复合SnPb焊点的形态与可靠性预测

建立了复合焊点形态的能量控制方程,采用Ｓｕｒｆａｃｅ Ｅｖｏｌｖｅｒ软件模拟了复合ＳｎＰｂ焊点的形态,利用复合ＳｎＰｂ焊点形态的计算结果。采用统一型粘塑性Ａｎａｎｄ本构方程描述复合焊点Ｐｂ９０Ｓｎ１８和Ｓｎ６０Ｐｂ４０的粘塑性力学行为。采用非线性有限元方法分析复合ＳｎＰｂ焊点在热循环条件下的应力应变过程,基于Ｃｏｆｆｉｎ－Ｍａｎｓｏｎ经验方程预测焊点的热循环寿命,考察焊点形态对焊点可靠性的影响,研     

焊点热应力应变分析与HALT热循环温度剖面图优化

以统一型粘塑性Anand本构方程为基础，采用非线性有限元方法研究了热循环试验过程中高低温端点温度、温度升降速率、高低温保持时间对Sn63Pb37焊点应力分布和塑性应变的影响，并结合基于塑性应变的疲劳寿命预测Coffin—Masson公式，分析了热循环试验效率与这些参数之间的关系，为建立优化的HALT(Highly accelerated life test)和其它可靠性热循环试验温度剖面图提供有价值的参考。     

Sn-Ag3.0-Cu0.5/Cu金属间化合物生长行为及其对PBGA焊点热疲劳可靠性的影响

利用SMT全自动回流焊机和高温恒温试验箱,制备出经2次回流焊且不同时效处理时间的Sn-Ag3.0-Cu0.5/Cu焊点试件,对其金属间化合物（IMC）的厚度进行测量,发现其厚度的增长与时效时间的平方根近似成线性关系。采用统一粘塑性Anand本构模型来描述焊点的力学性能,运用有限元计算软件ANSYS对PBGA构件进行热循环模拟,对其在不同IMC厚度下的应力和应变响应进行分析。结果表明,芯片右下方焊点右上角热循环结束后累积的等效塑性应变最大,是整个PBGA构件的关键焊点;随着IMC厚度的增加,关键焊点热循环过程中的等效应力水平不断降低,相应剪切塑性应变范围Δγ不断增大,热疲劳寿命Nf则不断降低;升温和高温保温过程中剪切塑性应变的增加量构成了剪切塑性应变范围Δγ,且不同IMC厚度下升温段剪切塑性应变增加量占Δγ的比例基本维持在95%左右     

热循环条件下高密度互连点的应力应变分析

采用多线性随动强化材料模型和粘塑性材料模型,模拟填充胶和无铅钎料的材料性质,建立高密度倒装芯片封装的有限元模型;基于热循环条件下封装体中互连点的应力应变分析,探讨其可靠性,通过试验对分析结果进行验证。结果表明,封装体中边角焊点承受最高的等效应力,为最易失效焊点;以最易失效焊点为代表,最大塑性剪切应变分布在该焊点的芯片侧,呈现出由外侧向内侧减小的分布特征,表明裂纹倾向于在外侧形成,向内侧扩展,试验结果验证了这一分析。此外,文中通过对塑性应变演变规律的分析,探讨了互连点的失效机理。     

热时效条件下倒装焊点失效的有限元模拟

PBGA封装体由多种热膨胀系数不同的材料组成,在热循环过程中易固封装体材料间的热失配导致倒装焊点失效。利用Ansys有限元模拟软件,建立PBGA封装体有限元模型,通过选取材料参数、有限元单元、施加载荷及计算,研究封装体中倒装焊点在时效温度为150℃、时间为500 h条件下的应变及位移,并利用能量法从累积塑性应变和累积塑性应变能角度,分析焊点失效情况。结果表明,封装体中,边角焊点所承受的应力、应变、累积塑性应变、累积塑性应变能最大,边角焊点为最易失效焊点。     

