苯酚降解菌筛选及降解特性研究

针对焦化废水生物难降解有机物含量高、实际生产过程中的水质和水量变化大的特点,开展了高效菌株处理含酚废水的试验研究。从某焦化厂水处理车间生物处理装置曝气池活性污泥中驯化、分离和筛选得到4株以苯酚为唯一碳源的高效降解菌,并对其进行鉴定及降解特性研究。结果表明:初步鉴定h32a2、b31B、h31A和b41a为假单胞菌属(Pseudomonas sp.);通过溴化容量法测定苯酚含量,确定了菌株的最佳降解条件为:温度32℃,p H值7.5,培养时间16 h,接种密度1%,且单一菌株h32a2的苯酚最大降解率可达90.55%。通过单一和组合高效菌株对苯酚的降解特性可知,4株高效菌混合的降解效果最佳。因此,混合高效苯酚降解菌处理含酚废水具有一定的可行性。     

固定化光合细菌对水体富营养化的去除效果

为了探索对富营养化水体的微生物修复方法,采用固定化光合细菌进行人工模拟的富营养化水体处理试验。试验结果表明,接种固定化光合细菌比对照可明显地降低水体中的养分。19d的处理时间,TN、NH4-N、NO3-N、TP和COD的去除率分别达到了65.94%,79.84%,78.80%,62.95%,78.06%,并且接种光合细菌对水体中的藻类也起到一定的抑制作用。接种光合细菌增加了水体的DO和pH值,同时也提高了硝化率以及光合细菌数,而水体中这些因素的变化都与水体中养分的去除效果密切相关。因此富营养化水体修复中接种固定化光合细菌可以起到去除养分的目的。     

O3/TiO2/γ-Al2O3协同降解苯酚的研究

采用催化臭氧化技术对降解苯酚进行研究。考察了进气流量、苯酚初始浓度、催化剂投加量、pH值及温度等因素对苯酚降解的影响。研究结果表明:在一定范围内,随着进气流量的增加、温度的降低,苯酚的降解速率加快;溶液pH值对催化臭氧化有比较重要的影响,在pH值为8~10时,苯酚的去除率最高。     

细菌对黄河水和底质中2-氯酚的降解作用

为考察黄河水中和黄河底质中的细菌对氯基酚的降解过程及其差异,以黄河花园口段的黄河水和黄河底质为试验样品,分别将其接种进以2-氯酚为唯一碳源的液体培养基进行了试验.结果表明:①黄河水和黄河底质中的细菌对2-氯酚的降解过程符合二项式方程;②接种黄河底质的试验瓶,经过204 h培养,对2-氯酚的降解率达到91.14%;接种黄河水的试验瓶,经过300 h培养,对2-氯酚的降解率达到94.20%;黄河底质中的细菌对2-氯酚的降解速率是水中的1.32倍.     

Bacillus sp.处理锑矿选矿废水的优化试验

用某芽孢杆菌属微生物(Bacillus sp.)处理锑矿选矿废水。通过正交实验,研究该微生物在处理锑矿选矿废水过程中微生物接种量、pH值、处理时间、温度对去除效果的影响。结果表明:Bacillus sp.对废水中锑的去除效果影响程度由大到小的顺序为:微生物接种量、pH值、处理时间、温度;最优实验条件:微生物接种量为5%、pH值为2.5、处理时间为3d,处理温度为30℃。     

Fenton试剂在微波条件下处理稻壳热解发电含酚废水的试验

采取试验手段,研究在微波条件下用Fenton试剂处理含酚废水的效果,探讨H2O2质量浓度、FeSO4质量浓度、pH值、反应时间和微波功率等因素对稻壳热解发电废水中COD、挥发酚及色度去除率的影响,并进行不同条件下Fenton反应的对比试验。结果表明,在微波条件下,Fenton试剂能快速降解含酚废水,处理后水样的COD去除率超过73%,挥发酚去除率超过99%,色度去除率接近50%。该含酚废水的最佳处理条件是:H2O2质量浓度为1500 mg/L,FeSO4质量浓度为100 mg/L,pH值为3,反应时间为10 min,微波功率为400 W。     

水解-光合细菌法处理印染废水的试验研究

通过光合细菌的基础试验 ,确定其生长曲线 ,通过水解菌的基础试验 ,确定其处理染料的最佳污泥浓度为 12g/L ,pH为 6 5 ,驯化染料为酸性红G。并对光合细菌法和水解 -光合细菌法两工艺进行比较 ,前者COD去除率仅为 33 4 %,后者COD去除率为 76 %。     

