New Method for 3D and Asymmetrical Slope Stability Analysis

A new three-dimensional (3D) slope stability analysis method is developed based on two-directional moment equilibrium. This method calculates not only the safety factor but also the possible direction of sliding for semispherical and composite failure surfaces. As a result, the possible errors associated with assuming a plane of symmetry in 3D stability analyses are eliminated. Another advantage of the new method is to eliminate the tedious work on the coordinate transformation prior to the analysis. Two examples of symmetrical failure surfaces are used to verify the basic formulation in the present study. Three additional examples further demonstrate the applicability of the proposed method in analyzing 3D asymmetrical failure surfaces. An analysis on a slope, subject to asymmetrical excavation unloading and geological conditions, shows that using the method of one-directional moment equilibrium may give an overestimated safety factor of the slope.     

Three-Dimensional Asymmetrical Slope Stability Analysis Extension of Bishop’s, Janbu’s, and Morgenstern–Price’s Techniques

Most existing three-dimensional (3D) slope stability analysis methods are based on simple extensions of corresponding two-dimensional (2D) methods of analysis and a plane of symmetry or direction of slide is implicitly assumed. In this paper, 3D asymmetric slope stability models based on extensions of Bishop’s simplified, Janbu’s simplified, and Morgenstern–Price’s methods are developed. Under these new formulations, the direction of slide is unique and is determined from 3D force/moment equilibrium. Results from the new formulations are similar to the classical methods in normal cases but are numerically stable under transverse load. Further, the writers demonstrate that the present formulation is actually equivalent to the axes rotation formulation by Jiang and Yamagami but is much more convenient to be used for general problems. The writers have also discovered some inherent limitations of 3D limit equilibrium analysis which are absent in the corresponding 2D analysis.     

Theory of Three-Dimensional Discontinuous Deformation Analysis and Its Application to a Slope Toppling at Amatoribashi, Japan

A three-dimensional (3D) rock slope toppling occurred in a discontinuous rock mass. To simulate the failure process and study the mechanism of this rock failure with contact and large displacement in 3D, a new discrete numerical method has been developed called the 3D discontinuous deformation analysis (DDA). This article first introduces the basic principles and then derives the formulas in detail. Finally, the slope failure simulation is applied as an example to investigate the applicability of this new method to rock slope failure research. The simulation results indicate the advantages of using this new method to study the mechanism of a rock slope failure with 3D behavior.     

三维软硬互层边坡的破坏模式与稳定性研究

采用FLAC3D强度折减法,研究在岩层倾角、岩层与边坡走向夹角变化时三维软硬互层边坡的稳定性状况,并对其破坏模式进行辨识与归纳分析.结果表明:边坡破坏模式的判别应综合考虑岩层的倾角大小、岩层走向与边坡走向的夹角大小及坡面上的剪出条件;当岩层与边坡走向夹角β<90°时,随着岩层倾角α的增大,边坡的破坏模式变化趋势为由蠕滑-压致拉裂、塑流-拉裂、滑移-拉裂向滑移-弯曲、弯曲-拉裂转变;当β>90°时,边坡的破坏模式趋势为塑流-拉裂、滑移-弯曲、弯曲-拉裂;边坡稳定性系数随走向夹角的增大先增加后减小,β=90°时最大,且α越大,稳定性系数峰值越大;顺向时随着岩层倾角的增大,边坡的破坏模式变化趋势为蠕滑-压致拉裂、滑移-拉裂、滑移-弯曲、弯曲-拉裂,稳定性系数变化先减小后增大,存在一最不利岩层倾角,其对应的稳定性系数最小;反向坡的破坏模式变化趋势为蠕滑-压致拉裂和弯曲-拉裂,稳定性系数逐渐增加.      

