Improving the emission characteristics of a carbon nanotube film in NaCl electrolyte

Screen printing is undoubtedly the most cost-effective process for the fabrication of large-sized carbon nanotube field emission display (CNT-FED). A novel post-treatment method in NaCl electrolyte was presented to solve the problem of poor field emission characteristics of printed CNT films. Compared to those of untreated films, the turn-on electric field of the treated film decreased from 2.4 to 1.4 V/μm and the total emission current of the treated film that has the same printing area as the untreated one increased from ∼100 to ∼1800 μA. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) and Raman spectrum study revealed that field emission characteristics are enhanced by two factors. Firstly, the NaCl electrolyte treatment appeared to render the CNT surfaces more activey by exposing more CNTs from the CNT film. Secondly, the numerous defects of CNTs of the CNT film were increased by electrical current energy.     

纳米晶Pd─Si薄膜析出相的TEM研究

本文利用ＴＥＭ原位加热手段和选区电子衍射分析方法，对纳米晶Ｐｄ－Ｓｉ薄膜在加热过程中析出的相进行了研究。真空蒸发Ｐｄ＿（８０）Ｓｉ＿（２０）合金而得到的纳米晶Ｐｄ－Ｓｉ薄膜，其晶粒尺寸为１０ｎｍ，结构属ｆｃｃ。随着温度的升高，薄膜中晶粒长大，在局部区域有其它相析出。利用选区电子衍射图确定了这些析出相的结构。     

Characterization and antibacterial capabilities of nanocrystalline CdS thin films prepared by chemical bath deposition

Antibacterial capabilities of nanocrystalline cadmium sulfide (CdS) thin films have been developed against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria in dark and sunlight at 60 °C. For this purpose, a strain of Gram-positive Staphylococcus aureus, and two strains of Gram-negative bacteria (Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Escherichia coli) were used. The nanocrystalline CdS thin films have been prepared using a chemical bath deposition (CBD) method at different thicknesses (50, 80 and 100 nm). The different deposition parameters including the speed of rotation of substrate, temperature of chemical bath, pH of solution and time of the deposition were optimized. The Polyvinylpyrrollidone (PVP) was successfully used as capping agent in order to stop the agglomeration in the CdS thin films. It was found that, CdS thin films have remarkable antibacterial activity in dark and sunlight and it could be applied as antimicrobial agent in medical field. In order to confirm the crystalline structure of CdS thin films, the polycrystalline nature of the deposited CdS thin films with hexagonal structure was obtained. Furthermore, the structural parameters including lattice parameters, cell volume, the space group, average grain size, dislocation density and the strain have been calculated. The topography and surface roughness of the CdS thin films have been studied before and after the bacteriostatic effect using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). Furthermore, the compositions of nanocrystalline CdS thin films have been evaluated using Energy Dispersive X-ray emission (EDX) and a Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM). Based on the optical measurements in the range of 300–2500 nm, the band gap energy of the prepared CdS thin films was found to be 2.4 eV.     

紫外发光的半导体MgxZn1-xO薄膜制备与性质

利用ZnO微晶粉末以化学电泳法成功地在导电玻璃上制备了不同x值的紫外发光的宽禁带氧化物半导体三元化合物MgxZn1-xO薄膜.电子显微镜和X 射线衍射研究显示,薄膜由MgxZn1-xO微晶组成,薄膜中微晶大小的分散度比ZnO粉末有所减小,并更具择优取向的趋势.室温下光致发光测量给出,MgxZn 1-xO薄膜在小于380nm的紫外波段出现较强的半宽小于20nm的激子性发光峰,而且带边峰的半宽以及带边峰与杂质缺陷峰强度之比均较原始的ZnO粉末有明显改善,表明这种MgxZn1-xO薄膜具有优良的紫外发光特性.     

Crystallization and Transport Properties of Amorphous Cr-Si Thin Film Thermoelectrics

We studied the thermoelectric properties, crystallization, and stability of amorphous and nanocrystalline states in Cr-Si composite films. Amorphous films, prepared by magnetron sputtering, were transformed into the nanocrystalline state by annealing with in situ thermopower and electrical resistivity measurements. We have found that the amorphous state is stable in these film composites to about 550 K. Prior to crystallization, the amorphous films undergo a structural relaxation, detected by peculiarities in the temperature dependences of the transport properties, but not visible in x-ray or electron diffraction. The magnitude and temperature dependences of electrical conductivity and thermopower indicate that electron transport in the amorphous films is through extended states. The amorphous films are crystallized at annealing temperatures above 550 K into a nanocrystalline composite with an average grain size of 10–20 nm.     