SnAgCu/Cu焊点热循环失效行为研究

对热循环条件下SnAgCu/Cu焊点的热力疲劳行为进行了研究。基于热循环条件下实际倒装焊点的位移分析,设计了单焊点试样及其热力耦合加载装置。利用电阻应变测量法研究了–40~125℃热循环条件下焊点的变形行为。以电阻变化率为损伤参量,确定了焊点的损伤演变规律以及焊点热疲劳寿命。基于此,采用基于应变的Coffin-Manson模型确定了焊点寿命与非弹性应变之间的关系。结果表明焊点随加载应变范围的增大而出现加速破坏。最后,对热循环过程中SnAgCu/Cu焊点的微观组织演变进行了扫描电镜观察分析,旨在进一步揭示焊点失效的本质。     

塑封球栅阵列焊点热疲劳寿命预测有限元方法

选取典型的塑封球栅阵列封装器件,将其建模为由封装外壳、硅芯片和基板组成的三层结构,采用粘塑性材料模式描述锡铅钎料的力学本构关系,建立器件的三维有限元模型,通过有限元仿真得到焊点的应力应变分布云图、应力应变回线及关键焊点的应变范围,最后根据基于应变的Engelmaier疲劳模型预测塑封球栅阵列焊点的寿命.结果表明,在热循环条件下,塑封球栅阵列封装器件的关键焊点的位置位于器件芯片边缘的正下方,并不位于最边缘的焊点处,为改进塑封球栅阵列焊点的热疲劳可靠性提供了依据.     

热循环载荷下SMT含气孔焊点应力应变的数值模拟

通过用统一的粘塑性本构方程描述SMT焊点的力学行为,对SMT焊点中气孔位置对SMT焊点中的应力、应变的影响采用有限元方法进行了模拟。通过模拟发现气孔改变了焊点中气孔周围部分应力、应变的分布;焊点根部的气孔对焊点应力、应变的影响最大。     

热循环对QFP焊点强度及其微观组织影响规律的数值模拟

采用有限元方法研究了QFP器件在25～125℃温度循环条件下的热疲劳寿命,试验结果186次与理论计算结果213次基本吻合.焊点强度试验以及断口SEM分析,初步揭示了热循环对QFP焊点抗拉强度及焊点组织的影响规律.结果表明,裂纹在焊点内侧钎料与焊盘界面处产生.随着热循环次数的增加,焊点抗拉强度逐渐降低;对断口形貌的SEM分析发现,热循环前的焊点为韧性断裂.随着热循环次数的增加,晶粒粗化,韧窝变大,经过120次热循环后的焊点断裂方式主要为脆性断裂,经过186次热循环后的焊点为完全脆性断裂.     

矩形片式电阻半导体激光钎焊无铅焊点的热循环试验

选用Sn-Ag-Cu无铅钎料,采用半导体激光软钎焊和红外再流焊两种方法对0805型矩形片式电阻元件进行钎焊,并对采用不同方法得到的钎焊焊点进行热循环试验.结果表明,激光软钎焊矩形片式电阻焊点的力学性能优于传统红外再流焊工艺所获得的电阻焊点的力学性能;片式电阻焊点的剪切力随热循环次数的增加呈现下降趋势,在热循环次数相同时,激光软钎焊焊点的力学性能优于红外再流焊焊点.随着热循环次数的增加,片式电阻焊点的剪切断裂的方式由明显的韧性断裂逐渐向脆性断裂转变.     

Effects of Post-weld Heat Treatment on Microstructure,Mechanical Properties and the Role of Weld Reinforcement in 2219 Aluminum Alloy TIG-Welded Joints

In as-welded state, each region of 2219 aluminum alloy TIG-welded joint shows diff erent microstructure and microhardness due to the diff erent welding heat cycles and the resulting evolution of second phases. After the post-weld heat treatment, both the amount and the size of the eutectic structure or θ phases decreased. Correspondingly, both the Cu content in α-Al matrix and the microhardness increased to a similar level in each region of the joint, and the tensile strength of the entire joint was greatly improved. Post-weld heat treatment played the role of solid solution strengthening and aging strengthening. After the post-weld heat treatment, the weld performance became similar to other regions, but weld reinforcements lost their reinforcing eff ect on the weld and their existence was more of an adverse eff ect. The joint without weld reinforcements after the post-weld heat treatment had the optimal tensile properties, and the specimens randomly crack in the weld zone.     

