致密化液甲烷/液氧作为推进燃料性能评价分析

为深入论证致密化低温推进剂带来的收益,系统性地分析了致密化液甲烷/ 液氧作为推进燃料的综合性能。 构建了推进剂贮箱漏热、温升、增压压力、壁厚的动态热力模型,针对不同尺寸的液甲烷 / 液氧贮箱组合,分析了致密化液甲烷/ 液氧对燃料停放温升、发动机推力提升、贮箱增压压力降低、贮箱质量减轻的影响。 并提出了致密化液甲烷/ 液氧过冷程度匹配问题,考虑燃料的充分利用与发动机的推力提升,得出了液甲烷/ 液氧最佳致密化程度的一一对应关系。 研究表明,常沸点状态液甲烷 / 液氧过冷至三相点状态可分别相对减少 75. 3% 与 62. 4% 的增压氦气消耗,同时减轻液甲烷贮箱 16% 的质量与液氧贮箱 31% 的质量;推进剂体积流量不变时可获得三相点状态液甲烷所对应液氧最佳过冷温度为 73. 7K,发动机推力可相对增加3. 4%;液甲烷燃料充足时,三相点状态液氧可提升发动机 6. 9% 的相对推力。     

氦气作为增压气体排出贮罐内液氢过程的CFD分析

基于计算流体力学方法,数值模拟了用常温氦气作为增压气体压出贮罐内液氢过程的流动和传热传质特性。构建了基于二维轴对称的VOF多相流以及包含氢气和氦气组分流动的气相多组分数值模型,液氢界面相变传质基于Hertz-Knudsen方程计算。分析了排出过程贮罐内压力、温度、液位及液氢相变率随时间的变化,重点考察气相出现在贮罐出口时间,以及此时气相中氦气含量。发现刚开始增压时,高温氦气和低温氢气传热只发生在氦气进口附近,贮罐内压力增加较慢,液氢界面不存在蒸发现象。随着进入氦气增加,贮罐内气相温度逐渐形成分层,在一定时刻,液面上气体温度开始上升,触发沸腾蒸发,导致压力快速增加。由于贮罐出口液体外流导致的减压效应远小于气相空间的压力增速,贮罐压力急剧增加并超过氦气入口,部分低温气体混合物从入口倒流出贮罐,同时使氦气入口处温度降低。由于贮罐内压力增加,底部液氢出口流量随时间呈线性增加。计算结果揭示了液氢贮罐增压流出过程复杂的流动和传热传质特性,对低温液体的储运有实际工程指导意义。     

液体火箭冷氦增压系统低温试验研究

为研究液体火箭低温氦增压系统中电磁阀与孔板组合方式的增压性能和优化孔板的设计,开展了使用液氢温区的氦气作为增压介质的冷氦增压系统试验,并通过排放液氧模拟火箭贮箱内液氧的消耗.通过分析试验过程中增压氦气流量和贮箱压力的情况,获得了该增压方式对贮箱的增压性能.试验结果表明电磁阀与孔板组合能将贮箱压力维持在设计范围内,是一种简单、可行的液体火箭液氧贮箱增压方案.     

液氧贮箱增压过程中气枕空间温度场的数值模拟

液氧贮箱增压气体输送过程中,气枕空间的温度场会发生较大的变化,并且会引起相界面附近低温液体的温升.基于双膜阻理论建立热质交换模型,通过模拟贮箱内非稳态热流过程,分析气枕空间在增压气体输送过程中温度场的变化及其对于贮箱内低温液氧的影响.     

过冷液氧增压排液过程数值模拟研究

为探究大容积贮箱中过冷液氧增压排液过程的热力学特性,基于流体体积法(VOF)和蒸发冷凝模型,构建了过冷液氧排出过程的数值模型。采用文献的实验数据验证了数值模型的准确性,并开展了变流量进气增压排液过程的罐内流场特性分析。研究结果表明,过冷液氧排出过程蒸发冷凝对气枕压降影响显著,采用变流量进气增压的方案能够较好地保持气枕压力稳定,使得气枕压力在3%以内波动。排液过程中,过冷液氧先升温明显,增压随着排液进行,贮箱气枕区域会出现涡状流,气体温度在水平方向有一定波动。     

液氧液甲烷同温共底贮存瞬态热力特性仿真研究

针对大面积冷屏保护下的液氧/液甲烷同温共底贮箱,建立了耦合真空多层绝热与主动制冷系统的瞬态传热模型,研究了液氧/液甲烷共底自增压与零蒸发贮存过程中贮箱外部绝热结构与内部气液相的热力参数变化规律,讨论了共底夹层采用不具有绝热能力的材料对液氧/液甲烷共底零蒸发贮存特性的影响。研究结果表明,在适当的冷量输入条件下,大面积冷屏方案可以实现外界漏热的有效阻挡;采用铝合金共底夹层有利于稳定液氧和液甲烷的共底贮存状态,使液氧/液甲烷在20 h内快速达到热平衡;在零蒸发贮存周期内,液氧/液甲烷共底贮存温度波动小于0.2 K,压力波动小于2.46 kPa且具有抗热扰动的能力。     

液氢温区冷氦增压系统试验研究

针对某型号火箭冷氦增压系统,建设了液氢温区冷氦增压系统试验平台,通过试验得到了冷氦气源压力和温度、冷氦加热器性能、模拟贮箱压力和温度的变化规律.结果表明:低温制冷机组配合高压低温换热贮罐可以真实模拟箭上的冷氦气源;根据对增压过程中贮箱压力的分析表明排气方式可以真实模拟箭上推进剂消耗过程中贮箱压力的变化情况;另外,试验中压力信号器、电磁阀和贮箱工作正常,验证了火箭冷氦增压系统的可靠性.     

