细晶强化和位错强化对中锰马氏体钢的强化作用

 研究了碳和锰含量对淬火中锰马氏体钢的位错密度、残余奥氏体含量、晶粒尺寸等组织结构以及室温力学性能的影响。借助于SEM、EBSD、TEM和XRD表征了材料的微观组织,探讨了马氏体钢的强化机制。结果表明:随着碳含量增加,淬火中锰钢的位错密度和残余奥氏体体积分数逐渐增加,板条束和板条块尺寸逐渐细化,大角晶界百分数逐渐增加,强度逐渐升高;增加锰含量能够提高马氏体钢的位错密度和抗拉强度。分析认为,位错强化和细晶强化是淬火中锰马氏体钢的主要强化机制。马氏体板条尺寸是马氏体抗拉强度的结构控制单元,而原奥氏体晶粒尺寸则是马氏体屈服强度的结构控制单元。     

冷处理对超级马氏体不锈钢组织及逆变奥氏体的影响

为研究冷处理对超级马氏体不锈钢的组织性能及逆变奥氏体的影响,通过淬火+回火(A钢)、淬火+冷处理+回火(B钢)以及淬火+深冷处理+回火(C钢)3种工艺进行对比研究。结果表明:实验钢中基体组织为回火马氏体,随回火温度的升高,马氏体板条变细。在相同回火温度下,A钢马氏体板条尺寸较大,B钢次之,C钢尺寸较小、且更平直。实验钢中逆变奥氏体含量随回火温度的升高先增加随后降低,在650℃时达到最大,整个过程中C钢逆变奥氏体含量高于B钢和A钢。实验钢的硬度随回火温度的升高而降低,在650℃时达到最小,随后增大。相同回火温度下,C钢硬度高于B钢,B钢高于A钢。A钢中逆变奥氏体多为块状,尺寸较大,分布较少;B钢次之;C钢中逆变奥氏体多为条状,尺寸较小,且分布均匀。     

GCr15钢的韧化处理

根据不均匀奥氏体加热淬火原理，通过加热过程控制，使ＧＣｒ１５钢淬火后既细化了奥氏体晶粒又细化了马氏体，同时还获得了低碳板条马氏体及呈薄状或集聚态的残余奥氏体包围在碳化物周围的组织，该方法是韧化ＧＣｒ１５钢的有效途径。     

热成形用钢热冲压过程中碳配分行为研究

利用Formastor-FⅡ全自动相变仪、扫描电镜、透射电镜及电子探针等,研究一种热成形用钢热冲压过程中的碳配分行为。结果表明,典型热冲压模拟过程可获得马氏体和残余奥氏体两相组织,且马氏体板条较长,残余奥氏体以薄膜状分布在马氏体板条间;马氏体的边缘处有碳的偏聚,富碳区域的尺寸和残余奥氏体尺寸相吻合,即实验钢在400℃以下的缓慢冷却过程中发生了碳配分。     

38Si2Mn2Mo试验钢的贝氏体、马氏体组织

采用透射电镜研究了３８Ｓｉ２Ｍｎ２Ｍｏ钢的组织结构,并讨论了各种组织的形式机制。试验结果表明,其正火组织由无碳化物下贝氏体、板条马氏体及少量残余奥氏体组成;淬火组织是典型的板条马氏体和少量片状马氏体,板条间有残余奥氏体薄膜;３２０℃等温组织以下贝氏体为主,带有少量马氏体和残余奥氏体。正火和等温后的拉伸性能达到了超高强度的水平。     

高碳铬轴承钢的成分设计和热处理工艺的研究进展

叙述了高碳铬轴承钢中Mn、Si、Cr、Mo和Al含量及热处理工艺包括马氏体淬火-回火,贝氏体等温淬火、贝氏体-马氏体和马氏体-贝氏体淬火以及纳米贝氏体钢的研究进展。近10年发展的高强度、高塑性和高韧性的纳米贝氏体钢,因其由纳米尺寸的超细贝氏体铁素体板条和板条间富碳的残余奥氏体薄膜组成的特殊组织结构导致其在耐磨和接触疲劳性能方面也具有优越性,该纳米贝氏体轴承钢有良好的应用前景。     