基于有限元极限平衡法的三维边坡稳定性

提出了一种基于有限元弹塑性应力场和极限平衡状态的三维边坡稳定分析方法——三维有限元极限平衡法。首先,考虑三维空间中滑动方向,提出滑动面上一点在滑动方向上的极限平衡条件,并证明滑动面上土体整体达到极限平衡状态与滑动面上土体各处在滑动方向上处于极限平衡状态等价。再通过刚体极限平衡假定计算主滑方向和滑动面上各点滑动方向。最后,定义局部安全系数为抗剪强度与滑动方向上剪应力投影的比值,基于三维边坡整体极限平衡条件将局部安全系数通过积分中值定理转变为整体安全系数。该方法计算简单,消除了剪应力比形式定义安全系数滑动面形状限制,具备合理性与有效性。算例验证结果表明,该方法滑动方向假设合理,安全系数与严格三维极限平衡法结果一致。      

论埋藏深度对隧洞围岩与衬砌应力的影响

隧洞开挖引起的围岩应力重新分布和应力集中是导致围岩失稳破坏的根本作用力。在理论分析的基础上,以圆形隧洞为研究对象,应用FLAC3D程序进行数值模拟,分析了埋藏深度对隧洞围岩与衬砌应力的影响规律,为隧洞建设与维护提供科学的理论指导。     

Limit Analysis and Stability Charts for 3D Slope Failures

The kinematic approach of limit analysis is explored in three-dimensional (3D) stability analysis of slopes. A formal derivation is first shown indicating that, in a general case, the approach yields an upper bound to the critical height of the slope or an upper bound on the safety factor. A 3D failure mechanism is used to produce stability charts for slopes. The slope safety factor can be read from the charts without the need for iterations. While two-dimensional (2D) analyses of uniform slopes lead to lower safety factors than 3D analyses do, a 3D calculation is justified in cases where the width of the collapse mechanism has physical limitations, for instance, in the case of excavation slopes, or when the analysis is carried out to back-calculate the properties of the soil from 3D failure case histories. Also, a 3D failure can be triggered by a load on a portion of the surface area of the slope. Calculations indicate that for the 3D safety factor of the loaded slope to become lower than the 2D factor for the same slope (but with a load-free surface), the load has to be very significant and equal to the weight of a soil column of the order 10?1 of the slope height.     

Accuracy assessment of methods for determining hip movement in seated cycling

The goal of this research was to examine the accuracy of three methods used to indicate the hip joint center (HJC) in seated steady-state cycling. Two of the methods have been used in previous studies of cycling biomechanics and included tracking a marker placed over the superior aspect of the greater trochanter, a location that estimates the center of rotation of the hip joint, and assuming that the hip is fixed. The third method was new and utilized an anthropometric relationship to determine the hip joint location from a marker placed over the anterior-superior iliac spine. To perform a comparative analysis of errors inherent in the three methods, a standard method which located the true hip joint center was developed. The standard method involved establishing a pelvis-fixed coordinate system using a triad of video markers attached to an intracortical pin. Three-dimensional motion analysis quantified the true hip joint center position coordinates. To provide data for the comparative analysis, the intracortical pin was anchored to a single subject who pedaled at nine cadence-workrate combinations while data for all four methods were simultaneously recorded. At all cadence-workrate combinations the new method was more accurate than the trochanter method with movement errors lower by a factor of 2 in the vertical direction and a factor of 3 in the horizontal direction. Relative to the errors introduced by the fixed hip assumption, the new method was also generally more accurate by at least a factor of 2 in the horizontal direction and had comparable accuracy in the vertical direction. For computed kinetic quantities, the new method most accurately indicated hip joint force power but the fixed hip method most accurately indicated the work produced by the hip joint force over the crank cycle.     

GIS-Based Implementation of Three-Dimensional Limit Equilibrium Approach of Slope Stability

The growing popularity of the geographical information system (GIS), with capacities ranging from conventional data storage to complex spatial analysis and graphical presentation, means it is also becoming a powerful tool for geotechnical engineers. In this technical note, integrating the GIS grid-based data with four proposed column-based limit equilibrium models of three-dimensional (3D) slope stability analysis, new correspondent GIS grid-based 3D deterministic models have been devised in order to calculate the safety factor of the slope. Based on four GIS-based 3D slope stability analysis models, a GIS-based program, 3DSlopeGIS, has been developed to implement the algorithm where the whole of the input data is in the same form as the GIS dataset. Certain widely addressed examples have been evaluated using 3DSlopeGIS and the results show the correction and potential of this GIS-based tool as a means of assessing the 3D stability of a slope. A practical slope problem has also been evaluated using the 3DSlopeGIS system, and the results have illustrated the convenience of data management.     

