餐饮废油硅酸钠-活性白土精炼工艺优化

以餐饮废油为试验材料,对硅酸钠-活性白土精炼工艺进行研究。通过单因素试验和正交旋转回归组合设计优化后的精炼最佳工艺条件为:活性白土和硅酸钠总加量8%,反应温度80℃,反应时间30 min,活性白土与硅酸钠质量比值为4。在最佳条件下精炼率为79.6%,精炼油酸值(KOH)为0.71 mg/g,过氧化值为4.32 meq/kg,符合饲料用油的行业标准。     

Efficient production of fatty acid methyl ester from waste activated bleaching earth using diesel oil as organic solvent

Fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) production from waste activated bleaching earth (ABE) discarded by the crude oil refining industry was investigated using fossil fuel as a solvent in the esterification of triglycerides. Lipase from Candida cylindracea showed the highest stability in diesel oil. Using diesel oil as a solvent, 3 h was sufficient to obtain a yield of approximately 100% of FAME in the presence of 10% lipase from waste ABE. Kerosene was also a good solvent in the esterification of triglycerides embedded in the waste ABE. Fuel analysis showed that the FAME produced using diesel oil as a solvent complied with the Japanese diesel standard and the 10% residual carbon amount was lower than that of FAME produced using other solvents. Use of diesel oil as solvent in the FAME production from the waste ABE simplified the process, because there was no need to separate the organic solvent from the FAME-solvent mixture. These results demonstrate a promising reutilization method for the production of FAME, for use as a biodiesel, from industrial waste resources containing waste vegetable oils.     

Increased riboflavin production from activated bleaching earth by a mutant strain of Ashbya gossypii

The production of riboflavin from vegetable oil was increased using a mutant strain of Ashbya gossypii. This mutant was generated by treating the wild-type strain with N-methyl-N′-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (MNNG). Riboflavin production was 10-fold higher in the mutant compared to the wild-type strain. The specific intracellular catalase activity after 3 d of culture was 6-fold higher in the mutant than in the wild-type strain. For the mutant, riboflavin production in the presence of 40 mM hydrogen peroxide was 16% less than that in the absence of hydrogen peroxide, whereas it was 56% less for the wild-type strain. The isocitrate lyase (ICL) activity of the mutant was 0.26 mU/mg of protein during the active riboflavin production phase, which was 2.6-fold higher than the wild-type strain. These data indicate that the mutant utilizes the carbon flux from the TCA cycle to the glyoxylate cycle more efficiently than the wild-type strain, resulting in enhanced riboflavin production. This novel mutant has the potential to be of use for industrial-scale riboflavin production from waste-activated bleaching earth (ABE), thereby transforming a useless material into a valuable bioproduct.     

Ultrasonic bleaching of rapeseed oil: Effects of bleaching conditions and underlying mechanisms

An ultrasonic bleaching process for rapeseed oil was studied by monitoring the removal of oil-containing pigments spectrophotometrically at 446 nm in varied bleaching conditions. When low-power ultrasound was used, bleaching was resulted from pigment adsorption by adsorbents, among which bentonite decreased the A₄₄₆ the most from 1.82 to 0.65. Ultrasound enhanced the absorption rate rather than the total absorption capacity. When high-power ultrasound was used, bleaching took place even in the absence of adsorbent as evidenced by the decease of A₄₄₆ to 0.74, possibly due to the effects of combining heat and sonochemical degradation of pigments. The overall bleaching effects were enhanced with the increase of ultrasound power, sonication time and treatment temperature. The content of primary oxidation products in oils increased after sonication, whereas the content of secondary oxidation products remained constant. Due to its multiple mechanisms, ultrasonic bleaching may be a good alternative to the adsorption-based bleaching method.     

杭锦2#土脱色剂的制备及其对植物油脱色性能的研究

通过对内蒙古杭锦#土进行活化处理,制备了低成本植物油脱色剂.研究了活化盐酸浓度、焙烧温度、脱色温度、油土比、脱色时间等对脱色效果的影响,并与市售活性白土进行了比较,研究结果表明,杭锦2#土活化的条件为:10%盐酸105℃下活化10 h,过滤、洗涤至pH为5,脱水烘干,300℃焙烧2 h,其对植物油脱色的最佳条件:油土比100∶(1.5～2),脱色温度90～95℃,脱色时间30 min;杭锦2#活性白土的脱色性能超出了市售活性白土,可作为一种新型的植物油脱色剂应用于植物油的精炼脱色.     

