Pharmaceutical Development: Present and Future Directions

Abstract

The future of Industrial Pharmaceutical Sciences depends upon an objective evaluation of the discipline in light of recent changes in the marketplace, the industry, the nature of new chemical entities entering the pipeline, manufacturing technologies, worldwide regulatory requirements, and even the plight of Academic Pharmaceutical Sciences. A proactive agenda must be established to effectively harness the business of Pharmaceutical Development to then drive interdepartmental alliances within R&D as well as with Commercial Manufacturing and Marketing. Pharmaceutical Development groups must become well integrated, dynamic learning organizations that can enhance the ability of Industrial Pharmaceutical Sciences to advance its unique, yet diverse science towards the twenty-first century.     

超细晶超高碳钢的研究现状及展望

超细晶超高碳钢是国外近年来发展起来的一种新型的、并具有重要发展前景的高性能钢铁材料。在系统总结超细晶超高碳钢的化学成分设计、制备工艺、室温组织性能及超塑性等各方面研究现状的基础上,对超细晶超高碳钢的发展提出展望。     

Biotechnology: Present and Future Roles in the Pharmaceutical Industry

Abstract

Biotechnology is the integration of a number of scientific disciplines including microbiology, genetics, biochemistry and chemical engineering. It uses living organisms, or systems or products from these organisms to make or modify useful products. New biotechnology comprises genetic engineering, protoplast fusion and monoclonal antibody techniques, powerful new “tools” designed to generate efficient bioprocesses and products for the pharmaceutical industry. The following areas of biotechnology are highlighted: human insulin, interferons and other growth factors, neuroactive peptides, blood products, antibiotics, enzymes, monoclonal antibodies, vaccines and oncogenes.     

Biotechnology: Present and Future Roles in the Pharmaceutical Industry

Biotechnology is the integration of a number of scientific disciplines including microbiology, genetics, biochemistry and chemical engineering. It uses living organisms, or systems or products from these organisms to make or modify useful products. New biotechnology comprises genetic engineering, protoplast fusion and monoclonal antibody techniques, powerful new “tools” designed to generate efficient bioprocesses and products for the pharmaceutical industry. The following areas of biotechnology are highlighted: human insulin, interferons and other growth factors, neuroactive peptides, blood products, antibiotics, enzymes, monoclonal antibodies, vaccines and oncogenes.     

群决策支持系统研究的现状值得注意的问题及将来的研究方向

对群决策支持系统的含义,组成、结构类型,实验研究及设计问题的研究现状进行了分析,提出了ＧＤＳＳ研究中值得注意的问题,并指出ＧＤＳＳ将来的研究方向。     

羟基磷灰石复合材料的研究现状与发展趋势

主要从制备工艺、力学性能、生物相容性和临床应用几个方面介绍了羟基磷灰石复合材料的研究现状.另外结合国内外生物材料的研究现状,综述了HAP生物材料在实际应用中存在的主要问题,并提出了相应的设想和发展趋势.     

半固态合金连续铸轧的技术现状与发展前景

半固态连续铸轧是一种融连续铸轧与半固态工艺为一体的新型金属板材成形技术。综述了半固态连续铸轧技术的现状与研究要点;分析了存在的问题并阐述了发展前景。     

梯度功能材料的研究现状与展望

综述了国内外梯度功能材料(FGM)的研究现状,介绍了梯度功能材料的优化设计原则、制备工艺与特性评价,其中重点介绍了梯度功能材料制备工艺的基本原理和工艺方法,如粉末冶金法、气相沉积法、自蔓延高温合成法、热喷涂法、电沉积法、激光熔敷法等,分析了各种制备工艺技术存在的利弊,展望了梯度功能材料的发展前景与方向.     

Cardiovasoactive Peptides in Hemodialysis Patients: Diagnostic Tools and Predictors of Outcome: A Review of Present Knowledge and Future Directions

The main cardiovasoactive peptides involved in cardiovascular adaptation to renal failure and dialysis are reviewed with a special focus on their possible role in pathophysiology, diagnosis of cardiovascular and fluid volume abnormalities, and prognostic information.
The role of vasoactive peptides in cardiovascular stability during hemodialysis (HD) are best seen in sequential HD, where the release of vasoconstrictors is stimulated by volume reduction during ultrafiltration, but is blunted during isovolemic HD, whereas plasma vasodilators increase.
Plasma levels of the natriuretic peptides atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) and brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) are elevated in fluid volume overload and heart failure and decrease during dialysis. Neuropeptide Y (NPY) is elevated in severe volume overload and hypertension and calcitonin gene-related peptide in large-volume overload. Plasma BNP increases with left ventricular failure and improves during dialysis.
Activation of the sympathetic nervous system as reflected by increased plasma levels of NPY is associated with poor prognosis. High levels of the natriuretic peptides ANP and BNP are likewise predictors of poor prognosis.
Determinations of plasma levels of cardiovasoactive peptides may be helpful in clinical practice to diagnose volume overload and heart failure and to assess the severity of heart failure and of hypertension, as a guide to the choice of dialysis treatment and pharmacotherapy and to monitor treatment. Clinical studies will be needed in HD patients to establish the value of measurement of plasma cardiovasoactive peptides in clinical practice.
The research in this field is still in its infancy and promises to be exciting in the future. There appears to be a balance of vasomotor tone and cardiac response to meet any emergency and stress such as intermittent dialysis. Further knowledge will increase our chances for major therapeutic interventions.     

