介于3~6之间为堵塞型泥石流,可对主河造成较严重的堵塞;D<3为不堵河型泥石流,可能部分泥沙进入主河中抬高河床。     

泥石流入汇对河流影响的实验研究

本文对泥石流与主河水流交汇机理及其河床响应特征进行了实验研究 ,模拟了汇流角分别为 90°、6 0°和30°时在各种汇流比条件下泥石流与主河交汇及河床响应过程 ;归纳出了泥石流与主河交汇的二种模式 ,提出了堵河判别式。考虑不同汇流比对交汇时泥石流沉积地形的影响 ,定义了“脊线”、“轴线”和“冲刷角”三个概念 ,并根据实验结果拟合出了冲刷角与汇流比的关系式     

舟曲白龙江堰塞河道应急除险及防洪工程建设技术实践

本文简要介绍了甘肃舟曲"8.8"特大泥石流形成的白龙江堰塞河道基本特征及应急除险工程概况,总结了堰塞河道有关地形地质、水情等资料的快速获取与应用技术。从形成条件、形成过程等方面对堰塞坝形成机制进行了分析。对堰塞坝做了安全性分析评估。论述了舟曲堰塞河道"窄河、深槽、急流"应急除险方案、防洪工程及除险效果。     

怒江干流堰塞坝特征及稳定河床机制

滇西怒江是青藏高原东缘地形急变带内深切河流的典型代表,因崩塌、滑坡和泥石流等地质灾害在干流形成数百个稳定堰塞坝,有效抑制了河流下切。为探究怒江堰塞坝发育及提升河床稳定性的负反馈机制,通过野外考察和卫星影像,总结了怒江干流沿程和堰塞坝地貌特征,基于地貌水力特性对堰塞坝分类,并量化评估不同类别堰塞坝的稳定性和消能率特征。研究结果表明,怒江干流的堰塞坝分布密度较高,且与单宽水流能量正相关。干流堰塞坝可分为崩塌滑坡(崩滑)堰塞坝与泥石流堰塞坝。崩滑堰塞坝可在特大洪水中保持稳定,泥石流堰塞坝则可在一般性洪水中稳定。两类堰塞坝的消能率接近自然阶梯-深潭结构。崩滑堰塞坝消能率随单宽水流能量增大而提高,而泥石流堰塞坝则因较大的河谷横向空间汛期单宽水流能量增长较慢。干流堰塞坝的稳定性和消能特点均与当地单宽水流能量特点匹配,从而持久高效地消耗水流能量,提升河床整体稳定性。     

地下厂房施工过程的三维非线性数值模拟分析

根据冗各电站地下厂房开挖支护的施工顺序,以隐式杆单元模拟锚杆,以壳单元模拟混凝土喷层,采用三维非线性有限元技术,对洞室群的开挖支护动态过程进行了模拟计算。通过三维非线性有限元计算分析得到:洞室群动态开挖过程中围岩应力变形的分布规律,围岩塑性区的发展规律,锚杆受力变化情况。计算结果表明:整个开挖过程中,洞周围岩位移变化规律正常,量值较小,塑性区主要分布在洞室周边,围岩稳定性较好;但在洞室交叉口处围岩的变形较大,出现较大范围的塑性区,在此基础上提出了支护措施优化方案,并对优化方案的效果进行了评价。     

Evaluation of freshwater mussel relocation as a conservation and management strategy

The relocation of unionacean mussels is commonly used as a conservation and management tool in large rivers and streams. Relocation has been used to recolonize areas where mussel populations have been eliminated by prior pollution events, to remove mussels from construction zones and to re-establish populations of endangered species. More recently, relocation has been used to protect native freshwater mussels from colonization by the exotic zebra mussel Dreissena polymorpha. We conducted a literature review of mussel relocations and evaluated their relative success as a conservation and management strategy. We found that 43% of all relocations were conducted because of construction projects that were forced to comply with the Endangered Species Act 1973 and that only 16% were monitored for five or more consecutive years. Most (43%) relocation projects were conducted from July to September, presumably a period when reproductive stress is relatively low for most species and the metabolic rate is sufficient for reburrowing in the substrate. The mortality of relocated mussels was unreported in 27% of projects; reported mortality varied widely among projects and species and was difficult to assess. The mean mortality of relocated mussels was 49% based on an average recovery rate of 43%. There is little guidance on the methods for relocation or for monitoring the subsequent long-term status of relocated mussels. Based on this evaluation, research is needed to develop criteria for selecting a suitable relocation site and to establish appropriate methods and guidelines for conducting relocation projects.     

