Optimal design and planning of biodiesel supply chain with land competition

In this work we propose an MILP multiperiod formulation for the optimal design and planning of the Argentinean biodiesel supply chain, considering land competition and alternative raw materials. The country is divided into twenty three regions, each one including existing crops, oil and biodiesel plants and potential ones. The model includes intermediate and final products, i.e., seed, flour, pellets and expellers, oil, pure and blending biodiesel and glycerol. Crop fields, storage and production plants, as well as distribution centers for internal and external markets are also represented. We consider the possibility of sowing energetic crops, such as Jatropha curcas, in marginal areas. The time horizon is of seven years, divided into 84 periods. The mathematical model has been implemented in GAMS providing a powerful decision-making tool that can be applied to other regions or countries by adjusting specific data.     

胶乳法氯化天然橡胶干燥历程中脱氯化氢反应动力学

新型工艺胶乳法氯化天然橡胶(CNR)产品在干燥过程中会有HCl脱出,其脱出量对CNR的制备、性能等有一定的影响。采用电导法可连续测定CNR在干燥历程中脱HCl量及速率,这是研究CNR在低温下热降解行为的有效方法。用改进工艺的"胶乳法"制备出湿的CNR,并在一定温度下通入氮气进行干燥,在此历程中会发生脱氯化氢反应,其反应过程可分为诱导期、恒速期和低速期。文中使用Friedman法分析该过程在恒速期、低速期的反应动力学参数,其脱氯化氢反应分别为0级反应、1级反应,活化能分别为26.65,36.79 kJ/mol。在80℃以下对产品进行加热(或干燥),虽有少量HCl脱出,但并不会对产品质量造成影响。所以干燥温度应以低于80℃为宜。     

Crystallization of polyethylene oxide III

The crystallisation kinetics of high molecular weight fractions of polyethylene oxide have been measured dilatometrically and also with a polarising light microscope. In general, marked deviations from the Avrami equation with exponent of 3.0 are observed which cannot alone be accounted for either in terms of rejection of low molecular weight molecules or secondary crystallisation by which crystal perfection occurs. Anomalies in nucleation, and the presence of induction periods, are present, which can account for the apparent low values of the Avrami exponent, i.e. 2.0.     

电化学方法制备聚苯胺薄膜的生长过程研究

利用恒电位法、恒电流法、电位脉冲法,在酸性苯胺溶液中制备了聚苯胺薄膜。采用交流阻抗法（EIS）及扫描电镜（SEM）对聚苯胺生长过程进行了研究。实验结果表明,苯胺电聚合初期的生长为电化学动力学控制下的三维瞬时成核过程,整个聚合过程包括形核孕育期、电化学控制瞬间成核期、扩散控制瞬间成核期、一维径向连续成核期和一维轴向连续成核期5个特征区,生长过程可分为3个阶段,分别形成球状、网状纳米纤维和纳米棒结构。     

MOISTURE MOVEMENT IN SOFTWOOD TIMBER AT ELEVATED TEMPERATURES

The anatomy of a common plantation-grown softwood in New Zealand, Pinna radiata, is reviewed and the differences between the drying behaviour of softwoods and hardwoods are discussed. These differences have significant effects on the paths for moisture movement, and this review of the timber physiology has been used as the basis for a model of the moisture movement at elevated temperatures which distinguishes between the drying behaviour of sapwood and heartwood. It is postulated for the drying of heartwood that liquid flow does not occur within a board due to the aspirated state of the pits, so an evaporative plane at the boiling point of water sweeps through the timber until the centre of the board is reached. In the case of the much wetter sapwood where the pits are not initially aspirated, we assume that liquid flow initially maintains an evaporative plane just below the surface until the moisture is no longer funicular. Thereafter, drying proceeds in a similar way to heartwood. Independent experimental measurements of the temperature profiles at the centre and surface of heartwood and sapwood bkards (100 × 50 mm) have been compared with model predictions, and the close agreement gives some confidence in the model. The model predicts that the drying process for this timber can be divided into three periods, marked by transitions in the gradients of the drying rates when plotted against the average moisture contents. This behaviour has been observed experimentally for Pinus radiata, giving us further confidence that our drying model includes the important physical processes for moisture movement in this timber.     

