Ray analysis of two-dimensional radomes

The fields transmitted from a line source through a two-dimensional curved dielectric layer of variable thickness are constructed by geometric-optical ray tracing that accounts for multiple reflections on the concave side, where the source is located, as well as for reflections between the layer boundaries. Moreover, internally trapped rays, excited by evanescent tunneling, are included when source and observer are near the layer boundaries but laterally displaced along it. By applying Poisson summation to the ray series, the multiple reflected contributions, for weakly tapered configurations, can be summed to yield trapped and leaky local modes guided along the layer, as well as a "collective" ray field that incorporates a plane layer transmission coefficient, with curvature and slope corrections, instead of the conventional coefficients for individual boundaries. Detailed calculations are performed for the special cases of a circularly curved layer of constant thickness and a tapered layer with nonparallel plane boundaries. For the former, the various ray-optically derived solutions agree completely with those obtained from a rigorous analysis. For the latter nonseparable configuration, no rigorous solution is available. With direct summation of conventional ray fields taken as a reference, extensive numerical results demonstrate the economies effected by the collective ray formulation and the importance of including the curvature or slope corrections in the equivalent slab transmission coefficients.     

用复射线理论研究波束经天线罩的传输

本文研究了三维复射线理论,给出了三维空间中一般的复射线追踪法,对旋转抛物形单层介质天线罩的波束传输特性进行了计算.根据计算出的数据绘制了远区和近区波束传输特性方向图,并与无介质天线罩时波束方向图进行了对比,从而明确了天线罩对波束传输的影响.     

多频段天线罩功率传输系数的优化设计

按射线跟踪法分析天线罩的理论,把罩壁近似为均匀多层介质平板,对其传输特性进行了分析;根据天线罩须在多个频率段上有较高传输系统的特殊要求,按最大最小原则建立了二重优化模型,采用ＳＵＭＴ外点法和ＰＯＷＥＬＬ法相结合对天线罩的各层介质壁厚进行优化设计;对某型２０／３０ＧＨｚ双频段卫星通信天线罩的优化达到了预期效果。     

Complex space-time rays and their application to pulse propagation in lossy dispersive media

Asymptotic transient field solutions of the form A(r,t) exp [iS (r, t)], where S is a rapidly and A a slowly varying function of space and time, may be analyzed in terms of wave packets with central frequency ω =-∂S/∂t and central wavenumber k = ∇S. When the (dispersive) medium is lossless, stationary, and homogeneous, wave packets with constant real ω and k move along straightline trajectories called space-time rays. In the presence of dissipation and (or) when the input signal has an exponential amplitude dependence, S is complex. The corresponding wave packets with constant complex ω and k move along complex space-time rays, i.e., along trajectories defined in a complex (r, t) coordinate space. The properties of complex space-time rays and of the fields propagating along them, and their relation to physical fields observed on real (r, t) coordinates, are illustrated for a plane pulse with Gaussian envelope and frequency swept carrier, launched into a lossy environment. Tracking of spatial and temporal maxima is performed by ray techniques, and a paraxial ray regime is defined that permits discussion of a signal velocity. Special attention is given to ray focusing and the associated phenomena of pulse compression. It is shown how a complex input frequency profile can be synthesized so as to achieve optimum compression at a real space-time observation point in a lossy medium. The general results are applied in detail to a cold dissipative plasma, and a representative set of numerical calculations is included.     

APPROXIMATE COMPLEX RAY ANALYSIS OF TWO-DIMENSIONAL RADOME

Electromagnetic transmission and scattering characteristics of radome may conve-niently be analyzed by complex ray paraxial approximation and collective ray methods.As anexample,a 2-D cylindrical single-layered dielectric radome is analyzed and calculated in this in-vestigation,including radome transmission coefficient,radar angular track performance and radarcross section of radomes,as well as the effect of ray parameters and antenna-radome parameterson computation accuracy.It is shown that this method can be used to simplify optimizations formany kinds of radomes.     

Rigorous asymptotic analysis of transmission through a curved dielectric slab

A circular cylindrical dielectric layer is an idealized but rigorously analyzable model for radome covers. With a line source located on the concave side, an exact integral formulation is derived for the field transmitted to the convex side. Alternative representations are developed therefrom in terms of discrete guided modes and continuous spectra, and of ray integrals which, asymptotically at high frequencies, yield geometric optical fields that experience multiple internal reflections between the layer boundaries and also multiple reflections on the concave side. It is then shown that the higher order multiple reflected contributions can be expressed collectively as a ray field with a weighted transmission coefficient that is equivalent to the plane wave transmission coefficient for a plane parallel layer but includes a simple curvature correction. When source and observer are close to the inner and outer layer boundaries, respectively, and are also separated by a large angular interval, guided mode effects may have to be included as well. The result is a general and novel representation of the transmitted field in terms of a certain number of ordinary multiple reflected geometric optical ray fields, a single "collective" ray field, which includes in a composite manner all of the remaining internal reflections, and, possibly, the guided modes along the layer.     

