交通荷载下台阶式加筋土挡墙动力响应的试验研究

台阶式加筋土挡墙在山区道路边坡支挡结构中应用广泛,针对总高相同的二级台阶式加筋土挡墙开展1∶3大型缩尺模型试验,首先分析交通循环荷载作用下台阶宽度D对加筋土挡墙顶部基础沉降比的影响,进而选取D=0.4H2(H2为下级挡墙高度)的台阶式加筋土挡墙,研究交通荷载幅值及频率变化时,挡墙位移、土压力、筋材应变和潜在滑动面的动力响应规律。结果表明:加载初期挡墙顶部沉降和面板水平位移增加明显,但随循环次数增加呈收敛趋势;面板最大水平位移出现在上级墙高约0.85H(H为总墙高)处,且分布模式几乎不受幅值及频率变化影响;荷载幅值和频率对上级挡墙筋材应变的影响明显,下级挡墙筋材在上级墙趾下方处应变较大;二级挡墙水平土压力值沿墙高均呈顶部与底部小而中部较大的分布形式;上级挡墙潜在破裂面随荷载幅值增大而下移,由局部破坏逐渐向深层整体破坏演变;填筑过程将使下墙近面板处垂直应力增至约为1.5倍自重。研究结果将为台阶式加筋土挡墙设计与施工提供有益指导。     

基于强度折减的有限差分法分析加筋土桥台的稳定性

采用基于强度折减理论的有限差分法对加筋土桥台结构的整体稳定性进行了数值计算与分析.计算得到了加筋土柔性桥台的土工格栅筋材的轴向受力分布情况,数值计算结果与实测数据相当接近;分析了加筋土筋材的受力机理以及筋材潜在的破裂面位置;讨论了有限差分程序FLAC分析加筋土柔性桥台时网格密度的选择,认为网格密度对计算结果的影响较大;并对加筋土结构的塑性区及塑性发展过程进行了一些分析和探讨.     

静动载下筋材变化对加筋土挡墙性能影响分析

为了研究动静荷载下,加筋长度及筋材类型变化对加筋土挡墙工作性能的影响,进行了7种工况下的加筋土挡墙模型试验,对比分析了加筋土挡墙的水平土压力、水平土压力系数、墙面水平位移和加载板竖向沉降及筋材应变等参数的发展规律。试验结果表明:动载下加筋土挡墙筋材应变随着加载时间的增长、加筋长度的减小、位置高度的增加而增大,且顶层筋材应变远远大于其他层;加筋长度及筋材横肋的减少明显降低挡墙的承载性能,格栅横肋减少导致挡墙极限承载力降低18% ,加筋长度减少使面板水平位移最大增大了2.2倍;与静载作用下相比,动载下土工格栅的侧向约束作用及网兜效应能够得到更好地发挥。     

受静载和循环荷载作用的基础下加筋挡墙工作性能分析

 基于受静载和循环荷载作用的基础下加筋挡墙模型试验,综合对比分析了基础位置、荷载大小、频率和循环次数等因素对加筋挡墙力学与变形性能的影响。试验结果表明：(1) 以基础极限承载力为标准,确定基础最佳偏移距离为0.3H(墙高);(2) 基础沉降和挡墙水平位移随荷载、频率和循环次数的增加而增加,当基础受静载且达到极限承载力前,沉降与墙高比均小于2%,挡墙水平位移与墙高比均小于1%;当基础受循环荷载时,增加循环荷载水平和频率使初始阶段基础沉降和挡墙水平位移增加明显,但随循环次数增加而变形收敛;(3) 紧邻基础下方的筋材应变显著高于其他层,且循环荷载水平越高,循环次数增多时筋材应变增幅显著;(4) 静载时挡墙破坏随基础偏移距离增加而由初始顶层面板被挤出,逐渐过渡到破坏面沿基础边缘并向挡墙深部发展的剪切破坏为主;当基础受循环荷载且频率较小时,顶层面板以挤出变形为主,增加荷载水平和频率,挡墙以中部面板挤出破坏为主。     

软基上柔性加筋挡土墙的工作性状研究

通过分别改变地基土压缩模量、地基土强度计算了软土地基上柔性加筋挡土墙的墙顶沉降、墙背土压力和筋材拉力并与刚性面板进行对比,得出了以下结论:与刚性面板的加筋挡土墙不同的是,柔性加筋挡土墙的墙顶沉降量最大的点位于墙临空面,地基土的强度和压缩模量对加筋挡土墙的墙背土压力和筋材拉力的影响不大,柔性加筋挡土墙的墙背土压力分布在静止土压力线附近,其大小比刚性面板的加筋挡土墙要大的多,软土地基上的加筋挡土墙筋材拉力有两个峰值,而且筋材拉力要比刚性面板的加筋挡土墙大的多。     