Physical properties of nanocrystalline CuO thin films prepared by the SILAR method

We report a facile and low-cost successive ionic layer adsorption and reaction method to synthesize nanocrystalline CuO thin films. Influence of deposition cycles on the physical properties of nanocrystalline CuO thin films was investigated. X-ray diffraction studies show that all the films exhibit polycrystalline nature with monoclinic crystal structure. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and Raman studies confirmed the formation of single phase CuO wherein the characteristic vibrational mode of CuO was identified. Scanning electron microscopy studies revealed the formation of sporadic growth of rod-shaped elongated particles. Both the structural and surface properties of CuO thin films were improved with the increase in the deposition cycles as a result of which the optical absorption edge of CuO shift towards longer wavelength, and the optical band gap energy decreases from 2.48 eV to 2.31 eV. The room-temperature photoluminescence spectrum showed blue emission band centered at 468 nm, attributed to the near-band-edge emission of CuO due to Burstein–Moss effect.     

High performance hybrid near-infrared LEDs using benzenedithiol cross-linked PbS colloidal nanocrystals

We report an all solution-based processing method to produce efficient hybrid polymer-nanocrystal multilayered heterostructures for electroluminescence in the near-infrared (1050-1600 nm). We employ for the first time the benzenedithiol cross-linking method to produce high-quality PbS nanocrystalline films acting both as an electron-transporting and electroluminescent layer within a near-infrared light emitting diode (LED) architecture. Due to the large volume of nanocrystals and the good carrier-transport properties within the cross-linked nanocrystalline films, this device architecture yields high emission powers and good quantum efficiencies. In contrast, using ethanedithiol cross-linking molecules results in nanocrystalline films with low photo- and electro-luminescence efficiencies.     

纳米硅镶嵌氮化硅薄膜的制备与光致发光特性

为研究氮化硅薄膜发光材料的制备工艺及其光致发光机制,实验采用射频磁控反应溅射技术与热退火处理制备了纳米硅镶嵌氮化硅薄膜材料.利用红外光谱(IR)、X射线衍射谱(XRD)、能谱(EDS)和光致发光谱(PL),对不同工艺条件下薄膜样品的成分、结构和发光特性进行研究,发现在制备的富硅氮化硅薄膜材料中形成了纳米硅颗粒,并计算出其平均尺寸.在510 nm光激发下,观察到纳米硅发光峰,对样品发光机制进行了讨论,认为其较强的发光起因于缺陷态和纳米硅发光.     

Proton Conduction in Dense and Porous Nanocrystalline Ceria Thin Films

The electrical conductivity of ceria thin films (epitaxial as well as dense and porous nanocrystalline) is investigated in dry and wet atmosphere at temperatures below 500 °C. For the epitaxial and the fully dense nanocrystalline samples, no significant differences can be observed between dry and wet conditions. In marked contrast, the nanocrystalline porous films obtained via spin coating exhibit a considerable enhancement of the protonic conductivity below 300 °C in wet atmosphere. This outcome reveals that the residual open mesoporosity plays the key role for the enhancement of the proton transport at low temperatures and not the high density of grain boundaries. The quantitative analysis of the various pathways, along which the proton transport can take place, indicates that the observed proton conduction can arise not only from bulk water adsorbed in the open pores but also from the space charge zones on the water side of the water/oxide interface.     

The influence of thermal annealing on the optical properties of nanocrystalline zinc sulfide films

The influence of thermal annealing on the photoluminescence, electroluminescence, and the transmission and reflection spectra in nanocrystalline zinc sulfide films has been studied. All the samples exhibit a broad emission band, the intensity of which depends on the annealing temperature. It is shown that luminophors, the crystal lattice of which includes imperfections that appeared in the transition from wurtzite to sphalerite, feature the highest emission intensity.     

