Secondary control critiqued: Is it secondary? Is it control? Comment on Morling and Evered (2006).

In an insightful review on secondary control, B. Morling and S. Evered (see record 2006-03023-005) argued that the seminal article spawning the construct (F. Rothbaum, J. R. Weisz, & S. S. Snyder, see record 1982-23598-001) contained the roots of two distinct conceptualizations focusing on "fit" and "control" and that distinguishing between them clarifies inconsistent research findings. They concluded that the best definition of secondary control focuses on fit. The author of the current commentary agrees with Morling and Evered's premises but draws the opposite conclusion. Herein, it is argued that (a) current control-focused definitions have more valid claims to the term secondary control, and (b) current incarnations that focus on "fit" are important, but they are not secondary and they are not control. Hence, fit-focused constructs should be liberated from the domain of control and studied in their own right, under their own more appropriate label, such as accommodative processes. Moreover, theoretical clarity and depth regarding the functions of fit-focused processes can be gained by examining these processes in relation to other underlying motives, such as belongingness or autonomy, to which they are more closely allied. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

The construct formerly known as secondary control: Reply to Skinner (2007).

The authors reply to E. A. Skinner (2007, p. 911), who agreed with their distinction between control-focused and fit-focused secondary control (B. Morling & S. Evered, see record 2006-03023-005) but who argued that fit-focused secondary control should be renamed accommodation and be liberated from the control domain. The authors agree that their conception of fit-focused secondary control overlaps with accommodation and that researchers should study such psychological processes in their own right-not solely as a backup to primary control. Although the authors can assent to a name change, they argue that the line between control and accommodation is messier than E. A. Skinner's taxonomy suggests. The 2 constructs work together to help people achieve fit between self and context, and in certain cultural contexts, they may overlap. The field might observe a transitional period in which both terms were used, so that accommodation would not prematurely or unreasonably sever its ties to control or to the fit-focused construct described by F. Rothbaum, J. R. Weisz, and S. S. Snyder (see record 1982-23598-001). (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Coping, control, and adjustment in type 2 diabetes.

The relationships of both coping strategies and perceived control to psychological and physiological adjustment were investigated in 115 adults (65 women, 50 men) with Type 2 diabetes. Results showed that (a) emotional preoccupation and palliative coping were positively correlated with depression and state anxiety, whereas perceived control was negatively correlated with depression, state anxiety, and hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c); (b) instrumental coping predicted lower depression; (c) perceived control moderated the relationships between instrumental coping and depression, and emotional preoccupation coping and HbA1c; and (d) emotional preoccupation coping mediated the relationships between perceived control and depression, and perceived control and state anxiety. Results are discussed in terms of the goodness-of-fit hypothesis (V. J. Conway & D. J. Terry, 1992), optimal coping, and the importance of perceived control in psychological and physiological adjustment. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

At the intersection of culture and religion: A cultural analysis of religion's implications for secondary control and social affiliation.

Religion helps people maintain a sense of control, particularly secondary control—acceptance of and adjustment to difficult situations—and contributes to strengthening social relationships in a religious community. However, little is known about how culture may influence these effects. The current research examined the interaction of culture and religion on secondary control and social affiliation, comparing people from individualistic cultures (e.g., European Americans), who tend to be more motivated toward personal agency, and people from collectivistic cultures (e.g., East Asians), who tend to be more motivated to maintain social relationships. In Study 1, an analysis of online church mission statements showed that U.S. websites contained more themes of secondary control than did Korean websites, whereas Korean websites contained more themes of social affiliation than did U.S. websites. Study 2 showed that experimental priming of religion led to acts of secondary control for European Americans but not Asian Americans. Using daily diary methodology, Study 3 showed that religious coping predicted more secondary control for European Americans but not Koreans, and religious coping predicted more social affiliation for Koreans and European Americans. These findings suggest the importance of understanding sociocultural moderators for the effects of religion. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2011 APA, all rights reserved)     

矩形坯连铸机二次冷却的在线控制

以上钢三厂１＃连铸机二次冷却系统改造为研究对象，应用连铸工艺理论和自动控制技术，研制了三种配水方案，建立了二冷水控制模型。其中配水模型的确定、配水参数的处理和二冷水在线控制系统的组成充分体现出工程化的思想。生产实践表明，系统运行是可靠的，并产生了良好的经济效益。     

Coping Strategies Among Swedish Female and Male Managers in an International Context.

