C离子注入Si中Si-C合金的形成及其特征

利用离子注入和高温退火的方法在Si中生长了C含量为0.6%—1.0%的Si1-xCx合金,研究了注入过程中产生的损伤缺陷、注入C离子的剂量及退火工艺对合金形成的影响,探讨了合金的形成机理及合金产生的应变分布的起因．如果注入的C离子剂量小于引起Si非晶化的剂量,退火过程中注入产生的损伤缺陷容易与C原子结合形成缺陷团簇,难于形成Si1-xCx合金,而预先利用Si离子注入引进损伤有利于Si1-xCx合金的形成;但如果注入的C离子可以引起Si的非晶化,预先注入产生的损伤缺陷不利于Si1-xCx合金的形成．与慢速退火工艺相比,快速热退火工艺有利于Si1-xCx合金的形成．离子注入的C原子在空间分布不均匀,退火过程中将形成应变不同的Si1-x-Cx合金区域．     

锗离子注入硅单晶的非晶化及二次缺陷的研究

本文用卢瑟福背散射(RBS),横断面透射电子显微镜(XTEM)及微区电子衍射技术研究了锗离子注入硅单晶中的非晶化及二次缺陷的特性。离子注入能量为400keV,剂量范围为1×100~(13)至1×10~(15)/cm~2,离子束流强度为0.046μA/cm~2,注入温度为室温。实验发现,在本工作的离子注入条件下,入射锗离子使硅单晶表面注入层开始非晶化的起始剂量大于0.6×10~(14)/cm~2。形成一个完整匀质表面非晶层所需的临界剂量为1×10~(15)/cm~2。热退火后产生的二次缺陷特性极大地受到退火前样品注入层非晶化程度的影响。     

离子注入硼的注入损伤和反常瞬时扩散

本文研究了注入硅离子对离子注入硼的反常瞬时扩散的影响,发现硅离子剂量远低于使晶格无序化必需的剂量,并且明显地减小随后注入的硼的反常瞬时扩散。但是,由于额外的硅注入使薄层电阻增大了。硅离子注入到被激活的硼层中,在远超过硅离子射程处引起附加反常扩散。在损伤较大的地方反常移动亦减小。根据退火时可以消除的点缺陷群的产生以及填隙型扩展缺陷的形成而导致高损伤区点缺陷湮没的观点可以解释这些影响。     

GaAs中Si~+注入的X射线双晶衍射研究

本文用X射线双晶衍射术,结合摇摆曲线的计算机模拟和电学测量,研究了 180keV Si+注入GaAs(100)样品及其退火过程中的结构变化.结果表明,注入态时Si原子基本上处在基体中的间隙位上,使点阵产生膨胀,在退火过程中逐渐进入替代位,但这一替代过程进行得并不彻底.当剂量高于 1×10~(13)cm~(-2)时,注入态就显著地产生了间隙Si原子进入替代位的过程.当剂量达到 1×10~(15)cm~(-2)时,经 800℃ 0.5 小时的炉退火仍然不能消除离子注入所引起的损伤和应变,大量Si原子留在间隙位上,使激活率难以提高.分析表明,空位和应力在Si原子从间隙位到替代位的过程中起了很大的作用,是GaAs中Si离子注入产生饱和现象的.主要原因.     

高剂量离子注入直接形成Ge纳米晶的物理机理

研究了单束双能高剂量Ge离子注入、不经过退火在非晶态SiO2薄膜中直接形成镶嵌结构Ge纳米晶的物理机制.实验中利用不加磁分析器的离子注入机,采用Ge弧光放电离化自动形成的Ge+和Ge2+双电荷离子并存的单束双能离子注入方法,制备了1016～1018cm-2多种剂量Ge离子注入的Si基SiO2薄膜样品.用GIXRD表征了Ge纳米晶的存在,并仔细分析得到了纳米晶形成的阈值剂量.通过TEM分析了Ge纳米晶的深度分布和晶粒尺寸.用SRIM程序分别计算了双能离子在SiO2非晶层的射程和深度分布,与实验结合,得到纳米晶形成的物理机制,即纳米晶的形成与单束双能离子注入时Ge+和Ge2+相互碰撞产生的能量沉积在SiO2中形成的局域高温有关.     

Si,S,Be,Mg离子注入GaAs白光快速退火特性研究

利用灯光瞬态退火处理Si,S离子注入SI-GaAs样品,在950℃5秒的条件下得到了最佳的电特性,Be,Mg离子注入SI-GaAs样品在800℃ 5秒退火得到了最佳的电特性.Si,S,Be注入GaAs样品在适当的条件下得到了陡峭的载流子剖面分布,而Mg注入的样品有Mg的外扩散和较大的尾部扩散.透射电镜测量表明,Si低剂量和Be大剂量注入退火后单晶恢复良好,而Si和Mg大剂量注入退火后产生了大量的二次缺陷.应用Si和Mg注入GaAs分别制作了性能良好的MESFET和β=1000的GaAIAs/GaA,双极型晶体管(HBT).     