掺Rb纳米晶DyIG磁光薄膜研究

用热分解法制备的Bi，Al替DyIG磁光薄膜虽然是纳米晶，但由于其晶界分布不均匀、晶粒较大且均匀性差，当用于磁光记录时，晶界将产生较大的噪音。而掺Rb的Bi，Al替DyIG磁光薄膜不仅可以降低晶化温度，而且晶粒明显细化，最大晶粒尺寸从100nm下降到50nm左右，平均晶粒尺寸下降为30nm左右。并且晶粒的均匀性明显改善，掺入的Rb以Rb2O固溶体的形式存在于磁光薄膜表面，填补了薄膜表面的凹凸不平，使薄膜表面反射率增加，信噪比增大。因此掺Rb可使纳米晶Bi，Al替DyIG磁光薄膜的性能大大提高。     

沉积电流对ZnO薄膜的结构和光学性质的影响

采用阴极电沉积的方法在导电玻璃上制备了ZnO薄膜.研究了沉积电流对薄膜结构特性和光学特性的影响.XRD分析表明ZnO薄膜为纤锌矿结构,晶粒尺寸随电流的增大而增大,择优取向随电流的变化发生了转变.光学测试表明样品的透射率最大值可达84%,禁带宽度随电流变化不大,接近于3.3 eV.     

RF—HFCVD生长高质量纳米金刚石薄膜

采用射频等离子体增强的热丝化学气相沉积 (RF HFCVD)技术在石英玻璃衬底上制备了高质量的纳米金刚石薄膜 .研究了衬底温度、反应气压及射频功率对金刚石膜的结晶习性和光学性质的影响 ,其最佳值分别为70 0℃、2× 133Pa和 2 0 0W .在该条件下金刚石成核密度达 10 11cm-2 ,经 1h生长即获得连续薄膜 ,其平均晶粒尺寸为 2 5nm ,表面粗糙度仅为 5 5 ,在近红外区域 (80 0nm处 )的光透过率达 90 % .     

脉冲激光沉积法制备氧化锌薄膜

ZnO是一种新型的Ⅱ-Ⅵ族半导体材料,具有优良的晶格、光学和电学性能,其显著的特点是在紫外波段存在受激发射。利用脉冲激光沉积法(PLD)在氧气氛中烧蚀锌靶制备了纳米晶氧化锌薄膜,衬底为石英玻璃,晶粒尺寸约为28-35 nm。X射线衍射(XRD)结果和光致发光(PL)光谱的测量表明,当衬底温度在100-250℃范围内时,所获得的ZnO薄膜具有c轴的择优取向,所有样品的强紫外发射中心均在378-385 nm范围内,深能级发射中心约518-558 nm,衬底温度为200℃时,得到了单一的紫外光发射(没有深能级发光)。这归因于其较高的结晶质量。     

High-k TixSi1−xO2 thin films prepared by co-sputtering method

We report on high-k Ti_xSi_1−xO₂ thin films prepared by RF magnetron co-sputtering using TiO₂ and SiO₂ targets at room temperature. The Ti_xSi_1−xO₂ thin films exhibited an amorphous structure with nanocrystalline grains of 3-30 nm having no interfacial layers. The XPS analyses indicate that stoichiometric TiO₂ phases in the Ti_xSi_1−xO₂ films increased due to stronger Ti-O bond with increasing TiO₂ RF powers. In addition, the electrical properties of the Ti_xSi_1−xO₂ films became better with increasing TiO₂ RF powers, from which the maximum value of the dielectric constant was estimated to be ∼30 for the samples with TiO₂ RF powers of 200 and 250 W. The transmittance of the Ti_xSi_1−xO₂ films was above 95% with optical bandgap energies of 4.1-4.2 eV. These results demonstrate a potential that the Ti_xSi_1−xO₂ thin films were applied to a high-k gate dielectric in transparent thin film transistors as well as metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistors.     

On Proton Conductivity in Porous and Dense Yttria Stabilized Zirconia at Low Temperature

The electrical conductivity of dense and nanoporous zirconia‐based thin films is compared to results obtained on bulk yttria stabilized zirconia (YSZ) ceramics. Different thin film preparation methods are used in order to vary grain size, grain shape, and porosity of the thin films. In porous films, a rather high conductivity is found at room temperature which decreases with increasing temperature to 120 °C. This conductivity is attributed to proton conduction along physisorbed water (Grotthuss mechanism) at the inner surfaces. It is highly dependent on the humidity of the surrounding atmosphere. At temperatures above 120 °C, the conductivity is thermally activated with activation energies between 0.4 and 1.1 eV. In this temperature regime the conduction is due to oxygen ions as well as protons. Proton conduction is caused by hydroxyl groups at the inner surface of the porous films. The effect vanishes above 400 °C, and pure oxygen ion conductivity with an activation energy of 0.9 to 1.3 eV prevails. The same behavior can also be observed in nanoporous bulk ceramic YSZ. In contrast to the nanoporous YSZ, fully dense nanocrystalline thin films only show oxygen ion conductivity, even down to 70 °C with an expected activation energy of 1.0 ± 0.1 eV. No proton conductivity through grain boundaries could be detected in these nanocrystalline, but dense thin films.     

