几种添加剂对鳙鱼鱼糜凝胶特性的影响

研究了抗坏血酸、半胱氨酸两种还原剂及乳酸钙、葡萄糖酸钙两种钙盐对鳙鱼鱼糜凝胶特性的影响,检测指标包括破断强度、凹陷深度、凝胶强度、持水性和白度,并采用电镜扫描观察凝胶的微观结构,同时采用SDS-聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳(SDS-PAGE)分析相关机理。结果表明,这四种物质都可显著提高鳙鱼鱼糜的凝胶能力,其最适添加浓度依次为0.05%、0.1%、0.1%、0.05%,相应的鱼糜凝胶强度依次为917.8、893.3、851.9和679.9g•cm,分别是对照样的1.97、1.92、1.77和1.42倍;在颜色和白度方面,四种物质对鳙鱼鱼糜凝胶都不会产生不利影响。SDS-PAGE分析表明,四种物质对肌球蛋白重链没有影响,而电镜分析表明四种物质都可促进鳙鱼鱼糜形成比较致密、均匀的凝胶网络结构。以上结果说明四种物质都是鳙鱼鱼糜的良好品质改良剂,可在实际生产中推广应用。     

CHITOSAN AFFECTS TRANSGLUTAMINASE-INDUCED SURIMI GELATION

Effect of chitosan on barred garfish (Hemiramphus far) surimi gel was studied in the presence of EDTA and microbial transglutaminase (MTGase). An increase in breaking force of surimi gels added with 1.0% prawn shell chitosan indicated the gel enhancing effect of chitosan on the heat‐induced gelation of fish myofibrillar proteins. However, gel‐forming ability of surimi containing chitosan was inhibited in the presence of EDTA, especially at higher concentration. Therefore, the enhancing effect of chitosan was possibly mediated through the action of endogenous transglutaminase (TGase) during setting, resulting in the formation of protein‐protein and protein‐chitosan conjugates. In general, addition of MTGase remarkably increased both breaking force and deformation of surimi gel (P<0.05). However, enhancing effect of MTGase was retarded in the presence of chitosan, resulting in lower magnitude of breaking force and deformation (P<0.05). Scanning electron microscopy showed that chitosan particles were uniformly dispersed in the gel matrix. A tightly associated gel network was formed in surimi containing MTGase, whereas a large number of voids were noted in gels with EDTA. These results suggest that chitosan acted as a surimi gel enhancer in combination with endogenous TGase in fish muscle, but hindered gel formation in the presence of MTGase.     

Porcine plasma protein as proteinase inhibitor in bigeye snapper (Priacanthus tayenus) muscle and surimi

Porcine plasma protein (PPP) showed inhibitory activity towards trypsin, papain, digestive enzymes and modori‐inducing proteinases from bigeye snapper. Among the fractions prepared, fraction IV‐1 exhibited the highest inhibitory activity against all proteinases tested and the autolysis of fish muscle. At a level of 0.5% (w/w), both PPP and fraction IV‐1 effectively prevented the degradation of myosin heavy chain in fish muscle. The inhibitory activity of fraction IV‐1 was stable up to 60 °C. Incorporation of fraction IV‐1 significantly increased the breaking force, deformation and water‐holding capacity of surimi gel from bigeye snapper (P < 0.05). However, no increase in breaking force and deformation was found when fraction IV‐1 was added at a level above 0.3% (w/w) (P > 0.05). No significant change in whiteness of surimi gel was observed with the addition of fraction IV‐1 (P > 0.05). © 2001 Society of Chemical Industry     

转谷氨酰胺酶对鳙鱼鱼糜凝胶特性的影响

研究了不同浓度的转谷氨酰胺酶 (简称TGase)对鳙鱼鱼糜凝胶特性的影响。结果表明 ,在鳙鱼鱼糜中添加不同浓度的TGase ,均可使其凝胶的破断强度、凹陷深度、凝胶强度及持水性增加 ,而对其颜色、白度无影响 ;酶的最佳浓度为 0 5 % ,在此浓度下 ,鱼糜的凝胶强度为 2 13 0 9g·cm ,是对照样的 4倍多 ;通过对SDS 聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳及溶解度的分析表明 ,TGase可催化鳙鱼鱼糜中的肌球蛋白重链 (MHC)形成共价交联键。电镜分析则表明 ,TGase的加入可使鳙鱼鱼糜形成致密、均匀的凝胶网络结构     

EFFECT OF CHICKEN PLASMA PROTEIN AND SOME PROTEIN ADDITIVES ON PROTEOLYSIS AND GEL-FORMING ABILITY OF SARDINE (SARDINELLA GIBBOSA) SURIMI