The First Phase of the SRIF Industrialized Base in ＂West Area＂ Has Been Put into Operation

After nearly two years＇ tense construction, the first phase of industrialized base of Shenyang Research Institute of Foundry （SRIF）, located at the Tiexi Casting and Forging Industrial Park in the west of Tiexi District, has now been completed and formally put into operation.     

Thermodynamics Study on the Decomposition of Chromite with KOH

Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China, has proposed a method for oxidative leaching of chromite with potassium hydroxide. Understanding the mechanism of chromite decomposition, especially in the potassium hydroxide fusion, is important for the optimization of the operating parameters of the oxidative leaching process. A traditional thermodynamic method is proposed and the thermal decomposition and the reaction decomposition during the oxidative leaching of chromite with KOH and oxygen is discussed, which suggests that chromite is mainly destroyed by reactions with KOH and oxygen. Meanwhile, equilibrium of the main reactions of the above process was calculated at different temperatures and oxygen partial pressures. The stable zones of productions, namely, K2CrO4 and Fe2O3, increase with the decrease of temperature, which indicates that higher temperature is not beneficial to thermodynamic reactions. In addition, a comparison of the general alkali methods is carried out, and it is concluded that the KOH leaching process is thermodynamically superior to the conventional chromate production process.     

Influence of Heat Treatment on Damping Behaviour of the Magnesium Wrought Alloy AZ61

The effect of isochronal heat treatments for 1h on variation of damping, hardness and microstructural change of the magnesium wrought alloy AZ61 was investigated. Damping and hardness behaviour could be attributed to the evolution of precipitation process. The influence of precipitation on damping behaviour was explained in the framework of the dislocation string model of Granato and Lücke.     

Effect of Rare Earth Doping on Impedance,Modulus and Conductivity Properties of Multiferroic Composites:0.5(BiLa_xFe_(1-x)O_3)–0.5(PbTiO_3)

The Lanthanum-doped bismuth ferrite–lead titanate compositions of 0.5(Bi LaxFe1-xO3)–0.5(Pb Ti O3)(x = 0.05,0.10,0.15,0.20)(BLxF1-x-PT) were prepared by mixed oxide method.Structural characterization was performed by X-ray diffraction and shows a tetragonal structure at room temperature.The lattice parameter c/a ratio decreases with increasing of La(x = 0.05–0.20) concentration of the composites.The effect of charge carrier/ion hopping mechanism,conductivity,relaxation process and impedance parameters was studied using an impedance analyzer in a wide frequency range(102–106Hz) at different temperatures.The nature of Nyquist plot confirms the presence of bulk effects only,and non-Debye type of relaxation processes occurs in the composites.The electrical modulus exhibits an important role of the hopping mechanism in the electrical transport process of the materials.The ac conductivity and dc conductivity of the materials were studied,and the activation energy found to be 0.81,0.77,0.76 and 0.74 e V for all compositions of x = 0.05–0.20 at different temperatures(200–300 °C).     

Quantitative Analysis of the Crystallographic Orientation Relationship Between the Martensite and Austenite in Quenching–Partitioning–Tempering Steels

The orientation relationships(ORs)between the martensite and the retained austenite in low-and medium-carbon steels after quenching–partitioning–tempering process were studied in this work.The ORs in the studied steels are identified by selected-area electron diffraction(SAED)as either K–S or N–W ORs.Meanwhile,the ORs were also studied based on numerical fitting of electron backscatter diffraction data method suggested by Miyamoto.The simulated K–S and N–W ORs in the low-index directions generally do not well coincide with the experimental pole figure,which may be attributed to both the orientation spread from the ideal variant orientations and high symmetry of the low-index directions.However,the simulated results coincide well with experimental pole figures in the high-index directions{123}_(bcc).A modified method with simplicity based on Miyamoto’s work was proposed.The results indicate that the ORs determined by modified method are similar to those determined by Miyamoto’method,that is,the OR is near K–S OR for the low-carbon Q–P–T steel,and with the increase of carbon content,the OR is closer to N–W OR in medium-carbon Q–P–T steel.     