Effects of the Cd:Zn:S molar ratio and heat treatment on the optical and photoluminescence properties of nanocrystalline CdZnS thin films

Nanocrystalline cadmium zinc sulfide thin films with different molar ratios were prepared by sol–gel dip-coating in a polyethyleneglycol matrix. After heat treatment in air at 250, 350 and 450 °C, the thin films were characterized by studying their structural, morphological, compositional, optical (linear and nonlinear) and photoluminescence (PL) properties. According to X-ray diffraction (XRD) results, the samples are polycrystalline with a hexagonal crystal structure and an average grain size of 12–18 nm. The surface morphology of the films was examined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The results show that the films consist of nanocrystalline grains included in clusters with uniform coverage over the substrate surface. To determine their chemical composition, X-ray photoelectron spectra (XPS) of composite films were measured. The transmittance and bandgap of the films increased with the Zn concentration and decreased with increasing annealing temperature. The refractive index of the films was measured and the related dispersion is discussed in terms of the Wemple–DiDomenico single oscillator model. The third-order nonlinear polarizability of the films was estimated using a semi-empirical relation based on the single oscillator model. The results show that the films are suitable as optical switches. PL spectra were recorded for an excitation wavelength of 210 nm. The emission intensity for the films varied with the Zn ratio and the annealing temperature and the behavior of different peaks is discussed.     

超纳米金刚石薄膜场发射特性的研究

超纳米金刚石(UNCD)是一种全新的纳米材料，具有许多独特性能。介绍了Si微尖和微尖阵列阴极沉积超纳米金刚石薄膜的工艺及其场发射特性。研究发现，适当的成核工艺和微波等离子体化学气相沉积工艺可在Si微尖上沉积一层光滑敷形的金刚石薄膜；沉积后阴极的电压-电流特性、发射电流的稳定性以及工作在氧气环境下的发射特性都获得明显提高。讨论了超纳米晶金刚石薄膜阴极的发射机理。     

Physical properties in thin films of iron oxides

We have grown hematite (α-Fe₂O₃) thin films on stainless steel substrates and magnetite (Fe₃O₄) thin films on (0 0 1)-Si single crystal substrates by a RF magnetron sputtering process. α-Fe₂O₃ thin films were grown in an Ar atmosphere at substrate temperatures around , and Fe₃O₄ thin films in an Ar/O₂ reactive atmosphere at substrate temperatures around . Conversion electron Mössbauer (CEM) spectra of α-Fe₂O₃ thin films exhibit values for hyperfine parameter characteristic of the hematite stoichiometric phase in the weak ferromagnetic state [R.E. Vandenberghe, in: Mössbauer Spectroscopy and Applications in Geology, University Gent, Belgium, 1990. [1]]. Furthermore, the relative line intensity ratio suggests that the magnetization vector of the polycrystalline film is aligned preferentially parallel to the surface. The CEM spectra of Fe₃O₄ thin films show the presence of only the stoichiometric phase, and the values for the hyperfine fields and isomer shifts of the A and B sites are consistent with bulk Fe₃O₄[1]. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) pattern of the polycrystalline thin films also corresponds to α-Fe₂O₃ and Fe₃O₄ [JCPDS, X-ray diffraction data cards, 2001. [2]]. The samples were also analyzed by atomic force microscopy (AFM) and they reveal a grain morphology common for polycrystalline films. We found an average grain size of 211 nm and surface roughness of 45 nm in α-Fe₂O₃ films and an average grain size of 148 nm and surface roughness of 1.2 nm in Fe₃O₄ films.     

Spontaneous and Stimulated Emission in Thin Films of Cu(In1 –xGax)(SySe1 –y)2 Solid Solutions in the Сomposition of Solar Cells

Semiconductors - The emission spectra of thin nanocrystalline films of Cu(In1 – xGax)(SySe1 – y)2 (CIGSSe) direct-gap solid solutions in the structure of solar cells, recorded upon...