基于模型试验的河床砂砾石层基本特性研究

为了经济可靠地确定深厚覆盖层的基本特性参数,以大渡河双江口水电站坝基河床砂砾石层基本特性研究为工程背景,进行大尺寸模型试验,研究河床砂砾石层的旁压模量和动探击数随密度、级配以及上覆压力的变化规律。根据室内模型试验结果,结合现场旁压试验及钻孔试验成果,推断出坝址区河床砂砾石相关层位的密度,并依此进行砂砾石室内力学试验,获得设计所需力学参数。研究成果可为深厚覆盖层基本特性测试提供新的方法。     

基于BP神经网络-马尔科夫链模型的隧道围岩位移预测

在隧道工程施工中,围岩位移预测起着很重要的作用。将BP神经网络-马尔科夫链模型引入到隧道围岩位移预测中来,通过对训练样本的学习,利用BP神经网络实现了对位移时间序列的滚动预测,同时得到了实测值与预测值的相对误差;在此基础上利用马尔科夫链对相对误差进行修正,有效地提高了预测结果的精度。并将该模型应用于某公路隧道拱顶下沉位移时序预测中,结果表明该模型具有精度高、科学可靠的特点,为隧道围岩变形的预测提供了新的途径。     

Short communication. Pipelines as a refuge for freshwater snails

In the lower River Murray, Australia, populations of gastropods have declined markedly over the past 40 years. Of the native fauna of about 18 species, only the ancylid Ferrissia petterdi remains common (but in patches), and another five species feature in sporadic local resurgences. Until recently the viviparid Notopala was thought to be extinct. The introduced physid Physa acuta is widespread, but in low numbers. The decline probably is associated with flow regulation, high turbidity and the introduction of common carp. Snail populations have persisted, however, in irrigation pipelines fed from the river, where they periodically cause blockages. This paper reports the discovery of the only known populaion of Notopala hanleyi in a pipeline where the inner wall accumulates microbial and other organic matter, providing high quality food for snails. In the Murray before regulation most of the periphytic biomass was probably microbial, as fluctuating water levels would have maintained littoral communities in a highly productive, early state of succession his postulated that, by stabilizing seasonal water levels, regulation has promoted the production of filamentous green algae, an inferior food source, and so displaced snail populations from the open aquatic environment.     

浙江省水域调查录入系统的设计和应用

浙江省水域调查录入系统将调查数据与电子地图相整合,对分类水域数据进行统计计算,并对输入数据进行合理性和完整性检查,得到调查范围内现有水域的详细数据,实现了水域调查数据输入、计算、统计和查询的数字化管理,提高了工作效率和工作质量,为各地下阶段水域保护规划编制和水域管理工作提供了数据支持。对该系统的设计原则、功能和技术设计等作了介绍。     

基于CT-连续加荷水泥乳化沥青混凝土细观损伤规律研究

利用CT技术对水泥乳化沥青混凝土的细观损伤过程进行实时扫描观测,获得了混凝土试件在连续加荷下的CT图像。通过采用直观分析法、CT数分析法、CT数与损伤变量关系3种方法分析表明,水泥乳化沥青混凝土的破坏过程可分为压密、扩容、裂纹扩展、破坏4个阶段,同时混凝土在受压过程中具有韧性,在极限荷载之前各断面处于压密和微扩容的强化阶段,极限荷载之后混凝土从损伤到破坏发展比较平稳。     

Automated system for removal and pneumatic transport of fly ash from electric precipitator hoppers

A system for removal and pneumatic transport of fly ash is examined, in which air pulses act on batches (pistons) of ash formed in a duct. Studies are made of the effect of several physical parameters on the force required to displace a piston of ash and these serve as a basis for choosing a system for removal and pneumatic transport of ash simultaneously from several hoppers of an electric precipitator. This makes it possible to separate the ash particles according to size without introducing additional components. Formulas are given for calculating the structural and dynamic parameters of this system and measurements of indirect dynamic parameters are used to calculate the input-output characteristics of the system. In order to optimize the system, configurations for summing several ducts into a single transport duct for pneumatic ash transport are proposed. Some variants of dry ash utilization and the advantages of producing of size-separated particles are considered. __________ Translated from élektricheskie Stantsii, No. 2, pp. 26–30 (2008).     

The flood pulse advantage and the restoration of river-floodplain systems

The ‘flood pulse advantage’ is the amount by which fish yield per unit mean water area is increased by a natural, predictable flood pulse. Evidence for this increase is presented from tropical and temperate fisheries. It is argued that increasing multispecies fish yield by restoring the natural hydrological regime is consistent with increasing production of other trophic levels and with restoration from ecological and aesthetic viewpoints. When applied to a river-floodplain system, this restoration would provide a large, self-sustaining potential for recreation, commercial exploitation, and flood control. An interim ‘natural flood pulse’ restoration approach is proposed for systems modified for navigation. This approach approximates the natural hydrological regime in a river reach and is intended as a first step in the long process of restoring the watershed.     

浅谈天湖水电站水轮机运行故障及处理措施

简述天湖水电站投运以来各种故障的表现形式，分析其原因，提出了相应的处理方法及措施，并对合理利用国内外设备提出建议。