考虑筋材蠕变-温度耦合效应的加筋土挡墙变形分析

基于既有土工合成材料筋材蠕变试验结果及蠕变特性分析，构建一种考虑蠕变-温度耦合效应的筋材本构模型，并利用二维瞬态热传导方程，建立计算加筋土挡墙温度的有限差分公式，进而确定加筋土挡墙温度并结合筋材本构模型计算面板水平位移和筋材最大应变，综合分析了初始温度、温度幅值、筋材层间距、墙顶超载、填土内摩擦角和导热率等因素对挡墙水平位移和筋材应变的影响。计算结果表明：挡墙竣工后初次环境温度升温过程使面板水平位移和筋材最大应变增加明显，后续温度周期性变化时挡墙变形增长缓慢；挡墙初始温度越高，其初期变形增加明显，而增加温度幅值导致面板长期变形量增加明显；增加墙顶超载、筋材层间距或减小填土摩擦角，导致相同时间内面板水平变形增加明显；填土导热率对面板水平位移和筋材最大应变的影响较小；环境温度周期性变化下，3 a内挡墙最大水平位移δ_max与墙高H比值δ_max/H变化范围在0.9%～1.5%；筋材最大应变靠近面板且最大值接近10%的限值，实践中应重点关注靠近面板的筋材长期性能变化对加筋土挡墙变形和稳定性影响。     

加筋砂土挡墙筋材层数影响的有限元分析

利用非线性弹塑性有限元对具有不同筋材层数砂土挡墙的模型试验结果进行了系列性的模拟与分析。有限元解析采用了基于修正塑性功砂土的硬软化弹塑性本构模型,它可以同时考虑砂土强度的各向异性、应力水平相关性、剪切应变局部化特性以及应力路径效应等。研究结果表明,利用这种较高精度的有限元解析方法对加筋砂土挡墙的变形破坏进行分析,不仅能较好地模拟加筋砂土挡墙基础底面的平均压力与沉降之间的关系,同时也能较好地再现筋材层数变化对加筋砂土挡墙承载力与变形的加筋加固影响。虽然本文所分析的各种工况中加筋材的抗拉总刚度 ( 或总重量 ) 不变,但随着所划分筋材层数的增多,加筋砂土挡墙的承载力明显增大。另外,利用以上建议的有限元方法也能合理地模拟不同层数加筋砂土挡墙的剪切带发生发展状况、加筋材的拉力、面板的水平土压力分布、以及加筋砂土挡墙的渐进性变形破坏特性,从而为定量化地把握和理解加筋砂土挡墙中筋材层数的变化影响和加固效果提供了一个有效的途径。     

基于正交设计方法的加筋土挡墙侧向变形影响因素敏感性分析

以某座玻璃纤维土工格栅加筋土挡墙为依托,基于正交设计的科学方法,利用大型有限差分软件FLAC3D对该加筋环挡墙进行数值计算,得到了侧向水平位移沿挡墙高度方向的分布规律,计算结果表明,填料摩擦角、筋材间距、面板厚度、加筋长度对加筋土支挡结构侧向水平位移的影响程度依次递减;最大侧向位移值随加筋长度、面板厚度、填料内摩擦角增大而减小,随竖向加筋间距的增加而递增。研究成果可为加筋土挡墙设计及后续研究提供一定参考。     

半挖半填工况加筋土挡墙失稳机制试验研究与上限法分析

 设计并制作半挖半填工况的绿色加筋格宾模型挡墙,通过在挡墙顶部施加分级均布荷载,测试挡墙在各级荷载作用下的变形、土压力和筋材拉应变,并进行数值模拟,探讨挡墙承载力的发展规律和失稳模式;基于塑性极限分析的上限法,建立半挖半填工况加筋土挡墙的极限承载力,安全系数和极限高度的计算方法。研究表明：在墙顶分级均布荷载作用下,半挖半填工况加筋土挡墙承载力的发展过程可分为初始压密、正常发展、屈服和破坏失稳4个阶段;挡墙墙顶竖向沉降呈三角形分布,挡墙沿填挖交界面发生滑移失稳;挡墙面墙变形、土压力和筋材拉应变分布规律受挡墙的失稳模式影响;所推导的半挖半填工况加筋土挡墙稳定性分析方法考虑台阶面筋材的作用,具有较高的精度。     