圆柱天线罩电磁散射的复射线分析

利用复射线近轴近似法和集合射线法,可以十分简便地分析天线罩的电磁传输特性和散射特性。本文以二维圆柱形天线罩为例,分析了介质罩对罩内雷达天线性能的影响;计算了天线罩引起的传输系数和角跟踪性能的变化,以及天线罩的附加雷达散射截面;讨论了射线参量及天线、天线罩参量对分析计算精度的影响。数值结果表明,这种分析方法可以显著地简化天线罩优化设计,并可适用于其它多种型式的天线罩。     

复射线理论应用于天线一体化设计

分析自由空间天线辐射特性的方法已十分成熟,如口径场积分法、平面波谱积分法等,它们大都是行之有效的,但要求对天线及天线罩进行一体化分析时,现有的经典方法往往不能迅速而准确地给出解答,如果用复射线理论这一新方法则可以对某些问题圆满地给出结果.根据复射线理论,利用复源点远场具有的高斯波束特性,无论是在远区或是近轴区域内,复源点场和高斯函数有很接近的相同分布,理论上论证了对于具有高斯波束分布的口径场可以用复源点场来近似模拟.     

Application of complex ray tracing to scattering problems

Representations and geometric constructions associated with complex points, complex lines, and complex rays are introduced. They are applied to the problem of scattering of an evanescent plane wave by a conducting circular cylinder. This problem has an exact solution, which provides a check of the validity of complex ray tracing and suggests more general applications. An important role is played by the transformation that maps the point of reflection, on the complex extension of the scattering surface, onto the trace in real space of the complex reflected ray. For the particular problem considered, the phase and amplitude of the reflected field are computed and the "phase paths" and "phase fronts" are constructed. The reflected field and phase paths obtained in this manner are not to be taken in their entirety because some reflection points are not "illuminated" by the incident wave, and because the reflector may be only part of the cylinder. Tentative selection and truncation rules are used which yield good agreement with the exact solution over some regions. The disagreement, where it occurs, comes-as it does for real rays-from neglecting the diffracted field such as the creeping waves around smooth surfaces and, in the case of truncation, the edge waves from the discontinuity. Some consideration is given to scattering by an arbitrary smooth conductor. Some problems peculiar to the use of complex rays are stated.     

Analysis of numerically specified multireflector antennas bykinematic and dynamic ray tracing

A technique for tracing rays and fields with several numerically specified reflectors by using geometrical optics (GO) is described. The ray paths are determined by launching individual rays from the feed point and following them by reflection from all the reflector surfaces to the output aperture of the last reflector. This procedure is referred to as kinematic ray tracing. Thereafter, the amplitude, phase and polarization of the E-field is traced along the ray paths to the aperture; this is referred to as dynamic ray tracing. The aperture field is then integrated to find the aperture efficiency, which is factorized into convenient subefficiencies. The technique has been implemented in a computer code that has been used to analyze the proposed new shaped-offset dual-reflector feed for the spherical reflector antenna at the Arecibo Observatory     

Rays, Beams, and Modes Pertaining to the Excitation of Dielectric Waveguides

The two-dimensional problem of excitation of an inhomogeneous dielectric layer by a Gaussian beam is considered, with emphasis on useful representations that treat the field either in terms of multiple reflections or in terms of guided modes. A recently developed method is employed whereby the beam fields are generated from line source fields by assigning a complex value to the source coordinates. When applied to the asymptotic solution for the line source field, this procedure furnishes a simple and quantitative relation between line-source-excited ray optics and paraxial beam optics. It also clarifies the role of lateral ray and beam shifts for reflection at a boundary with incidence-angle-dependent reflection coefficient, especially when multiply reflected fields are converted into modal form. Results are given for beams which are reflected at both boundaries, reflected at one boundary and refracted before reaching the other boundary, and trapped by refraction without reaching either boundary. In the first case, conversion to modal form is more convenient at large distances whereas in the latter case, paraxial beam tracking is preferable.     

非平行分层等离子体鞘套电波传播的复射线方法

基于损耗媒质的复Snell定律提出采用复射线方法研究电磁波在非均匀且非平行分层的等离子体媒质中的传播特性.该方法考虑非均匀平面电磁波的复射线(包括等幅度面的传播射线和等相位面的传播射线), 追踪电磁波复射线在每层媒质中的传播路径以及它们透过媒质分界面时的折射射线, 同时根据复射线的传播方向计算电磁波在每层媒质中的传播衰减, 数值累计整个传播过程中的传播衰减即可获得电磁波穿过等离子体鞘套的总衰减.由钝锥体仿真流场数据简化出非平行分层几何模型并采用复射线方法进行计算分析.计算结果表明:飞行器头部至尾部的传播衰减相差巨大且呈现迅速减小趋势, 非平行分层非均匀等离子体媒质存在某特定入射角, 能使传播衰减达到最小值.     