The effect of chicken plasma protein (CPP) and various protein additives on autolysis and gel‐forming ability of sardine (Sardinella gibbosa) surimi was investigated. CPP and other protein additives showed inhibitory activity toward autolysis of sardine surimi incubated at 70C in a concentration‐dependent manner. Porcine plasma protein (PPP) and egg white (EW) were more effective in proteolysis prevention than CPP and other protein additives. Breaking force and deformation of both modori and kamaboko gels increased when CPP and other protein additives were added at levels up to 2% (P < 0.05). Nevertheless, PPP and EW showed a greater gel‐strengthening effect than CPP and other protein additives (P < 0.05). Addition of CPP and other plasma proteins resulted in decreased whiteness, especially with increasing amount (P < 0.05). However, no change in whiteness was observed with gels containing EW and soy protein isolate (SPI) (P > 0.05). Proteolysis of sardine surimi can be retarded by the addition of CPP and protein additives, leading to increased gel‐forming ability.     

PORCINE PLASMA PROTEINS AS GEL ENHANCER IN BIGEYE SNAPPER (PRIACANTHUS TAYENUS) SURIMI

Cohn's fraction I‐S from porcine plasma showed the highest transglutaminase activity, compared to fractions I. 11+III, IV, IV‐l. The optimum temperature for incorporating monodancylcadaverine into dimethylated casein was 45C. Plasma transglutaminase in fraction I‐S was activated by calcium chloride but was inhibited by N‐ethylmaleimide, ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid, and ammonium chloride. The addition of fraction I‐S into bigeye snapper surimi resulted in a substantial increase in gel breaking force and deformation, particularly in the presence of calcium chloride and thrombin. No changes in whiteness and water holding capacity were observed in surimi gel with the addition of 0–0.5% of fraction I‐S. Fraction I‐S was found to catalyze nondisulfide covalent cross‐linking of myosin heavy chain. The combination of endogenous and plasma transglutaminase enhanced surimi gelation.     

不同食用蛋白的添加对鲤鱼鱼糜流变和凝胶特性的影响

目的:研究大豆分离蛋白(soybean protein isolated,SPI)、乳清分离蛋白(whey protein isolate,WPI)、花生分离蛋白(peanut protein isolate,PPI)的添加对鲤鱼鱼糜流变和凝胶性质的影响。方法:利用流变仪、质构仪、色差计等对添加不同蛋白鱼糜的弹性模量、黏性模量、凝胶强度、破断强度、凹陷深度、持水性以及白度进行测定,并采用相关性分析法研究各指标之间的相互关系。结果:不同添加量的SPI、WPI和PPI均能有效地改善鱼糜的弹性模量、黏性模量、破断强度、凝胶强度和持水性,但会降低破断深度和白度,但各测定指标间存在显著相关(p<0.05)。SPI和PPI的添加对鱼糜的流变性、破断强度、凝胶强度的提高效果更好,添加量为8%时,鱼糜的凝胶强度均达到最大值,其中SPI组可达3806.70 g·mm,比对照组增加了34.63%;WPI对鱼糜的保水性效果最好,添加量为8%时,失水率仅为12.6%;白度随着蛋白添加量的增加而降低,其中PPI组与WPI组引起的白度降低较少,且差异不显著(p>0.05)。结论:在实际鱼糜制品的生产中,应根据产品的特征选择适合的蛋白种类和合理的添加量,来提高鱼糜制品的品质。     

转谷氨酰胺酶对鳗鱼冷冻鱼糜凝胶性能的影响

为了改善鳗鱼冷冻鱼糜的凝胶性能,提高其经济价值,添加转谷氨酰胺酶(TGase),通过SDS-PAGE凝胶电泳测定鱼糜凝胶形成过程中蛋白质的变化,研究TGase对鳗鱼冷冻鱼糜凝胶性能的影响。结果表明:TGase在鱼糜凝胶化过程中起着重要作用,并且不同浓度的TGase均可使鳗鱼冷冻鱼糜凝胶的破裂强度、凹陷深度及凝胶强度增加,而对其颜色和白度无影响;TGase的最佳使用浓度为0.5%,在此条件下,鱼糜的凝胶强度达到550.4g·cm,是对照样品的3倍多,而且电镜分析表明,TGase的加入可使冷冻鱼糜形成致密、均匀的凝胶网络结构。     

Effect of reducing agents on physicochemical properties and gel-forming ability of surimi produced from frozen fish