纯金属真空蒸馏研究(Ⅰ):数学模型

建立了纯金属真空蒸馏过程数学模型。模型包括挥发过程、气相传质过程、冷凝过程和传热过程。应用迭代法对数学模型求解，可得出纯金属在不同实验温度、真空度下的蒸发速率。     

纯金属真空蒸馏研究（I）：数学模型

建立了纯金属真空蒸馏过程数学模型。模型包括挥发过程、气相传质过程、冷凝过程和传热过程。迭代法对数学模型求解，可得出纯金属在不同实验温度、真空度下的蒸发速率。     

基于热力学排气的液氮贮箱控压技术研究（英文）

液氢、液氧等低温推进剂在漏热影响下在轨贮箱压力将逐渐升高,采用热力学排气技术的低温贮箱在常重力环境下开展了压力控制原理验证试验,在对试验系统及热力学排气原理进行分析的基础上,贮箱内压力和液相温度随着时间的变化曲线在混合和并行模式中分别给出,测试结果显示在混合模式中单次控压循环时间逐渐缩短,而在并行模式中随试验开展时间逐渐增加,与混合模式阶段相比,液相温度的上升速率明显降低,验证了热力学排气在控制低温贮箱压力方面的效能。     

Experimental research and numerical simulation on cryogenic line chill-down process

The empirical heat transfer correlations are suggested for the fast cool down process of the cryogenic transfer line from room temperature to cryogenic temperature. The correlations include the heat transfer coefficient (HTC) correlations for single-phase gas convection and film boiling regimes, minimum heat flux (MHF) temperature, critical heat flux (CHF) temperature and CHF. The correlations are obtained from the experimental measurements. The experiments are conducted on a 12.7 mm outer diameter (OD), 1.25 mm wall thickness and 7 m long stainless steel horizontal pipe with liquid nitrogen (LN₂). The effect of the lengthwise position is verified by measuring the temperature profiles in near the inlet and the outlet of the transfer line. The newly suggested heat transfer correlations are applied to the one-dimensional homogeneous transient model to simulate the cryogenic line chill-down process, and the chill-down time and the cryogen consumption are well predicted in the mass flux range from 26.0 kg/m² s to 73.6 kg/m² s through the correlations.     

Experimental investigation on pressurization performance of cryogenic tank during high-temperature helium pressurization process

Sufficient knowledge of thermal performance and pressurization behaviors in cryogenic tanks during rocket launching period is of importance to the design and optimization of a pressurization system. In this paper, ground experiments with liquid oxygen (LO₂) as the cryogenic propellant, high-temperature helium exceeding 600 K as the pressurant gas, and radial diffuser and anti-cone diffuser respectively at the tank inlet were performed. The pressurant gas requirements, axial and radial temperature distributions, and energy distributions inside the propellant tank were obtained and analyzed to evaluate the comprehensive performance of the pressurization system. It was found that the pressurization system with high-temperature helium as the pressurant gas could work well that the tank pressure was controlled within a specified range and a stable discharging liquid rate was achieved. For the radial diffuser case, the injected gas had a direct impact on the tank inner wall. The severe gas-wall heat transfer resulted in about 59% of the total input energy absorbed by the tank wall. For the pressurization case with anti-cone diffuser, the direct impact of high-temperature gas flowing toward the liquid surface resulted in a greater deal of energy transferred to the liquid propellant, and the percentage even reached up to 38%. Moreover, both of the two cases showed that the proportion of energy left in ullage to the total input energy was quite small, and the percentage was only about 22–24%. This may indicate that a more efficient diffuser should be developed to improve the pressurization effect. Generally, the present experimental results are beneficial to the design and optimization of the pressurization system with high-temperature gas supplying the pressurization effect.     

低温液体容器无损存储传热模型

分析了低温液体容器无损存储时的传热规律,并建立了传热模型,得出了反映储罐绝热层温度变化的微分方程式。采用数值差分法可以求解出绝热层内部温度变化规律,从而推出储罐内液体的温度和压力的变化规律。     

不同种类破空气体对高真空多层绝热低温容器真空丧失后传热的影响

通过实验,分别利用氮气、空气、氧气和氦气作为破空气体,对高真空多层绝热低温容器在真空完全丧失后的漏热进行了研究。结果表明,多层绝热结构对于绝热真空完全丧失后的低温容器能够起到一定的保护作用,初始和最终漏热和渗入到绝热真空夹层中气体的性质密切相关。     

液氮-水相变传热传质特性分析及数值模拟

研究低温液体水下直接排放的传热传质问题,分析在常压和超临界压力下,低温液体与水的传热传质过程特性,建立相应的数理模型,采用Fluent软件进行数值模拟,得出不同排放条件下低温液体的生存距离和温度场及浓度场.模型的计算结果可为低温液体排放装置的设计提供依据.     

