储冰蓄能技术削峰填谷大有可为

介绍冰蓄冷空调系统及电锅炉蓄热系统的特点，采用一具体工程实例，对冰蓄冷中央空调与常规中央空调的设备总投资及在某一运行方案的运行费用进行分析比较，说明推广应用冰蓄冷技术有比较好的社会效益和经济效益。     

相变蓄热式家用太阳热水系统国外研究进展

综述了国外相变蓄热材料在家用太阳热水系统中的应用研究进展情况;指出相变蓄热材料的应用可以提高系统的集热效率;能量蓄积密度和太阳能保证率。材料的性质（如导热系数、熔点、比热容,相变潜热、密度等）、设计参数（蓄热材料的体积、换热管的数量和位置）以及材料的包装方式（形状和大小）影响系统性能（包括效率、出水温度、热水可用时间、热损及蓄放热速率）。     

工业炉蓄热燃烧系统的开发

蓄热燃烧技术是目前最先进的节能技术，宝钢技术中心结合宝钢的应用工况，自行开发了蓄热燃烧系统（包括蓄热烧嘴、蜂窝体与换向阀等关键设备），开发的系统在专门设计的中试炉上进行了试验，证明该系统性能先进，可以满足工业应用。     

电热固体蓄热装置蓄热过程的实验研究

在10kW的电热固体蓄热装置上，对其蓄热过程进行了实验研究，得到了不同加热方式、不同控制温度下蓄热体内温度分布规律、升温速度和蓄热量。     

目前可行的热能储存技术之比较

目前,中国电网的“峰谷差”问题十分严重,本文就四种主要的蓄能技术：抽水蓄能、压缩空气蓄能、蓄热、蓄冷进行简单的介绍和比较,并评价不同技术路线之间的优劣.通过分析可知,抽水蓄能受到地理条件的限制;压缩空气蓄能系统启动时间短;水蓄热电锅炉系统适于中小型空调系统;冰蓄冷是在解决电力峰谷差诸方法中转换效率最高.     

三发明互为依托瞄准建筑节能降耗

一太阳能反季节蓄热采暖蓄冷降温(专利申请号:2006100756438) 1理论创新创立了太阳能反季节蓄热采暧蓄冷降温技术的概念和基本原理。为充分合理利用地表太阳能和气候温差能奠定了系统的理论体系。使实现理想的完全太阳能采暖和降温成为可能。     

蓄热式燃烧器蓄热室阻力特性研究

分析了影响蓄热室阻力的主要因素,采用冷、热态试验的方法,重点研究了流体流经蓄热室时,单位球层上的无因次阻力（单位阻力系数）与孔隙度、流体速度、温度的依变关系及其在实际应用中的处理方法,具有较强的通用性。     

太阳能蓄热装置性能研究

介绍了太阳能利用系统中的一种蓄热装置,并进行了实际测试分析,结果表明,测试期间蓄热装置日间蓄热量平均值为11.63kWh,典型日日间蓄热14.56 kWh,在8∶00-16∶00之间蓄热,得出蓄热装置在日间的蓄放热规律。     

节能的地下含水层蓄热(冷)器

分析了地下含水层蓄热（冷）的特点，阐述了使用含水层蓄热（冷）的系统节能和环保的重要意义，介绍了一些欧洲应用实例。     

进出水管布置方式对迷宫式蓄热水箱影响的模拟分析

在中国双碳目标的背景下,供热技术的应用备受关注.蓄热水箱作为其所在系统至关重要的组成部分,其蓄释热性能决定性地影响着整个系统的性能.通过模拟来分析进出水管布置方式对迷宫式蓄热水箱的影响,对提高水蓄热的利用率具有一定的价值.     

Technical assessment of solar thermal energy storage technologies

Solar energy is recognized as one of the most promising alternative energy options. On sunny days, solar energy systems generally collect more energy than necessary for direct use. Therefore, the design and development of solar energy storage systems, is of vital importance and nowadays one of the greatest efforts in solar research. These systems, being part of a complete solar installation, provide an optimum tuning between heat demand and heat supply. This paper reviews the basic concepts, systems design, and the latest developments in (sensible and latent heat) thermal energy storage. Parameters influencing the storage system selection, the advantages and disadvantages of each system, and the problems encountered during the systems operation are highlighted.     