Effects of different reducing agents (cysteine, ascorbic acid and sodium bisulfite) at various levels on physicochemical properties of protein, transglutaminase activity and gel properties of surimi produced from frozen croaker, lizardfish, threadfin bream and bigeye snapper were studied. Addition of cysteine resulted in the highest increase in the breaking force and the deformation of surimi gels, compared with other reducing agents. The optimum levels of cysteine were 0.05, 0.1, 0.05 and 0.1% (w/w) for surimi from frozen croaker, lizardfish, threadfin bream and bigeye snapper, respectively. Surimi from frozen croaker with cysteine added showed a similar breaking force and deformation to that produced from fresh fish. With addition of cysteine, an increase in sulfhydryl content with a concomitant decrease in disulfide bond content was generally observed. Ca²⁺ ATPase activity also increased, indicating the renaturation of the myosin molecule. T_max of peak 1 (myosin peak) of all surimi sols in the presence of cysteine was shifted to higher temperature. The increased transglutaminase activity was observed with addition of cysteine. Therefore, reducing agents, especially cysteine, recovered the denatured muscle proteins and activated the transglutaminase in the muscle, leading to the increased gel-forming ability of surimi produced from frozen fish.     

Physicochemical properties, gel-forming ability and myoglobin content of sardine (Sardinella gibbosa) and mackerel (Rastrelliger kanagurta) surimi produced by conventional method and alkaline solubilisation process

Characteristics and gel properties of sardine and mackerel surimi produced by conventional washing process and alkaline solubilising process were investigated. The decrease in Ca²⁺-ATPase activity with the changes in the surface hydrophobicity was found in surimi produced by alkaline solubilising process (p<0.05), suggesting the denaturation of protein induced by this process. The alkal-ine solubilising process with prewashing could remove myoglobin most effectively from sardine muscle, whereas the process without prewashing resulted in the greatest myoglobin removal in mackerel muscle (p<0.05). Surimi conventionally prepared by water or NaCl washing showed the gel with greater breaking force and deformation than that from alkaline solubilising process (p<0.05). The hig-her expressible moisture was found in the gels of surimi pre-pared by alkaline process, indicating the poor water holding capacity of the gel matrix. The highest whiteness was found in the gel of sardine surimi produced by alkaline process with prewashing but the highest whiteness was obtained in the gel of mackerel surimi washed with distilled water.     

Effect of chitin and chitosan on gelling properties of surimi from barred garfish (Hemiramphus far)

The addition of chitin/chitosan significantly increased the breaking force and deformation of gels prepared from barred garfish surimi (P < 0.05). Addition of 7B chitosan with 65.6% degree of deacetylation (% DD) at the level of 15 mg g⁻¹ resulted in the maximum increases in both breaking force and deformation of suwari and kamaboko gels compared to the control and gels containing chitin or chitosan with other % DD (P < 0.05). A chitosan concentration of 10 mg g⁻¹ was found to render the highest breaking force of kamaboko gel compared to other concentrations tested (P < 0.05). Kamaboko gel containing chitosan had an increased breaking force as the calcium chloride concentration increased (P < 0.05), indicating the role of endogenous transglutaminase in cross‐linking of protein–protein and protein–chitosan conjugates. Therefore the incorporation of chitosan and calcium chloride greatly improved the gelling properties of surimi from barred garfish without changes in colour. © 2000 Society of Chemical Industry     

Effect of high-temperature setting on gelling characteristic of surimi from some tropical fish

The effect of setting at 40 °C on the textural properties and the changes in myofibrillar proteins in surimi produced from threadfin bream (Nemipterus bleekeri), bigeye snapper (Priacanthus tayenus), barracuda (Sphyraena jello) and bigeye croaker (Pennahai macrophthalmus) was investigated. An increase in the time of setting generally resulted in higher breaking force and also the deformation of both suwari and kamaboko gels. Maximum increases in gel‐breaking force were obtained in 1 h for threadfin bream, 2 h for bigeye snapper, 1.5 h for barracuda and 3 h for bigeye croaker. Extended setting time caused decreases in breaking force and deformation in all surimi, except that produced from bigeye croaker. Gel strengthening was associated with an increase in non‐disulphide covalent bond formation. Degradation of proteins occurred with prolonged setting. Therefore, setting at 40 °C for an appropriate time is a promising means to improve the gelling property of surimi produced from tropical fish.     