Geographic Information Systems-Based Three-Dimensional Critical Slope Stability Analysis and Landslide Hazard Assessment

In this paper, by combining the geographic information systems (GIS) spatial analysis function and a hydrologic analysis and modeling tool with a column-based three-dimensional (3D) slope stability analysis model, a new GIS grid-based 3D deterministic model has been developed for slope stability analysis. Assuming the initial slip as the lower half of an ellipsoid, the identification of the 3D critical slip surface in the 3D slope stability analysis is performed by means of a minimization of the 3D safety factor using Monte Carlo random simulation. By using this hydrologic analysis and modeling tool, dividing the whole study area into slope units, and taking each slope unit as a study object, the minimum 3D safety factor for each slope unit can be obtained, and the landslide hazard can then be mapped for the whole study area.     

电场驱动熔融喷射沉积高分辨率3D打印

针对传统熔融沉积成型面临的成型精度低和打印材料受限, 基于电流体动力熔融沉积在成形高度、材料种类、基板导电性和平整性、3D成形能力等方面的不足和局限性, 本研究提出一种电场驱动熔融喷射沉积3D打印新工艺, 其采用双加热集成式喷头并施加单极脉冲高电压(单电势), 利用电场驱动微量热熔融材料喷射并精准沉积来形成高分辨率结构.引入两种新的打印模式: 脉冲锥射流模式和连续锥射流模式, 拓展了可供打印材料的种类和范围.通过理论分析、数值模拟和实验研究, 揭示了所提出工艺的成形机理、作用机制以及成形规律.利用提出的电场驱动熔融喷射沉积3D打印方法, 结合优化工艺参数, 完成了三个典型工程案例, 即大尺寸微尺度模具、大高宽比微结构、宏微跨尺度组织支架和网格三维结构.其中采用内径250 μm喷头, 打印出最小线宽4 μm线栅结构, 高宽比达到25:1薄壁圆环微结构.结果表明, 电场驱动熔融喷射沉积高分辨率3D打印具有打印分辨率高、材料普适性广、宏/微跨尺度的突出优势, 为实现低成本、高分辨率熔融沉积3D打印提供了一种全新的解决方案.      

基于FlAC3D的露天矿边坡稳定性及影响因素敏感性分析

结合露天矿边坡实际情况，利用FLAC3D数值模拟软件对露天矿边坡进行三维数值模拟分析，运用有限元强度折减法计算边坡稳定安全系数。为研究各因素对边坡稳定性的影响，选取6个典型边坡影响因素（内摩擦角、黏聚力、抗拉强度、重度、弹性模量和泊松比）设计正交试验，采用FLAC3D数值软件对正交实验方案进行模拟运算，运用多因素灰色关联分析法分析计算结果，并与单因素分析进行对比。结果表明：根据计算不收敛这一判据，求解安全系数流程简单，在满足精度要求的情况下，求得边坡安全系数为1.96；2种分析方法计算得出的各因素敏感性大小基本一致，内摩擦角对边坡稳定性的影响最大，其次是黏聚力，泊松比的影响最小。其中，多因素分析过程中正交实验灰色理论耦合分析考虑各因素之间的交互作用，通过计算各影响因素之间的关联度，得出各影响因素的敏感性大小，所得结果更加可靠。     

Elastic Stability and Second-Order Analysis of Three-Dimensional Frames: Effects of Column Orientation