Thermal energy storage in building integrated thermal systems: A review. Part 1. active storage systems

Energy consumed by heating, ventilation and air conditioning systems (HVAC) in buildings represents an important part of the global energy consumed in Europe. Thermal energy storage is considered as a promising technology to improve the energy efficiency of these systems, and if incorporated in the building envelope the energy demand can be reduced. Many studies are on applications of thermal energy storage in buildings, but few consider their integration in the building. The inclusion of thermal storage in a functional and constructive way could promote these systems in the commercial and residential building sector, as well as providing user-friendly tools to architects and engineers to help implementation at the design stage. The aim of this paper is to review and identify thermal storage building integrated systems and to classify them depending on the location of the thermal storage system.     

Integrated collector storage solar systems with asymmetric CPC reflectors

New types of ICS solar systems were designed and outdoor tests of experimental models were performed. The systems consist of single cylindrical horizontal water storage tanks placed inside stationary truncated asymmetric CPC reflector troughs of different design. We used high emittance absorber surface, low cost curved reflectors, iron oxide glazing and thermal insulation at the non illuminated tank surfaces, aiming towards cost effective ICS systems with satisfactory heat preservation during the night. Four experimental models of different designs were constructed and tested to determine their performance regarding their mean daily efficiency and thermal losses during the night. The new ICS systems were compared to an ICS system with symmetric CPC reflectors of similar construction and dimensions and also to a typical Flat Plate Thermosiphonic Unit (FPTU). Test results showed that the ICS systems with asymmetric CPC reflectors present almost the same mean daily efficiency and better preservation of hot water temperature during the night, compared to the ICS system with the symmetric CPC reflectors. The comparison with the FPTU system confirmed the satisfied daily operation of all ICS systems and their moderate storage heat preservation during the night. Theoretical results showed acceptable thermal performance of all ICS systems regarding annual operation.     

Thermal energy storage technologies and systems for concentrating solar power plants

This paper presents a review of thermal energy storage system design methodologies and the factors to be considered at different hierarchical levels for concentrating solar power (CSP) plants. Thermal energy storage forms a key component of a power plant for improvement of its dispatchability. Though there have been many reviews of storage media, there are not many that focus on storage system design along with its integration into the power plant. This paper discusses the thermal energy storage system designs presented in the literature along with thermal and exergy efficiency analyses of various thermal energy storage systems integrated into the power plant. Economic aspects of these systems and the relevant publications in literature are also summarized in this effort.     

Thermal performance of a combined packed bed–solar pond system—a numerical study

Solar ponds have recently become an important source of energy that is used in many different applications. The technology of the solar pond is based on storing solar energy in salt-gradient stratified zones. Many experimental and numerical investigations concerning the optimum operational conditions and economical feasibility of solar ponds have been published in the last few decades. In the present study a modified solar pond with a rock bed inserted at the bottom is suggested and investigated. In order to conduct this study and predict the thermal performance of the combined system, a one-dimensional transient numerical model is developed. The boundary conditions are based on measured ambient and ground temperatures at Kuwait city. The model is validated for standard plain salt-gradient solar ponds and is then used to examine the thermal performance of the combined storage system for different rock material and bed geometry. It has been shown that the storage temperature is remarkably increased when low thermal diffusivity rocks (such as Bakelite) are used in the packed bed. Meanwhile, when high conductive rocks are used, the thermal storage temperature considerably deteriorates and the temperature variations amplitudes are almost flattened out. The bed geometry also plays a significant role in the storage process. As expected, an appreciable gain in the storage temperature was obtained for thicker rock beds. Low porosity rock beds, as well, produce higher storage temperatures in the storage zone.     

ICS solar systems with horizontal (E–W) and vertical (N–S) cylindrical water storage tank

The use of a horizontal cylindrical water storage tank contributes to pressure resistant, low height and efficient ICS solar systems. These systems can satisfactorily achieve water heating when the cylindrical storage tank is combined with stationary CPC or involute type curved reflectors. The diameter of the cylindrical storage tank determines the length of the reflectors, the system depth and the ratio of the stored water per aperture area. In these solar systems the storage tank can be partially thermally insulated to suppress thermal losses from it to the ambience. We constructed four experimental models with truncated symmetric CPC reflectors, two with 90° and other two with 60° of acceptance angle, half of them without and half with a 1/4 thermally insulated storage tank cylindrical surface. In addition, we constructed two ICS systems with involute reflectors, with acceptance angle 180°, one without and the other one with a 1/4 thermally insulated storage tank. The six ICS systems were tested under the same weather conditions and without water drain, to determine their stored water temperature variation, mean daily efficiency and thermal losses during night. The results showed that CPC reflectors contribute to efficient operation of systems day and night, while involute reflectors mainly to the water heat preservation during night.     