一株长江优势菌的降解特性研究

从长江水体中分离到一株最优功能菌株JD1,经初步鉴定该菌株为琼氏不动杆菌属(acinetobacter junii)。该菌株最高可耐受质量浓度600 mg/L的乐果,降解乐果的最适温度为32℃,在30~37℃的广泛温度下仍生长良好,最适pH值为7.2左右,具有广泛的pH值生长范围(pH=5.5~9.0)。研究发现,装液量、接种量对菌株的降解有明显影响。装液量由3/10调整为1/5时,JD1对质量浓度100 mg/L的乐果降解率从21%提高到51.54%。试验表明,该菌株可以在质量浓度高达2 400 mg/L的苯酚中生长良好。     

固定化细胞去除废水中硝态氮的试验研究

通过对常用的聚乙烯醇-硼酸固定化方法优化改进,有效解决了固定化细胞技术在废水处理领域推广应用中所面临的机械强度小、易破碎、发胀粘连和带气上浮等问题。对包埋固定化反硝化菌与未包埋反硝化菌处理含硝态氮的废水进行比较,结果表明:固定化反硝化菌在不适宜的pH值、温度和有氧条件下均比未包埋菌具有明显的耐受性,表现出良好的反硝化特性,并且能和硝化细菌在同一反应器中进行单级生物脱氮,总氮去除率达到52%,因而在处理含氮废水中具有一定的实际应用价值。     

Ti/MCM-22/MCM-41微介孔复合材料光催化降解酸性红B模拟废水的研究

采用纳米自组装法制备了具有吸附性和光催化性的Ti/MCM-22/MCM-41微介孔复合材料,利用X射线衍射、N2吸附、扫描电镜等方法对其进行表征。将复合材料用于光催化降解酸性红B的实验,考察了催化剂用量、光照时间、pH值和染料初始浓度对光催化降解率的影响,并对光降解产物进行了紫外光谱分析。结果表明:当染料的初始浓度为50 mg/L,废水pH在6左右,催化剂投加量为0.1 g/L,光照时间120 min,酸性红B的去除率可达98%以上,光催化降解反应遵循一级反应动力学方程。降解产物的紫外光谱图表明,降解后酸性红B的两个特征吸收带消失,结构的共轭系被打破,颜色消失,说明该复合材料去除水中的酸性红B主要是通过光催化作用。     

Application of immobilized cells to the treatment of cyanide wastewater.

Cyanide is highly toxic to living organisms, particularly in inactivating the respiration system by tightly binding to terminal oxidase. To protect the environment and water bodies, wastewater containing cyanide must be treated before discharging into the environment. Biological treatment is a cost-effective and environmentally acceptable method for cyanide removal compared with the other techniques currently in use. Klebsiella oxytoca (K. oxytoca), isolated from cyanide-containing industrial wastewater, has been shown to be able to biodegrade cyanide to non-toxic end products. The technology of immobilized cells can be applied in biological treatment to enhance the efficiency and effectiveness of biodegradation. In this study, potassium cyanide (KCN) was used as the target compound and both alginate (AL) and cellulose triacetate (CTA) techniques were applied for the preparation of immobilized cells. Results from this study show that KCN can be utilized as the sole nitrogen source by K. oxytoca. The free suspension systems reveal that the cell viability was highly affected by initial KCN concentration, pH, and temperature. Results show that immobilized cell systems could tolerate a higher level of KCN concentration and wider ranges of pH and temperature, especially in the system with CTA gel beads. Results show that a longer incubation period was required for KCN degradation using immobilized cells compared to the free suspended systems. This might be due to internal mass transfer limitations. Results also indicate that immobilized systems can support a higher biomass concentration. Complete KCN degradation was observed after the operation of four consecutive degradation experiments with the same batch of immobilized cells. This suggests that the activity of the immobilized cells can be maintained and KCN can be used as the nitrogen source throughout KCN degradation experiments. Results reveal that the application of immobilized cells of K. oxytoca is advantageous to the maintenance of KCN degradation efficiency. Thus, it is conceivable that the immobilized cells of K. oxytoca would be applicable to the treatment of cyanide-containing wastewaters.     

Fenton试剂处理港口化学品洗舱废水

根据珠海某港口化学品洗舱废水的组成,配置甲醛、甲苯、苯酚的单独污染物模拟废水,采用Fenton试剂对港口废水和模拟废水进行氧化处理。通过实验探讨了不同的H2O2和Fe2+浓度、pH值、反应时间下各种废水COD的去除情况,确定了各种废水最佳的操作条件。港口废水在最佳的操作条件下COD去除率约为88%,废水的COD质量浓度从2 000~2 200 mg/L降到低于280 mg/L,废水由原来的无法生化变为易生物降解。苯酚、甲醛、甲苯模拟废水在各自最佳的操作条件下,COD去除率也都达到85%以上。     

Photocatalytic oxidation of low concentration 2,4-D solution with new TiO2 fiber catalyst in a continuous flow reactor.