热加工对含氮马氏体不锈钢组织转变和性能的影响

采用Thermal-calc计算了含氮马氏体不锈钢20Cr13的合金相图,据此进行了关键热加工工艺参数设计。采用金相、扫描电镜、X射线衍射、高温热模拟试验、拉伸试验和硬度测试等方法,研究了高温下均热温度对高温组织转变的影响以及高温铁素体对高温塑性的影响,同时研究了退火和淬火工艺对组织和性能的影响。结果表明:铸锭中的少量δ铁素体在单相奥氏体区高温长时间均热后并未消除;δ铁素体的存在降低了马氏体不锈钢的高温塑性;在临界温度长时间退火后,组织为铁素体基体上弥散分布球状碳化物的索氏体及沿晶界呈断续分布的点状碳化物,随退火温度的提高,索氏体晶粒尺寸增大,碳化物选择性地在晶界粗化长大,并呈断续状点状分布;950~1100℃奥氏体化淬火后的组织为板条马氏体+碳化物+少量残余奥氏体。淬火温度较低时,碳化物和残余奥氏体含量较高,淬火后马氏体硬度较低,提高淬火温度,碳化物充分溶解,奥氏体中的碳含量增加,淬火后板条马氏体硬度升高。     

一种低碳低合金马氏体钢的奥氏体化过程研究

本文研究马氏体钢12Ni4CrMo中奥氏体形成过程。马氏体预淬火温度为860℃。应用透射及扫描电子显微镜观察、分析新生奥氏体及基体组织的形态与精细结构。结果表明:将钢加热至(a γ)双相区低温阶段,沿马氏体板条界形成针状奥氏体;沿原始γ晶界形成粒状奥氏体。可借助再淬火后钢中的残余奥氏体来确定新生奥氏体形成的晶体学取向关系。在双相区加热的高温阶段,针状奥氏体转化为粒状奥氏体。这主要是由于原始γ晶界上的粒状奥氏体向晶内扩张并吞食针状奥氏体,而非由于针状奥氏体本身的合并。     

一种Fe-C-Si-Mn-Cr-Mo钢碳配分行为对组织的影响

 利用Formastor-FⅡ全自动相变仪模拟研究了一种Fe-0.24C-0.3Si-1.0Mn-0.56Cr-0.17Mo（质量分数,%）钢在冷却过程中的碳配分行为及其对马氏体和残余奥氏体的影响,用扫描电镜、透射电镜进行微观组织表征,用X射线衍射法和电子背散射衍射法测定残余奥氏体体积分数。结果表明,试验钢分别经末段慢冷和直接快冷工艺冷却后均获得马氏体＋残余奥氏体两相组织,其中直接快冷工艺所得马氏体相对杂乱,尺寸较小,残余奥氏体体积分数较少;而末段慢冷工艺所得马氏体板条较长,且发生了碳的配分,残余奥氏体体积分数较多,以薄膜状分布在马氏体板条间,板条内部含有高密度位错。     

热处理工艺对膨胀管组织和力学性能的影响

采用两相区热处理工艺研究了膨胀管用低碳中锰钢组织演变规律和力学性能。结果表明:采用两相区热处理工艺的低碳中锰钢组织为回火索氏体+富碳马氏体/贝氏体+少量铁素体的复相组织+残余奥氏体,残余奥氏体分布在原奥氏体晶界上和马氏体/贝氏体板条界上,残余奥氏体主要通过临界淬火富集C和Mn元素达到稳定,室温下稳定的残余奥氏体含量最高可达12%。由于残余奥氏体的应变诱导塑性(TRIP)效应,低碳中锰钢具有良好的塑性,断后总延伸率高于40%,均匀延伸率高于20%。     