Coupled heat and mass transfer during nonisothermal absorption by falling droplet with internal circulation

We considered mass and heat transfer during nonisothermal absorption of a gas by a falling droplet with internal circulation. Gas phase is assumed to be free of inert admixtures and mass transfer is liquid phase controlled. Mass flux is directed from a gaseous phase to a droplet, and the interfacial shear stress causes a fluid flow inside the droplet. Droplet deformation under the influence of interface shear stress is neglected. Absorbate accumulation and temperature increase in the bulk of liquid phase are taken into account. The problem is solved in the approximations of a thin concentration and temperature boundary layers in the liquid phase. The thermodynamic parameters of the system are assumed constant. The system of transient partial parabolic differential equations of convective diffusion and energy balance with time-dependent boundary conditions is solved by combining the similarity transformation method with Duhamel's theorem, and the solution is obtained in a form of Volterra integral equation of the second kind which is solved numerically. Theoretical results are compared with available experimental data for water vapor absorption by falling droplets of aqueous solution of LiBr.     

Study on the heat transfer of high-vacuum-multilayer-insulation tank after sudden, catastrophic loss of insulating vacuum

One of the worst accidents that may occur in a high-vacuum-multilayer-insulation (HVMLI) cryogenic tank is a sudden, catastrophic loss of insulating vacuum (SCLIV). There is no doubt that the gases leaking into the insulation jacket have some influence on the heat transfer process of it. However, this issue has not been thoroughly studied so far. In this paper, a test rig was built up and experiments were conducted using a SCLIV cryogenic tank and with nitrogen, helium and air as the working medium, respectively. The venting rates of the tank and temperature in the insulation jacket were measured respectively after the three different gases leaking into the jacket. A heat transfer model describing the heat transfer process of a SCLIV tank was also presented. The calculated results using this model were compared against the experimental data. It is found that the heat transfer performance of the HVMLI cryogenic tank after SCLIV is strong relevant to the type of gas leaking into the insulation jacket.     

Numerical simulation of cryogenic cavitating flow by an extended transport-based cavitation model with thermal effects

Thermodynamic effects on cryogenic cavitating flow is important to the accuracy of numerical simulations mainly because cryogenic fluids are thermo-sensitive, and the vapour saturation pressure is strongly dependent on the local temperature. The present study analyses the thermal cavitating flows in liquid nitrogen around a 2D hydrofoil. Thermal effects were considered using the RNG k-ε turbulence model with a modified turbulent eddy viscosity and the mass transfer homogenous cavitation model coupled with energy equation. In the cavitation model process, the saturated vapour pressure is modified based on the Clausius-Clapron equation. The convection heat transfer approach is also considered to extend the Zwart-Gerber-Belamri model. The predicted pressure and temperature inside the cavity under cryogenic conditions show that the modified Zwart-Gerber-Belamri model is in agreement with the experimental data of Hord et al. in NASA, especially in the thermal field. The thermal effect significantly affects the cavitation dynamics during phase-change process, which could delay or suppress the occurrence and development of cavitation behaviour. Based on the modified Zwart-Gerber-Belamri model proposed in this paper, better prediction of the cryogenic cavitation is attainable.     

Numerical investigation of supercritical LNG convective heat transfer in a horizontal serpentine tube

The submerged combustion vaporizer (SCV) is indispensable general equipment for liquefied natural gas (LNG) receiving terminals. In this paper, numerical simulation was conducted to get insight into the flow and heat transfer characteristics of supercritical LNG on the tube-side of SCV. The SST model with enhanced wall treatment method was utilized to handle the coupled wall-to-LNG heat transfer. The thermal–physical properties of LNG under supercritical pressure were used for this study. After the validation of model and method, the effects of mass flux, outer wall temperature and inlet pressure on the heat transfer behaviors were discussed in detail. Then the non-uniformity heat transfer mechanism of supercritical LNG and effect of natural convection due to buoyancy change in the tube was discussed based on the numerical results. Moreover, different flow and heat transfer characteristics inside the bend tube sections were also analyzed. The obtained numerical results showed that the local surface heat transfer coefficient attained its peak value when the bulk LNG temperature approached the so-called pseudo-critical temperature. Higher mass flux could eliminate the heat transfer deteriorations due to the increase of turbulent diffusion. An increase of outer wall temperature had a significant influence on diminishing heat transfer ability of LNG. The maximum surface heat transfer coefficient strongly depended on inlet pressure. Bend tube sections could enhance the heat transfer due to secondary flow phenomenon. Furthermore, based on the current simulation results, a new dimensionless, semi-theoretical empirical correlation was developed for supercritical LNG convective heat transfer in a horizontal serpentine tube. The paper provided the mechanism of heat transfer for the design of high-efficiency SCV.