This work was part of the Collaborative International Study of Managerial Stress. Swedish managers (N=288) from the 3 highest levels in the organizations were included. Swedish results were compared with managerial coping data from 4 other nations. Cross-national differences in support and control coping were found. Covert coping seemed to be a predominantly female strategy. In general, however, female and male managers are more alike with regard to coping patterns than men and women in the population. Some of the coping behavior of managers was associated with health risks. These data imply that coping strategies should be improved in organizational settings, particularly for females. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Gender differences in the adaptive influence of folk beliefs: A longitudinal study of life satisfaction in aging.

Folk beliefs such as "there's a silver lining in every cloud" reflect a positive approach to life that maps onto the notion of interpretive secondary control, and may have consequences for well being. The authors assessed older individuals' agreement with folk beliefs, and examined gender differences in their adaptive implications for well being and positive and negative emotion, both cross-sectionally and longitudinally over 7 years. Following previous research on interpretive secondary control, the authors anticipated that folk beliefs would be (a) more strongly endorsed by or (b) more beneficial to older women than to older men, particularly among those with serious health problems. Although women and men endorsed folk beliefs equally, women benefited more reliably from these beliefs, and women with serious health problems benefited the most. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Anxiety-related attentional biases and their regulation by attentional control.

This study examined the role of self-reported attentional control in regulating attentional biases related to trait anxiety. Simple detection targets were preceded by cues labeling potential target locations as threatening (likely to result in negative feedback) or safe (likely to result in positive feedback). Trait anxious participants showed an early attentional bias favoring the threatening location 250 ms after the cue and a late bias favoring the safe location 500 ms after the cue. The anxiety-related threat bias was moderated by attentional control at the 500-ms delay: Anxious participants with poor attentional control still showed the threat bias, whereas those with good control were better able to shift from the threatening location. Thus, skilled control of voluntary attention may allow anxious persons to limit the impact of threatening information. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

马钢三钢厂新建方坯连铸机二冷水控制系统

介绍了马钢第三炼钢厂新建方坯连铸机二冷水系统的工艺过程及其控制与特点。     

宝钢在线二冷控制模型的研发与应用

针对连铸生产过程中的二冷配水问题,建立了铸坯的凝固传热数学模型。通过实时模拟计算铸坯的温度场,并与PID控制技术相结合,开发了在线二冷控制模型。模型能自动根据钢种、铸坯规格及工艺参数的变化动态调整二冷控制水量,将铸坯的表面温度控制在工艺目标值附近。通过设计合理的控制系统架构,确保了二冷控制系统的稳定性及可靠性。在线测温结果表明,模型具有很高的计算精度。当拉速、浇注钢水过热度变化时,模型能快速将水量调整到目标值,速度快且超调小,从而确保铸坯的表面温度跟踪误差始终限制在较小范围内;当浇注过程处于相对稳态时,铸坯的表面温度保持在目标值。目前,模型已经应用于宝钢内外的多台连铸机,应用效果良好。     

Stress, coping and psychological illness: A cross-cultural study.

This cross-cultural research study aimed to explore the relationship of stress and coping with psychological illness or symptoms among university students in Canada and India. The predictor variables were stress (hassles and life experience), 8 ways of coping (Folkman & Lazarus, 1988), and selected personal-social variables, namely, locus of control, self-esteem, and social support. The criterion variables were 9 psychological symptoms of the Brief Symptom Inventory (BSI; Derogatis & Spencer, 1982). The results revealed that the Indian students reported more psychological symptoms compared to the Canadian students. Stepwise multiple-regression analyses also revealed considerable differences between the 2 samples with respect to the contribution of predictor variables in accounting for variance in the BSI scales. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Finding meaning, perceiving growth, and acceptance of tinnitus.

Objectives: The authors test hypotheses derived from current models of growth following adversity in a sample of people with tinnitus. These models assume a process whereby adversity or trauma threatens major assumptions, which, in turn, promotes a search for meaning in the adversity and subsequently growth. Method: Data from a sample of 315 people with tinnitus who completed an online survey were used to assess the relations of reports of negative changes to asking "Why me?" and answering the Why me? question with reports of growth, acceptance, and well-being. Results: indicate that reports of negative changes in goals and philosophy of life predict a search for meaning and that finding meaning is associated with perceived growth. Those who report never searching for meaning are less likely to report growth but report better adjustment and acceptance of their tinnitus than those who have searched for meaning. Discussion: The data are consistent with models of growth that give a central role to meaning-making processes, but they also suggest that a significant minority of people with tinnitus do not report searching for meaning or perceiving growth--yet appear to be coping well. Acceptance of tinnitus is identified as a key construct for future research. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