不同冲击载荷下10Mn钢和NM500的磨损性能及机理

为了给不同类型耐磨钢的实际使用环境提供可靠试验依据,研究不同微观组织的磨损性能和机理,分别在低载荷2 J和高载荷5 J下测试NM500马氏体钢和10Mn奥氏体钢的冲击磨损性能。NM500马氏体耐磨钢以板条状马氏体为主,板条内部存在高密度位错亚结构,同时存在少量残余奥氏体和一些棒状碳化物(TiC);奥氏体10Mn耐磨钢以奥氏体为主,还有少量马氏体和碳化物(NbC、VC)。结果表明,在低冲击载荷(2 J)下,NM500耐磨性高于10Mn钢(160 min的磨损量分别为109和181 mg),归因于NM500比10Mn钢具有更高的硬度,磨料对表面的破坏更小;在高冲击载荷(5 J)下,磨损初期,NM500耐磨性高于10Mn钢(120 min的磨损量分别为140和145 mg),但长时间磨损,NM500耐磨性低于10Mn钢(160 min的磨损量分别为222和173 mg),归因于10Mn钢发生了充分加工硬化,具有更优异的耐磨性。10Mn钢磨损后亚表面微观形貌中存在大量的高密度位错、形变孪晶、应变马氏体,优异的加工硬化能力使10Mn在5 J冲击载荷下更耐磨。     

Characterization of precipitates in 9%Cr heat resistant steel

Precipitation strengthening as well as solution strengthening is key mechanism for heat resistant steels.It is very important to characterize the precipitates in 9%Cr ferrite heat resistant steels,especially to show the nanometer-sized particles.By transmission electronic microscope attached with an energy dispersive spectrometer as well as optical microscope,scanning electronic microscope,the microstructure and chemical composition of precipitates in a 9%Cr heat resistant steel after different heat treatments were investigated.It was found that the microstructure of normalized sample was martensite with fine NbC and Fe₃C.The microstructure of tempered sample is tempered martensite,and there mainly were two types of precipitates,M₂₃C₆ with the size range of 50 - 300 nm and MX with the size of 10 - 100 nm.Superfine M₂₃C₆ precipitated preferably on prior austenitic grain boundaries and martensitic lath boundaries,while nanometer-sized MX precipitates were distributed randomly. After short-term creep,Laves phase formed along grain boundaries of the 9%Cr steel,and M₂₃ C₆ and MX precipitates were found to become coarser.More information about precipitates in the 9%Cr steel had been exhibited by atomic force microscopy.Thereby,distribution,size and shape of the precipitates as well as their compositions and structures were revealed.     

Bake Hardening of Hot Rolled Multiphase Steels under Biaxial Pre‐strained Conditions

Multiphase steels show a strong bake hardening effect being of importance for shaping of car body structural parts. The raised yield strength is exploited for improved crash resistance. Especially the automotive industry has a growing interest in using this effect. Normally the bake hardening effect is examined in tensile tests whereas under industrial conditions shaping of structural parts shows a wide spread of stress strain behaviour, from uniaxial conditions over plain strain to biaxial ones. So it is obvious that the bake hardening behaviour of a material cannot be described with results of the uniaxial tension test only. To give a first answer to this question, the dependence of the bake hardening effect on different biaxial prestrains was investigated for several hot rolled multiphase steels using various baking temperatures and holding times whereas the bake hardening effect under uniaxial prestrain had already been examined in [5]. Considering the choices to generate biaxial strain, a Marciniak forming tool with a diameter of 250 mm mounted on a 2500 kN hydraulic press was chosen. For control of plastic deformation and adjustment the non‐contact measuring system ARGUS, was used. To reduce the quantity of experiments “Design of Experiments” and statistical methods were applied for a martensitic steel, a dual phase steel, a complex phase steel, a ferrite‐bainite steel, and a retained austenite steel known as TRIP, all in hot rolled condition. As a result, a formula for yield stress, tensile strength and residual deformability was developed. Furthermore, a method was found to predict easily whether a steel under investigation is qualified for additional experiments in regard to bake hardening or more exactly its response to different baking temperatures and holding times.     