乳清浓缩蛋白对竹荚鱼鱼糜凝胶化和凝胶劣化的影响

采用质构分析法、扫描电子显微镜等方法研究乳清浓缩蛋白对竹荚鱼鱼糜凝胶劣化的抑制作用。结果表明：添加乳清浓缩蛋白(WPC)能显著改善竹荚鱼鱼糜在30℃凝胶化时的凝胶特性,并且添加量为5%(质量分数),加热时间为5h时,竹荚鱼鱼糜的凝胶特性最佳;添加WPC能显著抑制竹荚鱼鱼糜在50℃凝胶劣化现象,WPC的添加量为5%时,抑制效果显著,添加量为10%时,抑制效果最佳;WPC的添加量低于0.5%时,对竹荚鱼鱼糜凝胶色泽的影响不明显;添加量超过1%时,竹荚鱼鱼糜凝胶的白度显著降低。微观结构的观察表明,添加WPC使鱼糜凝胶的结构变得更加致密,因而能增强竹荚鱼鱼糜的凝胶强度。     

Enhancement of gel strength of bigeye snapper (Priacanthus tayenus) surimi using oxidised phenolic compounds

Effects of different oxidised phenolic compounds (ferulic acid, OFA; tannic acid, OTA; catechin, OCT and caffeic acid, OCF) at different levels (0–0.25% of protein content) on the properties of gels from bigeye snapper (Priacanthus tayenus) surimi were investigated. Breaking force and deformation of surimi gel varied with types and amounts of oxidised phenolic compounds. Gels added with 0.20% OFA, 0.05% OTA, 0.15% OCF and 0.05% OCT exhibited the marked increases in both breaking force and deformation, compared with the control (P < 0.05). Those increases were associated with lower expressible moisture content. No increases in both breaking force and deformation were observed when ferulic acid without oxygenation at alkaline pH was added, regardless of amount added (P > 0.05). No changes in the whiteness of gel were found with addition of OFA (P > 0.05), but the decreases in whiteness were noticeable as other oxidised phenolics were incorporated (P < 0.05). Different microstructures were obtained among gels with different oxidised phenolics. The physicochemical properties of natural actomyosin suggest that oxidised phenolics could induce conformational changes and the cross-linking through amino groups or the induction of disulphide bond formation. Therefore, the addition of oxidised phenolic compounds at the optimum level could increase the gel strength of surimi gel.     

可得然胶-魔芋胶复配对高温杀菌(120℃)鱼糜凝胶特性的影响

本文研究了可得然胶-魔芋胶复配对高温杀菌鱼糜凝胶特性的影响。将可得然胶和魔芋胶按不同比例(3:7、5:5、7:3、9:1)复配,并添加到鱼糜中,通过测定破断力、破断距离、白度、持水力、热稳定性和微观结构等指标,研究复合体系的凝胶变化。结果表明:可得然胶-魔芋胶复配不利于鱼糜的凝胶形成,表现为破断力、破断强度降低,当体系中添加的可得然胶浓为2%时,凝胶破断力、破断强度最大,随着魔芋胶比例的增加而不断降低;持水力及白度的下降,规律与凝胶强度类似,持水力从92.4%降低至87.7%,白度从63.5降低至58.3;流变学、扫描电镜结果显示,蛋白网络结构交联弱化,但是随着复配胶中可得然胶比例的上升,鱼糜的凝胶特性逐渐优化,但依旧弱于2%可得然胶对鱼肉蛋白的影响。因此,可得然胶与魔芋胶的复配为拮抗作用,不能良好地改善鱼糜高温处理后的凝胶特性,但适当地增加魔芋胶,对于降低成本有一定意义。     

INHIBITION OF GEL WEAKENING OF THREADFIN BREAM SURIMI USING THAI LEGUME SEED PROTEINASE INHIBITORS

Partially purified proteinase inhibitors from cowpea (Vigna unguiculata (L) Wasp), pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp.) and bdmbara groundnuts (Voandzeia subterranea (L.) Thou) effectively inhibited sarcoplasmic modori‐inducing proteinase extracted from threadfin bream muscle in a concentration dependent manner. Incorporation of these proteinase inhibitors into threadfin bream surimi partially inhibited autolytic degradation and increased the gel force and deformation. Combination of setting and incorporating proteinase inhibitors from cowpea and bambara groundnut var. HY at the level of 30 Kcunits/g resulted in an increase in gel force and deformation by 60% and 26%, respectively. However, the lightness and whiteness of surimi gels decreased slightly when the proteinase inhibitor was added at a level of 30 kunits/g.     