Using Finite Element and Contour Method to Evaluate Residual Stress in Thick Ti-6Al-4V Alloy Welded by Electron Beam Welding

This work was to reveal the residual stress profile in electron beam welded Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates(50 mm thick) by using finite element and contour measurement methods.A three-dimensional finite element model of 50-mmthick titanium component was proposed,in which a column–cone combined heat source model was used to simulate the temperature field and a thermo-elastic–plastic model to analyze residual stress in a weld joint based on ABAQUS software.Considering the uncertainty of welding simulation,the computation was calibrated by experimental data of contour measurement method.Both test and simulated results show that residual stresses on the surface and inside the weld zone are significantly different and present a narrow and large gradient feature in the weld joint.The peak tensile stress exceeds the yield strength of base materials inside weld,which are distinctly different from residual stress of the thin Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates presented in references before.     

Microstructures and Tensile Properties of Ultrafine-Grained Ni–(1–3.5) wt% SiC_(NP) Composites Prepared by a Powder Metallurgy Route

Silicon carbide nanoparticle-reinforced nickel-based composites(Ni–Si CNP),with a Si CNPcontent ranged from1 to 3.5 wt%,were prepared using mechanical alloying and spark plasma sintering.In addition,unreinforced pure nickel samples were also prepared for comparative purposes.To characterize the microstructural properties of both the unreinforced pure nickel and the Ni–Si CNPcomposites transmission electron microscopy(TEM) was used,while their mechanical behavior was investigated using the Vickers pyramid method for hardness measurements and a universal tensile testing machine for tensile tests.TEM results showed an array of dislocation lines decorated in the sintered pure nickel sample,whereas,for the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the presence of nano-dispersed Si CNPand twinning crystals was observed.These homogeneously distributed Si CNPwere found located either within the matrix,between twins or on grain boundaries.For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,coerced coarsening of the Si CNPassembly occurred with increasing Si CNPcontent.Furthermore,the grain sizes of the Ni–Si CNPcomposites were much finer than that of the unreinforced pure nickel,which was considered to be due to the composite ball milling process.In all cases,the Ni–Si CNPcomposites showed higher strengths and hardness values than the unreinforced pure nickel,likely due to a combination of dispersion strengthening(Orowan effects) and particle strengthening(Hall–Petch effects).For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the strength increased initially and then decreased as a function of Si CNPcontent,whereas their elongation percentages decreased linearly.Compared to all materials tested,the Ni–Si CNPcomposite containing 1.5% Si C was found more superior considering both their strength and plastic properties.     

Directional Growth of Tin Crystals Controlled by Combined Solute Concentration Gradient Field and Static Magnetic Field

A new method was introduced to achieve directional growth of Sn crystals. Microstructures in liquid(Pb)/liquid(Sn) diffusion couples were investigated under various static magnetic fields. Results show that the β-Sn crystals mainly reveal an irregular dendritic morphology without or with a relatively low static magnetic field(B0.3 T). When the magnetic field is increased to 0.5 T, the β-Sn dendrites close to the final stage of growth begin to show some directional character. With a further increase in the magnetic field to a higher level(0.8–5 T), the β-Sn dendrites have an enhanced directional growth character, but the dendrites show a certain deflection. As the magnetic field is increased to 12 T, the directional growth of the β-Sn dendrites in the center of the couple is severely destroyed. The mechanism of the directional growth of the β-Sn crystals and the deflection of the β-Sn crystals with the application of static magnetic field was tentatively discussed.     

电化学噪声数据处理方法概述

综述了常见的电化学噪声数据处理方法,介绍了直流趋势剔除、统计分析、快速傅立叶变换(FFT)法计算功率谱密度(PSD)以及小波变换处理电化学噪声信号的基本过程,并阐释了各种数学处理及所得参数的物理意义。