粒状活性白土催化大豆油脂肪酸合成二聚酸的研究

以粒状活性白土为催化剂,对大豆油脂肪酸为原料催化合成二聚酸进行了研究,考察了催化剂、反应温度、时间等因素对反应的影响。实验结果表明,粒状活性白土是一种有效的催化剂,在催化剂用量12%,反应时间6 h,反应温度220℃的条件下,产率可达81.30%。     

油菜籽制油技术的研究进展

油菜籽制油的历史已非常悠久,对油菜籽制油工艺的发展历程作了简要的论述。结合传统的加工工艺,介绍了一些最近开发的新技术及其应用前景,如油菜籽脱皮冷榨、挤压膨化浸出等工艺,并对国内外应用水剂法和水酶法提取菜籽油的工艺做了重点介绍,并比较了这些工艺的优缺点。     

油脂精炼废白土的利用

油脂精炼过程中,通常使用油重2%～5%的活性白土进行吸附脱色,脱色后的废白土若处理不及时,会造成环境污染.为了加强对脱色废白土的再利用,可采用压榨法、溶剂法和水剂法对其中的油脂提取回收,或者直接用作制备去污粉、洗涤膏的原料、用作饲料添加剂和直接用作生物培养基生产核黄素,也可对其进行酸化活化处理后用作农药、重金属脱除吸附剂,还可进行复配制成有机肥料用于农业生产中.利用以上途径,可变废为宝,使脱色废白土得到充分的利用,减少对环境的污染,增加油脂企业的经济效益.     

废白土再生及其对大豆油脱色的影响

以再生白土对大豆油预脱色的脱色率为指标,对废白土再生的工艺进行研究。采用单因素试验优化了废白土再生工艺参数为液固比3.0∶1.0(硫酸与废白土质量比)、酸化温度60℃、焙烧温度400℃、硫酸体积分数7%、酸化时间60 min,优化后的再生白土颗粒饱满,呈灰白色,吸附性好。将再生白土应用于大豆油预脱色中,在再生白土添加量0.7%、脱色温度90℃、脱色时间20 min条件下,热敏物质不易分解,其脱除率达97%。与正常工艺制备的大豆油相比,新白土添加量较少,且此条件下的成品油不易返色。     

Phenolic compounds from winemaking waste and its antioxidant activity towards oxidation of rapeseed oil

The effects of extraction parameters on bioactive compound contents of winemaking waste extracts (WWE) and its effect on rapeseed oil oxidative stability were evaluated. Research showed that the total phenols and anthocyanin contents and antioxidant activity (AA) of WWE significantly depended on the extraction parameters. Increasing the temperature (60 °C) and time (5 h) of extraction and an addition of water to ethanol statistically improved the rate of active component extraction. HPLC analysis showed that procyanidin B_2, catechin, gallic acid, γ‐resorcylic acid and p‐coumaric acid were the major phenolic compounds of WWE. Important correlations between total phenolic compounds quantified by HPLC and both DPPH and (ferric reducing antioxidant power) (FRAP) values were found. WWE added to the oil at three different levels clearly slowed down the process of fatty acid oxidation, inhibiting hydroperoxide formation by about 86%, comparable with BHT, while it was more effective than that of α‐tocopherol. When using volatile compound formation as a marker of lipid oxidation, WWE at the level of 2000 ppm were the most effective inhibitors of the decomposition of hydroperoxides. The research showed that the WWE are a rich source of phenolic compounds with powerful antioxidant activities and are suitable for preventing rapeseed oil oxidation.     

Adsorption of carotenes and phosphorus from palm oil onto acid activated bleaching earth: Equilibrium,kinetics and thermodynamics

In this work, the adsorption of carotenes and phosphorus from crude palm oil onto acid activated bleaching earth was investigated under bleaching conditions, i.e. high temperature (90, 105 and 115 °C) and low pressure (less than 50 mbar). Bleaching earth was added to palm oil in a range of 0.5–3.0 wt%. Results presented in this work suggest that adsorption of β-carotene increases with temperature, while phosphorus adsorption was less affected. Both the pseudo-first-order and the pseudo-second-order kinetic model describe efficiently the β-carotene experimental data. Intra-particle diffusion is involved in β-carotene adsorption mechanism, although it is not the sole rate limiting step in the adsorption onto acid activated bleaching earth. Phosphorus adsorption was too fast resulting in a lack of kinetic data. The equilibrium data were described better by Langmuir and Freundlich models, for β-carotene and phosphorus, respectively. A multi-component Freundlich type isotherm was tested. Its competition coefficients were too low, and it assumed the same form as the monocomponent Freundlich. A thermodynamic study demonstrated that β-carotene and phosphorus adsorption is spontaneous, endothermic and an entropy-driven process. Isosteric heat values suggest that the interactions between adsorbate and adsorbent are heterogeneous.     