Si中注入Zn的辐射损伤

用高分辨的背散射-沟道效应测量了180及 350keV Zn注入 Si中的辐射损伤.注入剂量在1× 10~(15)-1× 10~(17)/cm~2范围内.实验表明,非晶层和单晶的界面深度 x_(A-C)随剂量(?)及注入能量E的增加而单调地增加.这些参数之间的变化关系符合直接碰撞导致非晶化模型,即每一个注入离子由于级联碰撞使表面局部的小区域非晶化.随着剂量的增加,这些非晶态的小区相互重叠而形成一无定形层.     

大束流离子注入形成CoSi2/Si肖特基结电学特性

文中研究了使用大束流金属离子注入形成的CoSi2/Si肖特基结的特性。肖特基结由离子注入和快速热退火两步工艺形成。Co离子注入剂量为3×1017ion/cm2,注入电压25kV。快速热退火温度为850°C,时间为1min。应用I-V和C-V测量进行参数提取。I-V分析得到势垒高度约为0.64eV,理想因子为1.11,C-V分析得到势垒为0.72eV。最后依据实验结果对工艺提出了改进意见。     

Si离子注入和退火温度对GaN黄光的影响

对光致发光谱中无黄光和有强黄光的两组GaN样品作了Si离子注入 ,研究了Si离子注入及退火温度对其黄光的影响 .当退火温度升高时 ,不管是哪一组样品 ,其黄光强度和黄光强度与带边发光带强度之比都是增强的 .无黄光的GaN样品在注入Si离子并经退火后出现明显的黄光 ;而有强黄光的GaN样品经相同处理后 ,其黄光强度较原生样品大大降低 .实验结果表明离子注入加上适当退火会在GaN中引入与黄光有关的深受主缺陷从而使黄光强度增加 ,此外 ,在离子注入过程中GaN表面不仅可以吸附离子注入引入的点缺陷 ,而且还能够吸附GaN中原有的与黄光有关的点缺陷 ,这种吸附作用随离子注入剂量增加而变强 .     

n型SiC的Ni基欧姆接触中C空位作用的实验证明

通过在Si面p型4H-SiC外延层上使用P+离子注入来形成n阱.Ti和Ni依次淀积在有源区的表面,金属化退火后的XRD分析结果表明Ni2Si是主要的合金相.XEDS的结果表明在Ni2Si/SiC界面处存在一层无定型C.去除Ni2Si合金相与无定型C之后重新淀积金属,不经退火即可形成欧姆接触.同时,注入层的方块电阻Rsh从975下降到438Ω/□.结果表明,合金化退火过程中形成了起施主作用的C空位(VC).C空位提高了有效载流子浓度并对最终形成欧姆接触起到了重要作用.     

Application of silicon-germanium in the fabrication of ultra-shallow extension junctions for sub-100 nm PMOSFETs

This work summarizes the results of several experiments to investigate the potential applications of Silicon-Germanium alloy in the fabrication of shallow source/drain (S/D) extension Junctions for deep submicron PMOS transistors. Two approaches were used for the fabrication of p/sup +/-Si/sub 1-x/Ge/sub x//n-Si heterojunctions. In the first approach, high dose Ge ion implantation followed by boron implantation into Si was used to form very shallow p/sup +/-Si/sub 1-x/Ge/sub x//n-Si junctions (x/spl les/0.2). In the second approach, thin Ge films were deposited onto Si substrates by conventional low pressure chemical vapor deposition. This was followed by boron implantation into the Ge and thermal annealing to co-diffuse Ge and B atoms into Si and form p/sup +//n heterojunctions. The electrical characteristics of the heterojunction diodes were comparable to those of conventional Si (homo) junctions. Secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) concentration-depth profiles indicate that dopant segregation in the Si/sub 1-x/Ge/sub x/ regions resulted in the formation of ultra-shallow and abrupt junctions that could be used as S/D extensions for sub-100 nm CMOS generations. PMOS transistors fabricated using these techniques exhibit superior short-channel performance compared to control devices, for physical gate lengths down to 60 nm.     

用于HBT的SiGe合金材料层的腐蚀工艺研究

探索利用反应离子刻蚀(RIE)和湿法腐蚀Si1-xGex合金材料的工艺条件.对两种腐蚀方法的利弊进行了对比,找出腐蚀Si1-xGex合金材料的实用化途径,并且解决了不同Ge含量的Si1-xGex合金材料的腐蚀速度控制.     