基于极限状态内力分析的台阶式加筋土高挡墙内部稳定性设计方法

分级台阶设计常用于加筋土高挡墙中,目前相关设计方法滞后于实际工程。基于极限平衡法建立了台阶式加筋挡墙的筋材内力计算方法,用于确定极限状态下筋材内力分布,从而提出了台阶式加筋挡墙内部稳定性设计方法。从安全设计所需的筋材强度和筋材长度两个方面开展参数分析,揭示了台阶宽度、分级级数、分级挡墙高度等因素对挡墙内部稳定设计结果的影响规律。分析结果表明:稳定所需的筋材强度和长度随台阶宽度增加而减小,超过台阶临界宽度后筋材强度不变,直到各级挡墙完全独立筋材长度不变;台阶总宽度固定时,相比简单的放坡方式,台阶分级可以显著减小筋材强度和长度,宽度较大时双级挡墙筋材用量最少;上级挡墙高度稍大于总墙高一半时,双级挡墙稳定所需筋材强度和长度最小。     

格栅条带式加筋胎面挡土墙变形性能数值计算

采用土工格栅加筋的方法提高废旧轮胎挡墙的承载性能,促进废旧轮胎挡墙的推广应用,通过数值计算方法分析了不同墙顶荷载下有无土工格栅加筋的废旧轮胎挡墙的水平变形与竖向沉降反应特征,得出铺设土工格栅加筋的方法可显著减小墙体的水平变形和竖向沉降,提高废旧轮胎挡墙结构的承载能力,随着外荷载的增加,墙体变形模式依次呈凹凸微小变化型、“弯弓”型、“似弯弓”型和“鼓腮”型和直线型。考虑土工格栅的加筋长度、竖向加筋间距以及格栅加筋刚度3种因素对废旧轮胎+土工格栅加筋土挡墙的水平变形的影响,得出在废旧轮胎加筋土挡墙设计中,建议土工格栅的加筋长度选取范围为0.5H～0.7H,土工格栅竖向间距的选取范围为0.4 m~0.7 m,格栅刚度不宜大于5 000 kN/m。     

土工格栅加筋砂土复合体极限承载能力分析

土工合成材料加筋土桥台可以有效减小桥梁与路基之间的差异沉降,避免“桥头跳车”现象的发生。为了计算土工合成材料加筋土复合体在设计中承受荷载的安全冗余度,对其极限承载能力进行了分析。首先讨论了评价加筋土复合体极限承载能力的计算公式,并提出了该公式是否适用于评价加筋细颗粒土复合体承载性能的问题。然后在平面应变的条件下,进行了5组土工格栅加筋砂土模型试验和1组无加筋模型试验,考虑了加筋间距和筋材强度对加筋砂土复合体极限承载能力的影响,并将试验结果与公式的计算结果进行对比,发现该公式低估了加筋砂土的承载能力。基于莫尔库仑破坏准则,并假定加筋土的破坏面符合朗肯破坏面,提出了预测加筋砂土极限承载能力的分析模型,并将模型的计算值与试验值进行对比,发现两者基本吻合。     

Case history on failure of geosynthetics-reinforced soil bridge approach retaining walls

Six geosynthetic-reinforced soil (GRS) retaining walls supporting bridge approach roads of an overpass bridge in China exhibited a series of structural problems after 18 years of service. Field investigations demonstrated that the major structural problems consist of excessive lateral facing displacement, settlement and damage of facing panels, and pavement cracks above the GRS retaining walls. The structural problems were mainly caused by inadequate backfill compaction behind the facing, rain water infiltration, the settlement of foundation soil, and reinforcement ageing. Among the six GRS walls, a 22-m-long section collapsed after mild rain in July 2016, and the failure surface in the collapsed zone was mainly located 0.5–0.9 m away from the back of facing panels along the wall height. The field investigation found that external water filtration into the backfill behind the facing panels, and the breakage of connection between reinforcement and facing panels were the main causes of the failure. The connection breakage resulted from the ageing of PP reinforcement strips, and the critical issue of PP reinforcement ageing in complex backfill environment was pinpointed. Remedial measures of the failed section and reinforcing techniques of the remaining GRS walls were briefly presented in the end.     