壳聚糖氧化降解性能的研究

对壳聚糖在2％乙酸溶液中的氧化降解行为进行了探讨,着重考察了温度、时间和用量比R(H2O2与糖单元的物质量比)对相对分子质量的影响。同时对氧化降解的动力学规律作了初步研究,结果表明,氧化降解分为两个阶段,在后阶段的降解行为符合无规降解规律。     

Solidification by Convective Drying of Particle Layer Wetted with Dilute Agar Gel

Abstract:

Solidified porous slab is formed through convective drying of glass particle layer wetted with aqueous dilute agar gel. Measured critical mean moisture content increases with increasing initial moisture or agar content. The agar gel moves in viscous flow caused by capillary pressure during drying. A new drying model based on the receding evaporation plane model is proposed. Drying period is divided into surface and internal evaporation periods. Wet slab consists of dried and wet zones during the internal evaporation period, while the wet slab consists of wet zone only during the surface evaporation period. In the new model, the evaporation rate from the wet zone in the internal drying period is estimated with the linear driving force (LDF) approximation in the field of adsorption engineering. Critical moisture content, that is, mean moisture content between the surface and internal periods, is estimated with a mass balance on the surface. Simulated results by the new drying model with reasonable fitting parameters agree very well with measured drying data.     

Solidification by Convective Drying of Particle Layer Wetted with Dilute Agar Gel

Solidified porous slab is formed through convective drying of glass particle layer wetted with aqueous dilute agar gel. Measured critical mean moisture content increases with increasing initial moisture or agar content. The agar gel moves in viscous flow caused by capillary pressure during drying. A new drying model based on the receding evaporation plane model is proposed. Drying period is divided into surface and internal evaporation periods. Wet slab consists of dried and wet zones during the internal evaporation period, while the wet slab consists of wet zone only during the surface evaporation period. In the new model, the evaporation rate from the wet zone in the internal drying period is estimated with the linear driving force (LDF) approximation in the field of adsorption engineering. Critical moisture content, that is, mean moisture content between the surface and internal periods, is estimated with a mass balance on the surface. Simulated results by the new drying model with reasonable fitting parameters agree very well with measured drying data.     

Experimental Study on Microwave Vacuum Drying of Two-Porosity Level Media

Microwave vacuum drying experiments were performed on a laboratory scale dryer with a two-level porosity material: a packed bed of porous alumina beads. The incident microwave power and the vacuum pressure level were fixed, the main varying parameters being the beads diameter and porosity, and the mean pore diameter. The drying kinetics and the evolution of the product temperature are presented. The drying kinetics can be divided into two main periods. The first one corresponds to the drying from the bed voids according to evaporation mechanism that we describe with a stagnant film law. The second one corresponds to the drying from the particle pores and we divide it into two parts: we suggest that the former is dominated by capillarity driven moisture transport, and the latter is limited by the desorption kinetics of the few water layers left.     

Experimental Study on Microwave Vacuum Drying of Two-Porosity Level Media

Abstract

Microwave vacuum drying experiments were performed on a laboratory scale dryer with a two-level porosity material: a packed bed of porous alumina beads. The incident microwave power and the vacuum pressure level were fixed, the main varying parameters being the beads diameter and porosity, and the mean pore diameter. The drying kinetics and the evolution of the product temperature are presented. The drying kinetics can be divided into two main periods. The first one corresponds to the drying from the bed voids according to evaporation mechanism that we describe with a stagnant film law. The second one corresponds to the drying from the particle pores and we divide it into two parts: we suggest that the former is dominated by capillarity driven moisture transport, and the latter is limited by the desorption kinetics of the few water layers left.     