Environmental pollution by low concentrations of 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) is a concern these days due to ever increasingly stringent regulations. Photocatalysis with immobilized TiO2 fiber is a promising oxidation method. Laboratory experiments on photocatalytic degradation of 0.045 mmol l(-1) 2,4-D with the world's first high-strength TiO2 fiber catalyst were carried out in a continuous flow reactor in which the degradations were, in general, similar to those with high 2,4-D concentrations investigated elsewhere. Degradation and mineralization of 2,4-D were significantly enhanced with no initial pH adjustments. The rate constants for total organic carbon (TOC) without pH adjustment were about two-fold bigger than the pH adjustment cases. CO2 gas measurement and carbon mass-balance were carried out for the first time, where about 34% organic carbon converted into CO2 gas during four-hour oxidation. 2,4-Dichlorophenol (2,4-DCP), phenol, benzyl alcohol and two unknowns (RT = 2.65 and 3.78 min.) were detected as aromatic intermediates while Phenol was the new aromatic in HPLC analysis. Dechlorination efficiencies were high (> 70%) in all the cases, and more than 90% efficiencies were observed in chloride mass balance. Bigger flow rates and solution temperature fixed at 20 degrees C without pH adjustment greatly enhanced 2,4-D mineralization. These results can be an important basis in applying the treatment method for dioxin-contaminated water and wastewater.     

Determination of reaction rate constants for phenol oxidation using SnO2/Ti anodes coupled with activated carbon adsorption in the presence of TiO2 as catalyst

Series of experiments for phenol degradation with assistance of TiO2 catalyst at pH of 6.5 and temperature of 25 degrees C were conducted using a lab-scale electrochemical reactor constructed in our laboratory. According to the results, at the presence of the TiO2 catalyst the removal of phenol was increased and first-order kinetics could describe the evolution of phenol concentration. For inspecting the relationship between rate constants and dosage of TiO2, two possible kinetics were proposed in this study. Contrasted to the abundant experimental data, a reasonable kinetics was obtained for the estimation of phenol concentration effluent during continuous flow of raw wastewater, especially when the TiO2 dosage was less than 0.5g L(-1). The model obtained from these experiments could employed for the calculation of rate constants at different TiO2 dosage and the necessary dosage of catalyst when a discharge standard was designed.     

超声强化臭氧降解高浓度苯酚废水研究

超声及其组合技术对有机物废水降解是一种新兴的污水处理技术,有着广阔的发展前景和应用市场.对超声强声动力强化臭氧降解高浓度苯酚废水过程中的臭氧通气量、溶液的pH值、反应时间及溶液的初始浓度进行了实验研究,并对单一臭氧和超声强化臭氧降解效果进行了比较.结果表明:由于超声独特的物理、化学效应为臭氧降解提供了极端的物理、化学环境,二者协同作用使得反应进行彻底,COD去除率可达100%.     

Combined effect of plate pulsation parameters and phenol concentrations on the phenol removal efficiency of a pulsed plate bioreactor with immobilized cells

Continuous aerobic biodegradation of phenol in synthetic wastewater with phenol at different concentrations (200, 300, 500, 800 and 900 ppm) was carried out in a pulsed plate column, which is used as a bioreactor with immobilised cells of Nocardia hydrocarbonoxydans (NCIM 2386) at a dilution rate of 0.4094 h(-1) and amplitude of 4.7 cm at various frequencies of pulsation (0, 0.25, 0.5, 0.75 and 1 s(-1)). The effect of frequency of pulsation on the steady state performance of the bioreactor for phenol biodegradation at different influent concentrations was studied. Percentage degradations were observed to be a combined effect of volumetric phenol loading, reactor residence time, mass transfer limitations and phenol inhibition effect. At 500 ppm influent phenol concentration the effect of frequencies of pulsation on the steady state percentage degradation at different amplitudes was studied. The percentage degradation increased with increase in frequency and almost 100% degradation was achieved at 0.75 s(-1), 0.5 s(-1) or 0.25 s(-1), with 3.3, 4.7 or 6.0 cm amplitudes respectively and hence the vibrational velocity (amplitude*frequency) was found to influence the steady state performance of the reactor. It was found that optimum vibrational velocities need to be fixed for maximum removal efficiency of the bioreactor depending on the influent phenol concentration.