Si1-xGex/Si应变材料的生长及热稳定性研究

利用分子束外延（MBE）技术生长了Ge组份为0.1-0.46的Si1-xGex外延层。X射线衍射线测试表明，SiGe/Si异质结材料具有良好的结晶质量和陡峭界面，其它参数与可准确控制。通过X射线双晶衍射摆曲线方法，研究了经700℃、800℃和900℃退火后应变SiGe/Si异质结材料的热稳定性。结果表明，随着退火温度的提高，应变层垂直应变逐渐减小，并发生了应变弛豫，导致晶体质量退化；且Ge组分越小，Si1-xGex应变结构的热稳定性越好；室温下长时间存放的应变材料性能稳定。     

掺铒Al_2O_3/Si多层薄膜中纳米晶Si的形成和敏化效应

采用脉冲激光沉积制备了掺铒Al2O3/Si多层薄膜,在淀积过程中脉冲激光溅射产生的高能量Er原子渗透进入非晶硅层,并引入了额外的应力,在低退火温度下诱导形成纳米晶Si。利用纳米晶Si作为敏化剂有效地增强了Er3+在Al2O3中的光致发光。样品微观结构和发光强度的关系表明,获得高密度和小尺寸的纳米晶Si和Er3+处于良好的发光环境是实现优化发光的关键,最优化的Er3+发光强度在退火温度为600℃的条件下得到。     

Promotion of radiative recombination in GaAs1—XPxby N-ion implantation

As a means of promoting radiative recombination in GaAs1-xPx, nitrogen doping by ion implantation has been evaluated. When the sample is impanted at room temperature, poor results are obtained. However, when the sample is heated up to 350°C during implantation, and annealed at 800°C for 1 h, photoluminescence spectra are obtained similar to those of GaAs1-xPxwith N incorporated during growth. For indirect-bandgap GaAs1-xPx(x = 0.52), the integrated intensity at 77 K of the implanted sample is more than 1000 times larger than that of an unimplanted sample. This shows that under appropriate conditions implanted N atoms are substituted for P atoms and become isoelectronic traps. This trap, under the proper annealing conditions, can enhance radiative recombination significantly.     

Diffusion and trapping of implanted hydrogen in a Si/Si:B/Si structure

H implantation in Si/Si:B/Si structures is a promising route to improve the Smart Cut™ process and transfer thin Si layers of reduced roughness and controlled thickness onto regular Si wafers. However, the mechanisms driving this process are unknown and thus difficult to model or optimize. For this reason, we have experimentally studied the redistribution of H which takes place in such structures after implantation and during annealing using SIMS and TEM. We show that the Si:B layer already traps H during implantation and form platelets parallel to the wafer surface. During annealing, the H atoms implanted in the Si regions are slowly transferred toward the Si:B layer where they are trapped on large platelets which grow further during annealing. Routes to optimize this process go through the minimization of H precipitation in the pure Si regions. This can probably be achieved by optimizing the implantation conditions.     

Photocurrent Measurement of Si1-xGex/SiMultiple Quantum Wells With Ion Implantation and Thermal Annealing

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Effects of Thermal Annealing on the Formation of Buried <Emphasis Type="Italic">β</Emphasis>-SiC by Ion Implantation

A systematic study of the formation of buried β-SiC structures by carbon ion implantation into Si followed by high-temperature thermal annealing has been carried out. A high fluence of carbon ions (8 × 10¹⁷ atoms/cm²) was implanted at 65 keV energy. Formation of the crystalline β-SiC phase was monitored by Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, x-ray diffraction (XRD), x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) techniques. The implanted samples were annealed at 900°C and 1100°C to observe the effects of annealing temperature on the formation of crystalline β-SiC. Formation of crystalline β-SiC was clearly observed in the sample annealed at 1100°C in a flowing nitrogen environment for a period of 1 h. Graphitic carbon clusters were observed at the implanted carbon profile peak position by XPS depth profile measurements. Various structural defects such as grain boundaries were also visualized in the annealed sample by high-resolution TEM.     

Influence of boron clustering on the emitter quality of implanted silicon solar cells: an atom probe tomography study

The use of ion implantation doping instead of the standard gaseous diffusion is a promising way to simplify the fabrication process of silicon solar cells. However, difficulties to form high‐quality boron (B) implanted emitters are encountered when implantation doses suitable for the emitter formation are used. This is due to a more or less complete activation of Boron after thermal annealing. To have a better insight into the actual state of the B distributions, we analyze three different B emitters prepared on textured Si wafers: (1) a BCl₃ diffused emitter and two B implanted emitters (fixed dose) annealed at (2) 950°C and at (3) 1050°C (less than an hour). Our investigations are in particular based on atom probe tomography, a technique able to explore 3D atomic distribution inside a material at nanometer scale. Atom probe tomography is employed here to characterize B atomic distribution inside textured Si solar cell emitters and to quantify clustering of B atoms. Here, we show that implanted emitters annealed at 950 °C present maximum clusters due to poor solubility at lower temperature and also highest emitter saturation current density (J_0e = 1000 fA/cm²). Increasing the annealing temperature results in greatly improved J_0e (131 fA/cm²) due to higher solubility and a consequently lower number of clusters. BCl₃ diffused emitters do not contain any B clusters and presented the best emitter quality. From our results, we conclude that clustering of B atoms is the main reason behind higher J_0e in the implanted boron emitters and hence degraded emitter quality. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.