Biosynthesis of fatty acids from acetate in soybean suspension cultures

Suspension cultures of finely divided soybean cells established from callus were incubated with sodium [1(14)C] acetate for periods up to 86 hr. Lipids and fatty acids were analyzed for radioactivity in samples harvested at logarithmic time periods. Incorporation of acetate into cell lipid was directly proportional to the logarithm of time up to 32 hr, after an initial lag of 4-6 hr. Most of the lipid radioactivity was found in the phospholipid fraction, and all common soybean fatty acids became labeled within 6 hr. The order of labeling and distribution of radioactivity with time were essentially the same as in tissues from intact growing plants. These results support the concept of sequential desaturation of oleic acid in the cells. It was concluded that valid studies of the biosynthesis of common lipids in the soybean can be carried out for extended periods of time by use of undifferentiated cells in suspension cultures.     

Changes in phospholipids and acyl group composition of rat mammary gland during pregnant,lactating, and post-weaning periods

The distribution of phospholipids as well as their fatty acid compositions of rat mammary tissues were examined during pregnant, lactating, and post-weaning periods. There was no apparent change in phospholipids and their acyl groups during the early and late pregnant periods. However, tissue phospholipid composition was different during pregnant, early, and late lactating periods. After parturition, there was a marked increase in the proportion of diacyl-glycerophosphorylcholine in the phospholipids of mammary tissue, but this proportion decreased gradually during lactation. The decrease in diacyl-glycerophosphorylcholine during lactation was marked by a corresponding increase in diacyl-glycerophosphorylethanolamine. Although the shorter chain fatty acids of triglycerides were increased during lactation, only a small proportion of these fatty acids was found in the phosphoglycerides. Marked changes in acyl group composition of individual phospholipids are found during these different physiological stages. In general, there was a rapid decrease in 20∶4 and an increase in 18∶2 in the major phosphoglycerides during parturition. The proportion of 20∶4 in the phosphoglycerides remained low throughout the entire lactating period, while that of 18∶2 continued to increase 2–3 fold. Most of the changes in acyl group of the phosphoglycerides during lactation returned to normal ca. 10 days after weaning. A possible relationship of the variation of phospholipid and acyl group compositions in mammary tissue to changes in hormonal pattern during different physiological stages is discussed.     

Determination of the oxidative stability of vegetable oils by rancimat and conductivity and chemiluminescence measurements

The oxidative stability of five different oils was determined by Rancimat analysis with conductivity and chemiluminescence measurements for evaluation of the induction periods. Samples of oil, taken at intervals from the Rancimat apparatus, were used for chemiluminescence measurements. The chemiluminescence results were plotted vs. time, and the resulting curves were evaluated with a graphical tangential procedure in the same way as the curves of the Rancimat method (conductivity measurement). Induction periods of the oils assessed by Rancimat and chemiluminescence methods showed a significant linear correlation (r=0.9865). The temperature dependence of the induction periods evaluated by chemiluminescence and by conductivity was investigated with walnut oil. A marked temperature dependence was observed for both.     

磷的农业化学（Ⅰ）

植物生长必需要有１６种营养元素,其功能各异,缺一不可,相互不可替代。按其在植物体中的含量,一般又分为大量、中量和微量元素三类。此外,某些植物还需要一些其他的有益元素。植物主要是通过根系吸收养分,一般通过根系截获、质流和扩散三种方式。此外,部分养分可通过茎叶吸收。不同植物和品种,对养分数量、比例、形态的需求和利用能力具有各不相同的营养特性。植物在生长发育中有２个关键的营养期,即１营养临界期,虽然需要养分量不多,但必须满足;２最大效率期,吸收养分最多,增产效果最显著。     

不同历史时期耀州窑碗器型结构特征之研究

以耀州窑不同历史时期出土碗的复原图为研究对象，用扫描仪输入器型图片，并通过切片法对器型结构进行数字化，以线性回归方差分析法进行了器型数字化最佳切片数的研究。以多元统计分析法对数字化结果分析得出：唐、五代及宋代耀州窑碗样品的器型可用判别函数Rb／Rt=0．385进行辅助断代，除此，碗的底足与口径显示出明显的时代特征，是区分不同时期碗和研究碗器型结构的关键性指标。     