Microstructure Refinement and Property Improvement of Metastable Austenitic Manganese Steel Induced by Electropulsing

Grain refinement efficiency of electropulsing treatment(EPT)for metastable austenitic manganese steel was investigated.The mean grain size of original austenite is 300μm.However,after EPT,the microstructure exhibits a bimodal grain size distribution,and nearly 70vol.%grains are less than 60μm.The refined austenite results in ultrafine martensitic microstructure.The tensile strengths of refined austenitic and martensitic microstructures were improved from 495to 670,and 794to 900MPa respectively.The fine grained materials possess better fracture toughness.The work-hardening capacity and wear resistance of the refined austenitic microstructure are improved.The reasonable mechanism of grain refinement is the combination of accelerating new phase nucleation and restraining the growth of neonatal austenitic grain during reverse transformation and rapid recrystallization induced by electropulsing.     

Low cycle fatigue of a high strength metastable austenitic steel

The low cycle fatigue (LCF) behavior of a high strength, metastable austenitic steel called TRIP steel has been studied. High strain LCF experiments on cylindrical, well-polished specimens under diametral strain control were carried out. To study the effect of a mixed austenite-martensite matrix, LCF tests were also done on the TRIP steel after inducing significant amounts of martensite in the austenite matrix by means of a very high unidirectional prestrain. To establish the role played by the martensite transformation, tests were also run above the M_D. The amount of martensite induced was magnetically measured by means of a “permeameter” built specifically for this purpose. It was found that the LCF life of the TRIP steel, both at room temperature (in the presence of martensitic transformation) and at 200°C (in the absence of the transformation), was related to the plastic strain range, ε_PR, by the Manson-Coffin law. Either cyclic hardening or softening occurred at room temperature, depending primarily upon the plastic strain range used in cycling. Hardening was observed below 3 pct plastic strain range. For LCF tests at 200°C, cyclic softening was observed in all cases. The hardening and softening behavior has been found to depend on the martensitic transformation taking place in these steels during cycling. However, the LCF life correlated best to the percent reduction in area, independent of the extent of the martensite transformation.     

Reverse Martensitic Transformation and Resulting Microstructure in a Cold Rolled Metastable Austenitic Stainless Steel

The reverse martensitic transformation in cold‐rolled metastable austenitic stainless steel has been investigated via heat treatments performed for various temperatures and times. The microstructural evolution was evaluated by differential scanning calorimetry, X‐ray diffraction and microscopy. Upon heat treatment, both diffusionless and diffusion‐controlled mechanisms determine the final microstructure. The diffusion reversion from α′‐martensite to austenite was found to be activated at about 450°C and the shear reversion is activated at higher temperatures with A_f′ ~600°C. The resulting microstructure for isothermal heat treatment at 650°C was austenitic, which inherits the α′‐martensite lath morphology and is highly faulted. For isothermal heat treatments at temperatures above 700°C the faulted austenite was able to recrystallize and new austenite grains with a low defect density were formed. In addition, carbo‐nitride precipitation was observed for samples heat treated at these temperatures, which leads to an increasing M_s‐temperature and new α′‐martensite formation upon cooling.     