The elastic stability and second-order analysis of three-dimensional (3D) multicolumn systems including the effects of cross-section orientation of each column are presented in a condensed manner using the classical Timoshenko’s stability functions. This formulation is an extension of an algorithm recently presented by the writer in 2002 by which the effective length K-factor for each column, the total critical load, and second-order analysis of a 3D multicolumn system can be determined directly. Extended characteristic transcendental equations corresponding to multicolumn systems with sidesway and twist uninhibited, partially inhibited, and totally inhibited with semirigid connections are derived and discussed. The proposed method is limited to 3D multicolumn systems made up with doubly symmetrical vertical columns with the principal axes of each column cross section oriented in any direction with respect to the floor global axes and with every column sharing the same interstory sidesways (i.e., two horizontal translations and a rotation about the vertical axis). Shear and axial deformations in all members are omitted. Three comprehensive examples are presented and the calculated results compared with those obtained using SAP2000 (Version 6.1, 1997) showing: (1) the effectiveness and simplicity of the proposed approach; (2) its validity to carry out stability and second-order analyses of 3D multicolumn systems; and (3) the importance of the orientation of the cross section of the columns on the lateral response of 3D multicolumn systems. Analytical results indicate that a frame reaches its maximum overall lateral stiffness and a dominant sidesway buckling (without overall frame torsional rotation or twist about its vertical axis) when all columns are oriented with their minor axis tangent to the circumscribed circle such that the multicolumn system acts as a tube offering its maximum twist stiffness.     

Probabilistic Assessment of Slope Stability That Considers the Spatial Variability of Soil Properties

In this paper, a numerical procedure for probabilistic slope stability analysis is presented. This procedure extends the traditional limit equilibrium method of slices to a probabilistic approach that accounts for the uncertainties and spatial variation of the soil strength parameters. In this study, two-dimensional random fields were generated based on a Karhunen-Loève expansion in a fashion consistent with a specified marginal distribution function and an autocorrelation function. A Monte Carlo simulation was then used to determine the statistical response based on the generated random fields. This approach makes no assumption about the critical failure surface. Rather, the critical failure surface corresponding to the input random fields of soil properties is searched during the process of analysis. A series of analyses was performed to verify the application potential of the proposed method and to study the effects of uncertainty due to the spatial heterogeneity on the stability of slope. The results show that the proposed method can efficiently consider the various failure mechanisms caused by the spatial variability of soil property in the probabilistic slope stability assessment.     

Tension and Compression Stability and Second-Order Analyses of Three-Dimensional Multicolumn Systems: Effects of Shear Deformations

The stability and second-order analyses of three-dimensional (3D) multicolumn systems including the effects of shear deformations along the span of each column are presented in a condensed manner. This formulation is an extension to an algorithm presented recently by the writer in 2002 and 2003 by which the critical load of each column, the total critical load, and the second-order response of a 3D multicolumn system with semirigid connections can be determined directly. The proposed solution includes not only the combined effects of flexural deformations and shear distortions along the columns in their two principal transverse axes, but also the effect of the shear forces along each member induced by the applied end axial force as the columns deform and deflect (as suggested by Haringx in 1947 and explained by Timoshenko and Gere in 1961) in their two principal transverse axes. The extended characteristic transcendental equations (corresponding to multicolumn systems with sidesway and twist uninhibited, partially inhibited, and totally inhibited) that are derived and discussed in this publication find great applications in the stability and second-order analyses of 3D multicolumn systems made of materials with relatively low shear stiffness such as orthotropic composite materials (fiber reinforced plastic) and multilayer elastomeric bearings used for seismic isolation of buildings. The phenomenon of buckling under axial tension in members with relatively low shear stiffness (observed by Kelly in 2003 in multilayer elastomeric bearings, and recently discussed by the writer in 2005) is captured by the proposed method. Tension buckling must not be ignored in the stability analysis of multicolumn systems made of columns in which the shear stiffness GAs is of the same order of magnitude as π2EI/h2.     

Modeling Measured 3D Tire Contact Stresses in a Viscoelastic FE Pavement Model

Three‐dimensional (3D) contact stresses occurring between the road surface and the tire that were measured with the South African Vehicle Road Surface Pressure Transducer Array (VRSPTA) device under a moving wheel are transformed to a corresponding force/stress pattern representing the actual contact stress state under the tire by means of a software program. In combination with a dynamic load function such force patterns derived from these Stress‐in‐Motion (SIM) measurements with the VRSPTA device are used to introduce a more advanced load representation of the tire‐pavement interface into a three‐dimensional (3D) finite element (FE) model. Further, a method is presented to derive viscoelastic material properties of asphalt concrete (AC) mixes from dynamic frequency sweep shear (FS‐S) tests of lab specimens or field cores that can be used to define material behavior of the AC layers in the 3D FE pavement model. Linear elastic layered theory is utilized to validate the results of the FE computations in order to demonstrate that the FE method can successfully be used to include SIM measurements for more advanced analysis and design of pavements. First results of the 3D FE simulation of a load circle of the Heavy Vehicle Simulator (HVS) during accelerated pavement testing of a pavement test section are presented. These results encourage employment of the FE pavement model for further simulation work to assess the rutting potential of AC mixes in combination with different tire types and loading situations.     