Experimental study on the load bearing behavior of geosynthetic reinforced soil bridge abutments on yielding foundation

This paper presents an experimental study of the load bearing behavior of geosynthetic reinforced soil (GRS) bridge abutments constructed on yielding clay foundation. The effects of two different ground improvement methods for the yielding clay foundation, including reinforced soil foundation and stone column foundation, were evaluated. The clay foundation was prepared using kaolin and consolidated to reach desired shear strength. The 1/5-scale GRS abutment models with a height of 0.8 m were constructed using sand backfill, geogrid reinforcement, and modular block facing. For the GRS abutments on three different yielding foundations, the reinforced soil zone had relatively uniform settlement and behaved like a composite due to the higher stiffness than the foundation layers. The wall facing moved outward with significant movements near the bottom of facing, and the foundation soil in front of facing showed obvious uplifting movements. The vertical stresses transferred from the footing load within the GRS abutment and on the foundation soil are higher for stiffer foundation. The improvement of foundation soil using geosynthetic reinforced soil and stone columns could reduce the deformations of GRS abutments on yielding foundation. Results from this study provide insights on the practical applications of GRS abutments on yielding foundation.     

Experimental study on the load bearing behavior of geosynthetic reinforced soil bridge abutments with different facing conditions

This paper presents an experimental study on reduced-scale model tests of geosynthetic reinforced soil (GRS) bridge abutments with modular block facing, full-height panel facing, and geosynthetic wrapped facing to investigate the influence of facing conditions on the load bearing behavior. The GRS abutment models were constructed using sand backfill and geogrid reinforcement. Test results indicate that footing settlements and facing displacements under the same applied vertical stress generally increase from full-height panel facing abutment, to modular block facing abutment, to geosynthetic wrapped facing abutment. Measured incremental vertical and lateral soil stresses for the two GRS abutments with flexible facing are generally similar, while the GRS abutment with rigid facing has larger stresses. For the GRS abutments with flexible facing, maximum reinforcement tensile strain in each layer typically occurs under the footing for the upper reinforcement layers and near the facing connections for the lower layers. For the full-height panel facing abutment, maximum reinforcement tensile strains generally occur near the facing connections.     

土工格栅加筋挡土墙工作性能的非线性有限元数值分析

针对土工格栅加筋挡土墙发展了有限元数值分析方法,依此对某一足尺试验墙进行具体的有限元数值计算,将计算结果与试验实测结果进行了对比分析,验证了加筋挡土墙结构应力与变形有限元分析的可靠性,进而通过变动填土的强度特性和刚度特性以及加筋的刚度、长度和间距等参数,进行了数值计算,通过对比分析探讨了填土及加筋对土工格栅加筋挡土墙工作性能的影响程度,为加筋挡土墙的设计提供了参考依据。     

Experimental and theoretical studies on the ultimate bearing capacity of geogrid-reinforced sand

Geosynthetic reinforced soil (GRS) structures have gained popularity in replacing concrete rigid piles as abutments to support medium or small-spanned bridge superstructures in recent years. This study conducted 13 model tests to investigate the ultimate bearing capacity of the GRS mass when sand was used as backfill soil. The GRS mass was constructed and loaded to failure under a plane strain condition. Test results were compared with two analytical solutions available in literature. This study also proposed an analytical model for predicting the ultimate bearing capacity of the GRS mass based on the Mohr-Coulomb failure criterion. The failure surface of the GRS mass was described by the Rankine failure surface. The effects of compaction and reinforcement tension were equivalent to increased confining pressures to account for the reinforcing effects of the geosynthetic reinforcement. The proposed model was verified by the results of the model tests conducted in this study and reported in literature. Results indicated that the proposed model was more capable of predicting the ultimate bearing capacity of the GRS mass than the other two analytical solutions available in literature. The proposed model can be used to predict the ultimate bearing capacity of GRS structures when sand was used as backfill material. In addition, a parametric study was conducted to investigate the effects of friction angle of backfill soil, reinforcement spacing, reinforcement strength, and reinforcement stiffness on the ultimate bearing capacity of the GRS mass calculated with and without compaction effects. Results showed that the ultimate bearing capacity of the GRS mass was significantly affected by the friction angle of backfill soil, reinforcement spacing and strength. Compaction effects resulted in an increase in the ultimate bearing capacity of the GRS mass.     

交通荷载作用下桥头跳车的加筋效应分析

采用土工格栅与土动力相互作用模型并计入格栅纵肋、横肋效应,对某桥台试验进行了加筋和不加筋对比分析,结果表明:土工格栅被拉伸后形成的兜起效应提高了路基的承载能力、减小了填土内的破坏区域,有效地消减由于交通荷载作用产生的桥台与填土之间的沉降差。