污水厂SBR池DO变化过程及研究

对污水厂SBR池曝气及后搅拌过程中的DO变化情况进行连续监测,取其中5个周期的数据进行分析,并考察曝气时序DO、p H与氮转化的相关性,计算SBR系统的OUR及SOUR值。结果显示曝气过程DO变化可分为3个阶段:第1阶段DO接近1.97 mg/L,波动较大;第2阶段DO稳定上升;第3阶段DO进入平台期。DO与混合液中有机物浓度负相关,有可能通过DO间接表示混合液中有机物浓度。DO和p H可以联合起来指示硝化过程的终点。     

Effects of caffeine on lipoprotein lipase gene expression during the adipocyte differentiation process

In this study, the effects of caffeine on lipoprotein lipase (LPL) gene expression were investigated in the 3T3-F442A preadipocyte cell line during the adipocyte differentiation process by determining LPL enzymatic activity and its messenger RNA (mRNA) level. The results demonstrate that caffeine acts on the gene expression of LPL, an early marker of adipocyte differentiation. It has a biphasic action: it increases gene expression in terms of mRNA when it is added to preadipocytes during the early stage of differentiation, but this is accompanied by a reduction of enzymatic activity. On the other hand, when caffeine is added for long periods during differentiation and/or when it is added to mature adipocytes, it induces marked inhibition of mRNA levels, correlated with a marked reduction of secreted enzymatic activity. The inhibitory effect of caffeine on LPL mRNA level can be reproduced by theophylline, a phosphodiesterase inhibitor, and by dibutyryl cyclic AMP, a non-metabolizable analog of cyclic AMP. However, the effect of caffeine and theophylline lasts longer than that of cyclic AMP, suggesting that a mechanism other than inhibition of cyclic AMP hydrolysis may be involved in the action of caffeine.     

In vitro orientation of maleSchistosoma mansoni to extracts derived from female schistosomes

Chemical orientation of adult maleSchistosoma mansoni was studied during cultivation in vitro. Directional preference was assessed in culture vessels marked with compass coordinates by the application of circular statistics for determining clustering and orientation to a predicted direction. Organic solvent extracts of fresh female schistosomes and supernatant fluids from 72-hr cultures of female parasites were tested for potential chemotactic activity. Analysis showed significant (P < 0.05) directional preference and clustering of male worms towards test compounds at all time periods (24, 48, and 72 hr) with one mixture of female extracts and at one of three time periods with a second female extract. Male worms did not respond to ecdysone, cholesterol, or solvent controls by orienting in predicted direction, although clustering was observed on two of 12 occasions. These results indicate the presence of a chemoattractant compound(s) in female extracts.     

动力学参数的补偿效应及改进的求解方法

阐述了目前被许多研究者所运用的模型匹配方法求解动力学参数的不足之处,并从动力学补偿效应的角度来说明一组实验数据可以与多个模型匹配的情况。然后应用 Friedman 法求出了黄桷树叶在4个不同升温速率条件下,黄桷树叶热解的活化能与转化率之间的关系,判断出整个反应过程不遵循单一的动力学反应机制。根据活化能在各个阶段受转化率的影响将黄桷树叶的热解过程划分为两个阶段,然后分别求出了两个阶段的活化能,以它们作为参考活化能,运用 Freeman-Carroll 法求出了反应级数和指前因子。     

Plasma oxidation of polystyrene vs. polyethylene

Polyethylene and polystyrene film surfaces have been plasma-oxidized and subsequently characterized by X-ray core level and valence band spectroscopies. The extent of polyethylene surface oxidation was found to be dependent on the power of the oxygen glow discharge employed and the length of time that the treated sample was left exposed to air prior to analysis. In marked contrast to these observations, plasma-oxidized polystyrene surfaces were much less dependent on the oxygen glow discharge power and were also found to retain their oxygenated character over much longer periods of ageing. These differences in oxidative behaviour are explained in terms of the molecular structures of the respective polymers.