Effect of strain-induced martensitic phase transformation on the formability of nitrogen-alloyed metastable austenitic stainless steels

Strain-induced martensitic phase transformation and its influence on the formability of newly developed nitrogen-alloyed metastable austenitic stainless steels were systematically investigated. Yield strength for the asreceived steels bearing lownickel content was around 300 MPa and their elongation ratios varied from 55. 2% to61. 7%. Erichsen numbers of these samples differed from 13. 82 to 14. 57 mm. Although its Cu content was lower than that of other samples,steel D2 exhibited better plasticity and formability,which was attributed to γ→α'martensitic phase transformation. EBSD,XRD,and magnetism tests showed that increases in deformation ratio gradually increased the α' martensite phase of a sample,thereby contributing to its strain and inducing the optimal transformation-induced plasticity effect. An M_(d30/50) temperature of around 20 ℃,which is close to the deformation temperature,provided the austenite with adequate stability and gradually transformed it into martensite,thereby endowing lean ASS with better formability.     

板条马氏体钢变形与断裂过程的原位观察

 在备有拉伸装置的扫描电镜上,原位观察了低碳板条马氏体钢的变形和断裂过程。结果表明,板条马氏体的变形是以滑移方式进行的,位错沿滑移面的滑移受阻,在试样表面留下呈波纹状的变形带。在应力峰值前后,主裂纹开始起裂;在主裂纹扩展过程中,在主裂纹前面的薄弱区域如夹杂等会先起裂形成小裂纹或空洞,随应力加大相邻的微孔聚合、连接长大成新裂纹;在断裂过程中,裂纹在板条束界发生转折。尽管原奥氏体晶粒尺寸小的试样起裂载荷大,不同晶粒尺寸马氏体组织的变形和断裂过程没有本质差别。     

Hot cracking susceptibility research in BTW1 austenitic high-manganese wear-resistant steel

Baosteel's first BTW1 austenitic high-manganese wear-resistant steel exhibits strong deformation-induced hardening characteristics.Compared with common low-alloy martensitic wear-resistant steels in the market,it has improved impact wear resistance,hard abrasive wear,erosion wear performance,and impact toughness.The metallurgical properties of such austenitic wear-resistant steel lead to the risk of failure because of hot cracking defects in the welded structure.In wear-resistant applications,evaluating hot cracking susceptibility is necessary to avoid the effect of welding defects.In this study,the Varestraint test is used to quantitatively analyze and evaluate the hot cracking susceptibility of BTW1 austenitic high-manganese wear-resistant steel.The test results show that by controlling the content of impurity elements and grain refinement,BTW1 austenitic high-manganese wear-resistant steel effectively reduces hot cracking tendency and has a low incidence of hot cracking under small strain conditions.The developed matching welding process can effectively avoid the influence of hot cracking susceptibility.     

Static Tensile Deformation Behaviors of an Fe-30Mn-3Al-3Si TWIP Steel Studied by In-Situ Neutron Diffraction

TWIP (TWinning Induced Plasticity) steel is one of the advanced steels with attractive mechanical properties.The typical composition of TWIP steel includes a large amount of manganese with some aluminum and silicon.Previous study has shown that TWIP steel exhibits high strength with adequate elongation at high strain rates,so that TWIP steel is desired to be applied for automotive use.However,there are few studies concerning the deformation behaviors aimed to make clear the TWIP effect in TWIP steel.In this study,static tensile deformation behaviors of an Fe-30Mn-3Al-3Si TWIP steel and a SUS310S one were studied by in situ neutron diffraction during tensile deformation.In terms of mechanical properties obtained by the static tensile tests,the TWIP steel showed better balance of tensile strength and uniform elongation than the 310S steel.The angular dispersion neutron diffraction with a wavelength of 0.16 nm was performed during stepwise tensile testing by using a neutron diffractometer for residual stress analysis (RESA) at the Japan Atomic Energy Agency.A specimen was extended in a step by step manner and neutron diffraction profiles of (111),(200) and (311) for austenite were obtained at each step.The diffraction peak,lattice plane spacing,lattice plane strain and so on were determined by the profile analysis as a function of applied stress.The changes of lattice plane strain for austenite in the TWIP and 310S steels indicated several deformation stages in the tensile deformation and can be discussed the difference of intergranular stress between the two samples.