曲面双层带通频率选择表面天线罩设计

针对复杂曲面外形严重影响频率选择表面（ FSS)天线罩传输特性的问题,提出了一种基于表面寻迹技术的曲面FSS天线罩设计方法。首先通过平面网格剖分对曲面进行拟合及表征,然后采用表面寻迹算法对FSS阵列的排布位置进行计算,最后将平面FSS结构投影于曲面外形,从而提高了曲面FSS阵列的排布及建模精度。采用该方法完成了某K频段A夹层曲面FSS天线罩的设计及测试,结果表明该曲面FSS罩的传输特性与平面FSS基本一致,且对天线辐射方向图影响较小,有效消除了复杂曲面外形对天线罩传输特性的影响。     

雷达舱和天线罩的电磁散射

在目标散射问题中,雷达舱和天线罩的散射机理有极大相似之处。在该类散射问题中,电磁波进入腔体时首先在整流罩上进行反射和折射,电磁射线进入雷达舱和天线罩后入射于天线上,天线反馈电磁射线,电磁射线透过介质罩形成了散射电磁波。对射线入射于非金属目标的轨迹分裂提出了更为精细的解决方法,并用射线方法计算了该类目标的雷达散射截面。     

Complex rays for radiation from discretized aperture distributions

Many electromagnetic propagation problems require tracking of fields radiated by large actual or induced aperture distributions through complicated environments before reaching the observer. For a systematic approach to this problem area, it is desirable to represent the aperture field in terms of basis functions which are physically informative and well adapted to traversing the propagation path. At high frequencies, Ganssian beam-type basis functions meet these requirements. After referring to a rigorous aperture discretization scheme, various quasi-Gaussian basis field profiles are examined, with a special view toward expressing their radiation properties in terms of complex rays; complex ray tracing is promising for field tracking in complicated surroundings. By comparing reference solutions from numerical integration of radiation integrals with complex ray asymptotics, it is concluded that the true Gaussian has the most favorable attributes for matching aperture discretization, propagation requirements, and complex ray tracing. Thus, the analysis here may point the way toward systematic treatment of the above-noted class of propagation problems.     

基于曲面口径积分/几何光学的天线罩混合分析

提出了发射模式下，曲面口径积分／几何光学的混合分析方法。利用等效原理，将天线罩内表面上的反射场等效为面电流和面磁流，沿等效源所在曲面作口径积分，确定二次入射到罩壁上的入射场，经过局部平面的多层介质传输到天线罩外表面，在外表面上将一次传输场和二次反射场矢量叠加，对外表面切向场的表面积分得到天线带罩系统的远场方向图。该方法解决了发射模式下一次传输场和二次反射场的矢量叠加问题，计算精度高；仿真预测结果均为试验所证实。     

复空间定位法——一种分析复波束散射的有效方法

本文提出了的复空间定位法，可对目标散射的复射线轨迹进行了复空间定位，并可用于分析目标对频域复源波束与对时域复源脉冲波束产生的空散射场，这种方法不仅与成熟的复空间追踪法具有相同的精度，而且能将后者三维空间的四维未知量的求解降低到二维，将二维空间的二维未知量的求解降低到一维，还解决了复射线近轴近似理论遇到的困难，因而一种行之有效的分析方法，作为实例，本文用复空间定位法分析计算了导体板，凸导体球与凹导体     

Specular points and critical gimbal angles of ogival radomes

Results on critical gimbal angles of ogival radomes have been presented as a function of fineness ratios and source point locations. It is shown that, for a given source point and reflected ray direction, no more than two specular points generally exist on the radome inner surface. The critical gimbal angle, beyond which reflected rays contribute to geometrical optics fields, is obtained in terms of a turning-point effect. Critical gimbal angles computed are significantly different from previously published results which overlooked the turning-point effect. Special techniques to determine the contribution of specular points near the turning point are briefly discussed. The techniques proposed can be applied to rotationally symmetric geometries other than ogives     

Quasi-ray Gaussian beam algorithm for time-harmonic two-dimensionalscattering by moderately rough interfaces

Gabor-based Gaussian beam (GB) algorithms, in conjunction with the complex source point (CSP) method for generating beam-like wave objects, have found application in a variety of high-frequency wave propagation and diffraction scenarios. Of special interest for efficient numerical implementation is the noncollimated narrow-waisted species of GB, which reduces the computationally intensive complex ray tracing for collimated GB propagation and scattering to quasi-real ray tracing, without the failure of strictly real ray field algorithms in caustic and other transition regions. The Gabor-based narrow-waisted CSP-GB method has been applied previously to two-dimensional (2-D) propagation from extended nonfocused and focused aperture distributions through arbitrarily curved 2-D layered environments. In this 2-D study the method is applied to aperture-excited field scattering from, and transmission through, a moderately rough interface between two dielectric media. It is shown that the algorithm produces accurate and computationally efficient solutions for this complex propagation environment, over a range of calibrated combinations of the problem parameters. One of the potential uses of the algorithm is as an efficient forward solver for inverse problems concerned with profile and object reconstruction     

单层圆柱磁性天线罩的电磁特性分析

利用复射线近轴近似法分析二维圆柱形磁性天线罩的电磁传输特性.分析了天线罩对罩内的雷达天线性能的影响.讨论了天线罩引起的传输系数和角跟踪性能的变化.数值结果表明,相对介电常数和相对磁导率相等的磁性天线罩具有最佳的电磁传输特性.