Gel‐forming properties of surimi produced from bigeye snapper,Priacanthus tayenus and P macracanthus,stored in ice

The influence of iced storage of two species of bigeye snapper, Priacanthus tayenus and P macracanthus, on the gel‐forming ability of the resulting surimi was investigated. Upon iced storage, whole fish underwent deterioration faster than beheaded/eviscerated fish. Total volatile base and trimethylamine contents of whole fish were higher than those of beheaded/eviscerated fish, particularly after 9 days of storage (P < 0.05). P macracanthus muscle was more susceptible to proteolytic degradation than P tayenus muscle. Ca²⁺‐ATPase activity decreased as the storage time increased (P < 0.05), indicating the denaturation of myosin. A marked decrease in Ca²⁺‐ATPase activity was found in whole fish kept for more than 6 days in ice (P < 0.05). Breaking force and deformation of surimi gels from both species decreased, with a concomitant decrease in whiteness, as the storage time increased (P < 0.05). Beheading and evisceration of fish retarded the deterioration. However, the gel‐forming ability of surimi produced from both species decreased continuously throughout iced storage (P < 0.05), probably owing to the denaturation and degradation of myofibrillar proteins. © 2002 Society of Chemical Industry     

Comparative study on protein cross-linking and gel enhancing effect of microbial transglutaminase on surimi from different fish

BACKGROUND: Microbial transglutaminase (MTGase) has been used to increase the gel strength of surimi. Nevertheless, its effectiveness varies with fish species. The aim of this study was to elucidate the effect of MTGase at different levels on protein cross‐linking and gel property of surimi from threadfin bream, Indian mackerel and sardine in the presence and absence of endogenous transglutaminase. RESULT: Breaking force of all surimi gels increased as MTGase levels (0–0.6 U g^?1) increased except for threadfin bream surimi gel, where the breaking force decreased at 0.6 U g^?1 (P < 0.05). In the presence of EDTA, the gel strengthening effect was lower, suggesting the combined effect of endogenous transglutaminase with MTGase. With the addition of MTGase, the gel with the highest increase in breaking force showed highest decrease in myosin heavy chain. When cross‐linking activity of MTGase on natural actomyosin (NAM) was determined, the highest decreasing rate in ε‐amino group content with the concomitant increased formation of cross‐linked proteins was found in NAM from threadfin bream. The reactivity of muscle proteins toward MTGase‐induced cross‐linking was in agreement with surimi gel strengthening. CONCLUSION: The composition and properties of muscle proteins of varying fish species more likely determined protein cross‐linking induced by MTGase, thereby affecting their gel properties. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry     

Effect of soy protein isolate on gel properties of Alaska pollock and common carp surimi at different setting conditions

The effects of soy protein isolate (SPI) on the gel properties of different grade Alaska pollock and common carp surimi at different setting conditions were evaluated and compared. Breaking force and distance of gels decreased with increasing SPI concentrations in direct cook (85 °C for 30 min) and in cook after setting at 30 °C for 60 min conditions. The effect of SPI on gel strength of common carp surimi was less than in Alaska pollock surimi. The breaking force obtained for addition of 10% SPI to Alaska pollock surimi was higher than for surimi alone when cooked after incubation at 50 °C for 60 min. Addition of SPI decreased the whiteness and increased the yellowness of the gel. The gel structure showed that the addition of SPI modified the microstructure of the fish protein gel, thus resulting in surimi with different gelling properties. Copyright © 2004 Society of Chemical Industry     

3 种非肌肉蛋白对竹荚鱼鱼糜凝胶特性的影响

采用质构分析法、扫描电镜法以及TCA- 可溶肽的测定方法研究大豆分离蛋白(SPI)、谷朊粉(GP)和花生浓缩蛋白(PPC)对竹荚鱼鱼糜凝胶特性的影响。结果表明：SPI 添加量超过1g/100g 鱼糜时,对竹荚鱼鱼糜蛋白的降解有抑制作用;GP 和PPC 添加量超过1g/100g 鱼糜时对抑制竹荚鱼鱼糜蛋白降解的影响较小,其降解抑制率均低于10%。添加GP 和SPI 能提高竹荚鱼鱼糜凝胶的破断强度、凹陷度和凝胶强度,GP 和SPI 添加量分别在10g/100g 鱼糜和5g/100g 鱼糜时,竹荚鱼鱼糜的凝胶特性达到最大值。不同添加量的PPC 均降低了竹荚鱼鱼糜凝胶的破断强度、凹陷度和凝胶强度。添加GP、SPI 和PPC 均降低了竹荚鱼鱼糜凝胶的白度。添加GP 和SPI 能提高竹荚鱼鱼糜凝胶的持水性,但添加PPC 降低了竹荚鱼鱼糜凝胶的持水性。