Future Directions for Data Compilations

As the world's supply of thermophysical property data that emerges from the laboratory increases, users of data become more dependent on evaluated compilations. However, the cost of producing and maintaining such compilations by traditional methods is becoming prohibitively expensive. The traditional compiler searches the literature, extracts, evaluates, and analyzes pertinent data and gathers it into a document or electronic database that reflects the state of knowledge of a particular subject at a particular time. Because clef the inherent time lag, it never catches up to the current state. The attempt to catch up requires that the whole procedure be repeated at intervals, with greater cost for each cycle. A more cost-effective procedure, called dynamic compilation is described. Here the user produces a compilation to-order at the time of need. It uses a suitable archive of experimental data maintained up-to-date, an automated procedure for extracting and selecting the best pertinent data, and procedures for fitting the pieces to suitable models that furnishes parameters for internally consistent data sets. With proper design of components this procedure is more economical than and superior to the traditional static compilations.     

Superconducting Applications: Present and Future

I examine present and future applications of superconductors. The host of requirements that must be satisfied for a successful commercial application are described and discussed briefly. The substantial role of materials in applications, the large number of requirements on successful commercial superconducting wire, and the trends in superconducting material development are discussed.     

羟基磷灰石复合骨替代材料的研究现状与发展趋势

从制备工艺、力学性能、生物相容性和临床应用等方面介绍了各类羟基磷灰石(HAP)复合骨替代材料的研究现状,分析了它们的特点和在实际应用中存在的主要问题,并展望了其未来的发展趋势.     

From Molecules to Materials: Current Trends and Future Directions

The development, characterization, and exploitation of novel materials based on the assembly of molecular components is an exceptionally active and rapidly expanding field. For this reason, the topic of molecule-based materials (MBMs) was chosen as the subject of a workshop sponsored by the Chemical Sciences Division of the United States Department of Energy. The purpose of the workshop was to review and discuss the diverse research trajectories in the field from a chemical perspective, and to focus on the critical elements that are likely to be essential for rapid progress. The MBMs discussed encompass a diverse set of compositions and structures, including clusters, supramolecular assemblies, and assemblies incorporating biomolecule-based components. A full range of potentially interesting materials properties, including electronic, magnetic, optical, structural, mechanical, and chemical characteristics were considered. Key themes of the workshop included synthesis of novel components, structural control, characterization of structure and properties, and the development of underlying principles and models. MBMs, defined as “useful substances prepared from molecules or molecular ions that maintain aspects of the parent molecular framework” are of special significance because of the capacity for diversity in composition, structure, and properties, both chemical and physical. Key attributes are the ability in MBMs to access the additional dimension of multiple length scales and available structural complexity via organic chemistry synthetic methodologies and the innovative assembly of such diverse components. The interaction among the assembled components can thus lead to unique behavior. A consequence of the complexity is the need for a multiplicity of both existing and new tools for materials synthesis, assembly, characterization, and theoretical analysis. For some technologically useful properties, e.g., ferro- or ferrimagnetism and superconductivity, the property is not a property of a molecule or ion; it is a cooperative solid-state (bulk) property—a property of the entire solid. Hence, the desired properties are a consequence of the interactions between the molecules or ions, and understanding the solid-state structure as well as methods to predict, control, and modulate the structure are essential to understanding and manipulating such behaviors. As challenging as this is, molecules enable a substantially greater ability of control than atoms as building blocks for new materials and thus are well positioned to contribute significantly to new materials. The diversity of components and processes leads to the recognition of the critical role of cross-disciplinary research, including not only that between traditionally different areas within chemistry, but also between chemistry and biochemistry, physics, and a number of engineering disciplines. Enhancing communication and active collaboration between these groups was seen as a critical goal for the research area.     

Recent Advances and Future Directions for Quality Engineering

The origins of quality engineering are in manufacturing, where quality engineers apply basic statistical methodologies to improve the quality and productivity of products and processes. In the past decade, people have discovered that these methodologies are effective for improving almost any type of system or process, such as financial, health care, and supply chains. This paper begins with a review of key advances and trends within quality engineering over the past decade. The second part uses the first part as a foundation to outline new application areas for the field. It also discusses how quality engineering needs to evolve in order to make significant contributions to these new areas. © 2015 The Authors Quality and Reliability Engineering International Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.     

印刷制版版材现状及未来发展趋势

综述T20世纪90年代以来计算机直接制版版材(CTP)，预涂感光版(PS)，柔性版等版材现状和未来发展趋势，旨在对我国版材的研制及发展有所启发。     

The Nucleic Acid Database: Present and Future

The Nucleic Acid Database is a relational database containing information about three-dimensional nucleic acid structures. The methods used for data processing, structure validation, database management and information retrieval, as well as the various services available via the World Wide Web, are described. Plans for the future include greater reliance on the Macromolecular Crystallographic Information File for both data processing and data management.     

Superfluid Gyrometers: Present State and Future Prospects

Superfluid gyrometers can monitor absolute rotations by measuring the rotation induced velocity of superfluid helium flowing in a closed loop. We compare the operation characteristics of two working prototypes and discuss possible improvements and intrinsic limitations of present and future geometries.