脱色工艺对菜籽油中多环芳烃脱除效果的影响

研究了脱色工艺对菜籽油中多环芳烃(PAHs)的脱除作用。通过单因素实验分别考察了吸附剂种类及添加量、脱色温度和脱色时间对菜籽油中PAHs的脱除效果,并采用正交实验对吸附脱除菜籽油中PAHs的工艺条件进行优化。结果表明:在1#活性炭和活性白土复合吸附剂的添加量(占油质量)为0. 25%+1%、脱色时间30 min、脱色温度110℃时,BaP和PAH4的残留量分别为0. 23、1. 17μg/kg,均达到欧盟No 835/2011的限量值要求,且PAH4脱除率达到94. 7%。     

个性化需求菜籽油生产工艺的优化与应用

虽然小油坊生产菜籽油因其香味独特、纯压榨,有着一批固定的消费群体,但由于技术落后,菜籽油产品难以到现行国标质量指标要求。通过研究分析小油坊菜籽油生产工艺,并结合实际进行优化,其产品指标达到国标要求,个性化的菜籽油产品不仅可以满足消费群体的不同需求,而且还能改善生产环境车间。     

甜菊糖溶液活性炭脱色工艺研究

为解决甜菊糖产品的颜色问题,选用活性炭对甜菊糖苷溶液进行脱色,并对甜菊糖溶液的脱色率和甜菊糖的损失率进行研究。先通过单因素试验初步确定活性炭的添加条件及添加量,在脱色效果达到的情况下针对甜菊糖的损失率进行正交试验,对活性炭添加比例、溶液温度、吸附时间、pH值对溶液脱色率和甜菊糖损失率的影响进行试验,证明各种因素对脱色效果和甜菊糖损失的影响不同,活性炭的添加比例影响因素最大,其次是时间,再次是温度,影响最小的是pH值。单因素试验和正交试验确定最佳工艺条件为:最佳活性炭添加比例为1%,最佳温度10℃,最佳时间为0.5h,最佳pH值为7.0,产品吸光值达到标准要求,甜菊糖损失率为2.72%。     

利用餐厨垃圾和废水生产油脂研究

以餐厨垃圾和废水为原料,利用油脂酵母和藻类联合培养生产油脂,结果表明油脂酵母Y1油脂产量可达16.9 g/L,餐厨垃圾和废水混合液中的COD、N和P分别为1500、37.8和3.2mg/L,此联合培养技术可用于生产油脂并去除餐厨垃圾和废水中的N、P和COD。     

中国油菜籽和菜籽油的生产、进出口及供需分析

分析我国油菜籽和菜籽油的生产、进出口及供需情况,以期为我国菜籽油产业发展提供参考。近年,我国油菜籽收获面积相对稳定、产量小幅增长,但在全球占比呈下降趋势;我国油菜籽压榨出油率低于其他菜籽油主要生产国,油菜籽压榨量和菜籽油产量在全球占比也呈下降趋势。2008年及以后,我国每年油菜籽进口量均在100万t以上,出口量均不到0.5万t。2018—2020年我国菜籽油进口量均在100万t以上,出口量3年累计不足3万t。我国油菜籽、菜籽油进口的最主要来源国是加拿大,2016—2020年间我国进口的油菜籽和菜籽油来自加拿大的分别占90%和70%。将我国油菜籽净进口折油与菜籽油净进口量合计考虑,2020/2021年度该数值达359万t。我国对油菜籽及菜籽油的需求将持续增长,国内油菜籽和菜籽油产量难以满足国内需求,需要大量进口。相对紧张的耕地资源对油菜生产的限制与乡村小榨坊菜籽油特殊市场的存在也是我国油菜产业的重要特点。对外,我国应对具有油菜生产潜力的国家进行长远投资,以丰富油菜籽和菜籽油的进口来源;对内,应重视国内乡村地区对小榨坊菜籽油的需求,并对其工艺和产品质量进行改进和提升。     

废白土压榨取油过程基本特性的研究

利用柱塞式压榨试验装置对废白土进行压榨试验,探讨了废白土压榨的出油效率与出油压力的关系以及废白土的冷榨应力-应变关系.试验表明:废白土压榨的出油效率随出油压力的增大而增大,当出油压力达到60 MPa时,出油效率可达到66.4%;考虑经济因素,出油压力控制在40 MPa较为合理,此时出油效率可达60%左右;应力、应变关系表现出明显的非线性特征.     

凹凸棒石吸附剂特征及其在油脂脱色过程中的应用研究

凹凸棒石粘土是我国特色非金属资源,具有纤维结构特点并具有明显的层状外观,改性后具有优良的吸附性能。对凹凸棒石吸附剂的形貌、矿物组成、BET比表面、孔径分布、表面酸性点等理化特征进行了系统分析,并对凹凸棒石吸附剂在油脂脱色过程中的应用进行了初步研究。研究表明,温度、吸附时间和吸附剂用量对色素的吸附都具有明显的影响。另外,结合凹凸棒石吸附剂特征对吸附过程的现象进行了解释。     

辣椒籽提取物对菜籽油的抗氧化作用

用不同溶剂提取辣椒籽中的抗氧化物质,以菜籽油乳化体系作底物,采用碘量法研究辣椒籽提取物的抗氧化作用。结果表明,辣椒籽提取物对菜油的氧化均有明显的抑制作用。不同溶剂和不同品种的辣椒籽提取物的抗氧化作用效果不同,其中,脱脂甲醇提取物>甲醇提取物>脱脂水提取物>石油醚提取物;花溪辣椒品种>遵义辣椒品种。