等效岩体三维随机节理网络模型构建及其在两河口水电站中的应用

节理的存在对水电高陡岩质边坡的力学性质有重要影响,如何构建反映三维节理分布特征的等效岩体计算模型,是分析与评价岩体力学特性的关键。本文基于损伤力学和统计强度理论,在三维岩石破裂过程分析（RFPA3D）软件的基础上,提出了一种计算等效岩体三维随机节理网络模型的新方法。首先,基于Baecher模型和Monte-Carlo方法,在RFPA3D软件中实现了三维随机离散节理网络（Discrete fracture network,DFN）模型的重构。然后,利用RFPA3D软件内嵌DFN模型,赋予节理和岩石不同的力学参数,构建了工程尺度等效岩体三维随机节理网络模型,实现了三维随机节理岩体破裂过程、变形和强度等力学性质的分析。最后,以两河口水电站左岸边坡坝址区下游节理岩体为研究对象,验证了三维随机DFN模型的准确性,开展了研究区内节理岩体尺寸效应研究,并获得了研究区内岩体的表征单元体（Representative elementary volume,REV）和等效力学参数。该研究成果为等效岩体力学行为分析提供一种新方法。      

Evaluation of Interslice Force Function and Discussion on Convergence in Slope Stability Analysis by the Lower Bound Method

The interslice force function f(x) is a major assumption of the limit equilibrium method, which is important but has not been adequately considered in the past. In this paper, f(x) is taken as the control variable, and the upper and lower limits of the factor of safety for a general slope will be determined by a global optimization analysis. Based on this approach, f(x) will be determined and investigated. We demonstrate that f(x) cannot be arbitrarily assigned if a set of acceptable internal forces is required. The present approach can be presented practically as a lower bound approach with the advantage that failure to converge is virtually eliminated, which is not possible with all other existing “rigorous” methods. The “present proposal” attempts to answer several important questions in the basic theory of slope stability analysis, and provides a f(x) based on the lower bound approach statically admissible forces throughout the whole failure zone. Currently, different assumptions will give different factors of safety to the same problem, and this situation will be overcome by the use of the present proposal. The present proposal is also proven to give a result equal to the slip line solution for a simple footing on clay which is not possible for other classical slope stability methods, which has demonstrated that the applicability of the “present proposal” for general difficult problems.     

复杂地质条件下矿区初始地应力场反演分析

初始地应力场是地下工程设计和稳定性分析的重要依据.前常铁矿矿区地质构造复杂、巷道围岩破坏严重,掌握矿区地应力场的分布规律对了解巷道破坏、进行支护设计具有重要意义.采用三维有限差分数值计算软件(Flac3D),建立了考虑矿区主要断层、岩层等的三维数值模型,进行矿区地应力场的模拟,分析了矿区整体、地质构造处和-480 m中...     

基于极限平衡法和强度折减法的边坡稳定性分析

考虑传统的极限平衡法和FLAC二维非线性数值分析方法的优缺点,将边坡稳定性分析的Slide极限平衡法和FLAC2D强度折减法相结合,以某排土场为工程实际,进行了边坡在天然、天然地震、降雨和降雨地震四种不同工况下的稳定性验算比较;鉴于影响边坡稳定因素的不确定性,采用基于Spencer法的Mont-Carlo法进行了边坡可靠度指标的计算,并对强度参数C、（φ）和容重γ对边坡稳定的影响进行了分析,得出边坡稳定对内摩擦角（φ）的敏感性高于内聚力C的敏感性,而容重γ的影响较C、（φ）可忽略不计.该方法通过两者的相互校核,不仅给出边坡非线性应力-应变关系和安全系数来共同评价边坡的稳定性,而且结合排土场边坡安全系数的概率分析提供边坡潜在的失效概率使边坡稳定性评价更加科学、精确.