Use of adsorbents for thermal energy storage of solar or excess heat: improvement of energy density

The current paper describes the design of a prototype system to explore the feasibility of the adsorption thermal energy storage. Water was chosen as the adsorbate, and three different adsorbents were tested. Zeolite 13X, NaLSX zeolite, and an activated alumina (AA)/zeolite 13X composite adsorbent were used as adsorbents. Experiments were performed at varying flow rates and different relative humidities to determine the optimal operating conditions for the system. The regeneration of the adsorbents also was explored by performing repeated runs on the same adsorbent sample. The results indicate that complete regeneration was achieved. A maximum energy density of 160 kWh/m³ has been achieved with the AA/13X adsorbent, and this adsorbent was chosen for further studies. After this adsorbent screening, the system was modified to improve the data recording and system performance. Tests were performed on AA/13X, and a maximum energy density of 200 kWh/m³ was achieved, which was much higher than the maximum energy density reported in the literature for adsorption thermal energy storage systems (165 kWh/m³). Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

ICS solar systems with two water tanks

Integrated collector storage (ICS) systems are compact solar water heaters, simple in construction, installation and operation. They are cheaper than flat plate thermosiphonic units, but their higher thermal losses make them suitable mainly for application in locations with favourable weather conditions. Aiming to the achievement of low system height and satisfactory water temperature stratification, new types of ICS systems with two horizontal cylindrical storage tanks, properly mounted in stationary CPC reflector troughs are suggested. The non-uniform distribution of solar radiation on the two absorbing surfaces is combined with the seasonal sun elevation, resulting to effective water heating. In addition, the inverted absorber concept design can be applied to ICS systems with two storage tanks. In this paper, we present the design and performance of double tank ICS solar systems, which are based on the combination of symmetric and asymmetric CPC reflectors with water storage tanks. The analytical equations of the collector geometry of all models are calculated with respect to the radius of the cylindrical water storage tank and the reflector rim angles. Experimental results for the variation of the water temperature inside storage tanks, the mean daily efficiency and the coefficient of thermal losses during night are given for all experimental models. The tests were performed without water draining and the results show that the double tank ICS systems are efficient in water temperature rise during day and satisfactory preservation of the hot water temperature during night, with the upper storage tank being more effective in performance in most of the studied models.     

Thermal performance of a small oil-in-glass tube thermal energy storage system during charging

A very small oil-in-glass tube thermal energy storage (TES) system is designed to allow for rapid heat transfer experiments. An electrical hot plate in thermal contact with a steel spiral coil (SSC) is used to charge the TES system under different hot plate temperatures and under different average charging flow rates. Thermal performance during charging is presented in terms of the axial temperature distribution, the axial degree of thermal stratification, the total energy stored and the total exergy stored. The energy and exergy delivery rates of the energy delivery device (EDD) are also evaluated in relation to the thermal performance of the storage system. Results of charging the storage system under different hot plate temperatures indicate that there is an optimal charging temperature for optimal thermal performance. The results also indicate that exceeding this optimal temperature leads to a degradation of the thermal performance due to increased heat losses. Charging at the same temperature conditions under different flow rate regimes suggests that there is an optimal charging flow rate. This optimal flow rate is a compromise between achieving a greater heat transfer rate in the EDD and achieving a greater degree of thermal stratification in the TES system.     

Thermal efficiency analysis of the cascaded latent heat/cold storage with multi-stage heat engine model

The cascaded thermal storage technique has emerged as an important solution for efficient conversion and utilization of thermal energies. In this paper, an exergy optimization was performed for cascaded latent cold/heat storage using multi-stage heat engine model. The optimization solution for both heat storage and cold storage systems was obtained, which was used for guiding the selection of PCMs with two examples presented. Cascaded thermal storage with increased stage number can not only extend temperature band for multi-grade thermal energy, but also reduce the exergy of the outlet HTF. It was found that heat transfer enhancement (improving NTU) is very necessary for a cascaded thermal storage system. The COP of cold energy may be greater than 1, which is also higher than that of heat for the same temperature difference in a cascaded thermal storage system. The increased environment temperature improves the COP of the cascaded cold storage (from 0.54 to 0.68) but reduces that of the cascaded heat storage (from 0.42 to 0.366). In the practical design of the cascaded thermal storage system, the stage number should be determined by balancing economics and system complexity.