连铸二次冷却智能优化控制的研究

针对连铸二冷目标温度控制法存在的系统不稳定、水量计算波动大等问题,以连铸二冷温度场数值计算为基础,采用在冶金约束条件允许下的变化目标温度,变化初始水量的方法,解决二冷动态控制实施过程中存在的问题.运用神经网络对函数的逼近能力与自学习能力构造目标温度控制模型(TTANN)、二冷水控制模型(IWANN)、设计智能PID控制器,与连铸坯温度计算模型组成连铸二冷控制系统,实现连铸二冷动态优化控制.仿真结果表明,温度动态控制精度小于12℃.     

连铸二次冷却自控模型

本文在应用铸坯凝固传热数学模型离线计算的基础上,并参照电路瞬态过程参量变化规律,提出了新的连铸二冷水量动态控制模型。它系采用前馈控制方式,拉速变化时过渡过程中水量变化曲线呈指数形式。该模型具有快速简便而精确的优点经计算机仿真验证,该动态控制模型的控制效果明显地优于一般静态比例控制。     

Perceived past, present, and future control and adjustment to stressful life events.

[Correction Notice: An erratum for this article was reported in Vol 100(4) of Journal of Personality and Social Psychology (see record 2011-05716-005). There is an error on page 758. In the sentence “Present control predicted later event-specific distress in Sample 1( β = .17, p     

Spousal support and changes in distress over time in couples coping with cancer: The role of personal control.

This longitudinal study has examined the associations between perceived supportive and unsupportive spousal behavior and changes in distress in couples coping with cancer. We tested whether people relatively low in their sense of personal control were more responsive to spousal supportive and unsupportive behavior than were people relatively high in personal control. Patients with colorectal cancer and their partners (n = 70) completed questionnaires at two assessment points: 3 (at baseline) and 9 months (at follow-up) after the diagnosis. We assessed perceived spousal supportive (SSL) and unsupportive (SSL-N) behavior, sense of personal control (Pearlin & Schooler's Mastery), and depressive symptoms (CES-D) in both patients and partners. Multilevel analysis (MLwiN) was used to examine changes in distress over time in a dyadic context. Patients and partners who perceived more spousal support reported less distress over time, but this only applied to those relatively low in personal control. Moreover, partners who perceived more unsupportive spousal behavior reported more distress, again only if they were relatively low in personal control. Patients and partners relatively high in personal control reported relatively low levels of distress, regardless of spousal behavior. In conclusion, people relatively low in personal control may be more adversely affected by unsupportive behavior and benefit more from supportive behavior than people relatively high in personal control. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2011 APA, all rights reserved)     

Coping styles and affect.

Most stress research has focused on testing the effects of coping strategies on negative outcomes such as distress, anxiety, and pathology. The present study focused on the effects of coping styles on the affective components of subjective well-being. Its main aim was to test differential associations between coping styles and positive and negative affect, using secondary analysis. The data were derived from 3 studies (n = 480) in which various samples—adolescents, university students, and a general population participants—completed trait version questionnaires of coping and affect. The main results, based on correlation and multiple regression analyses, showed that problem-focused coping was positively related to positive affect and negatively related to negative affect, whereas avoidance coping showed the opposite pattern of associations with positive and negative affect. Most important, problem-focused coping was found to be a moderator of avoidance coping effects on both positive and negative affective responses. The conclusions are that coping is an important factor in well-being during normal everyday life, and moreover, the interactive effects of coping styles merit further research. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

板坯连铸机二冷段的动态控制模型

依据凝固传热理论开发了板坯连铸机二冷段的动态跟踪程序和以虚拟拉速为控制参数的板坯连铸机二冷段的动态控制模型,探讨了网格尺寸和时间步长对用该模型计算结果的影响,并对连铸变拉速过程进行了仿真模拟,得出了虚拟拉速控制模型优于实际拉速控制模型的结论。     

Secondary pseudoautism caused by physiological isolation.

A case involving congenital auditory imperception coupled with secondary pseudoautism in a 14-yr-old girl. The difficulties of diagnosis are detailed along with the methods used to eliminate the possibilities of psychosis, mental retardation, and partial deafness. The nature and possible etiology of the handicap are explored, pointing toward a congenital brain defect of uncertain location. Methods of treatment and training which are proving practical and helpful are described. (17 ref.) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)