THE EFFECT OF ARTIFICIAL FATIGUE-CRACK CLOSURE ON FATIGUE-CRACK GROWTH

An investigation of the effects of artificial fatigue-crack closure on the subsequent growth of fatigue cracks, at constant range of stress-intensity factor, was carried out for the following closure materials: (i) electroplated nickel; (ii) electroless nickel; (iii) ethylcyanoacrylate (ECA) adhesive; (iv) low-melting point (LMP) solder. It was observed that (a) the wedge thickness and area of crack surface covered by the artificial-closure material and (b) the distance of the tip of the closure wedge from the crack tip (i.e. the penetration of the closure material towards the crack tip) were the main parameters controlling the reduction in the subsequent growth rate of the fatigue crack. The results suggest that if the crack thickness (opening) is completely filled with a dense wedge of artificial-closure material, the wedge becomes effectively rigid and the precise mechanical properties of the closure material will have only a secondary influence on subsequent fatigue-crack growth in comparison to (a) and (b) above. This follows from the fact that the closure material is effectively a very thin strip compressed between the rough (high friction) sides of a crack. A rigid-wedge and elastic-crack model was found to successfully predict the changes in fatigue-crack growth rate following artificial crack-closure and gave a lower bound to the measured growth rates.     

加载历史和裂纹闭合对疲劳裂纹扩展行为影响的数值模拟

采用不同应力比条件下的16MnR钢紧凑拉伸试样,设计了三种有限元分析模型,即不考虑加载历史效应的静态裂纹扩展模型,同时考虑加载历史和裂纹闭合的动态裂纹扩展模型以及仅考虑加载历史的伪动态裂纹扩展模型,对疲劳裂纹闭合过程、裂纹尖端的应力-应变迟滞环、疲劳损伤和裂纹扩展速率进行了数值模拟与分析,进而着重探讨了加载历史和裂纹闭合影响疲劳裂纹扩展行为的交互作用机制。结果表明：对于同类分析模型,应力比越大越不容易产生裂纹闭合;而在应力比相同的情况下,加载历史引起的残余压应力对裂纹闭合有明显的促进作用。裂纹闭合效应阻碍了平均应力的松弛,减小了裂纹尖端附近的应力-应变场强度、疲劳损伤和裂纹扩展速率,而加载历史引起的残余压应力则加快了平均应力的松弛和抑制了棘轮效应。与实验结果比较发现,只有同时考虑了裂纹闭合效应和加载历史影响的动态裂纹扩展模型,才能对疲劳裂纹扩展行为进行准确、定量的模拟。     

EFFECT OF HOLD-TIME DAMAGE ON HIGH TEMPERATURE FATIGUE BEHAVIOUR

Abstract— —A series of tests has been carried out to investigate the effect of sequential high frequency fatigue cycles interspersed with hold times on elevated temperature crack growth rates in AISI type 304 stainless steel. Each test sequence included different combinations of fatigue cycles and hold-times. Those sequences which included the smallest number of fatigue cycles resulted in the fastest crack propagation rates. The sequence with a block of 1000 cycles and a 120min hold time had the slowest crack propagation rate, similar to that for a reference 5 Hz fatigue test. Examination of the fracture surfaces revealed alternating regions of transgranular and intergranular fracture corresponding to the respective fatigue block and hold-time period. Intergranular fracture was observed to be characteristic of maximum time-dependent and time-independent damage interaction, which was associated with those specimens subjected to sequences including a block of 50 fatigue cycles, possessing the fastest crack propagation rates. The results may be explained using a model based on fatigue-creep-environment interaction. During the hold-time a damaged zone due to oxidation induced cavitation formed at the crack tip. Depending on the stress intensity factor range, the subsequent fatigue cycles continued to extend the crack through part or whole of the remaining portion of this region. For the remainder of the fatigue block the crack propagated in its normal transgranular mode. Oxide induced closure at low Δ K levels brought about the lowest crack propagation rate for the sequence consisting of a block of 1000 cycles and a 120 min hold period.     

FATIGUE CRACK PROPAGATION BEHAVIOUR OF SHORT CRACKS; THE EFFECT OF MICROSTRUCTURE

–Fatigue cracks shorter than some critical length tend to propagate anomalously quickly. This paper examines the concept of a ‘critical length’, identifying three regimes of behaviour for different crack lengths. Some published work is examined, covering a wide range of different materials. It is concluded that there is an approximate correlation between the critical length for short crack behaviour and the scale of the microstructure. LEFM is difficult, if not impossible, to apply to cracks shorter than this critical length because the material surrounding a crack cannot be assumed to approximate to a homogeneous continuum. Suggestions are made for a fatigue design philosophy which incorporates short crack behaviour.     

THE EFFECT OF GRAIN SIZE, STRAIN AND TEMPERATURE ON THE MONOTONIC STRESS-STRAIN BEHAVIOUR OF POLYCRYSTALLINE ALUMINIUM AND AL ALLOYS

Abstract The tensile yield and flow stresses of aluminium, A1-2.63Mg alloy and A1-2.07Li alloy at room temperature are shown to depend on the inverse square root of the polycrystal grain size and are described empirically by the Hall-Petch relation. The same relation describes the flow stress-grain size dependence for A1-2.07Li alloy at temperatures ranging from - 196°C to 400°C. The strain hardening in the friction stress of each material at 20°C is independent of the grain size, is approximately parabolic and is greatest for the precipitation strengthened A1-2.07Li alloy. The grain size contribution to the tensile flow stress is dependent on both the tensile strain and composition. The friction stress, σ₀, and slip band stress intensity parameter, k_ε, at yield, k_y, are both dependent on temperature. Low temperature suppresses dislocation annihilation and recovery processes, leading to planar pile-ups at grain boundaries and a hardening that is linear with strain. Weak hardening is observed at 250°C and 400°C due to extensive annihilation and recovery. The value of k_ε, at all temperatures falls following initial yielding with the generation of freshly unlocked sources.     

THE EFFECT OF SPECIMEN SIZE ON THE BEHAVIOUR OF PENETRATING FATIGUE CRACKS

Fatigue life and penetration behaviour of cracks in HT80 steel plates were examined experimentally at room temperature for both large and small specimens containing a surface crack. Application of stress intensity factor solutions from small specimens, as proposed by the present authors, to large specimens was investigated. Crack growth behaviour, crack shape and crack opening displacement after penetration can be satisfactorily determined using the K solutions proposed by the authors.     

硬聚氯乙烯的老化面层对其力学性能的影响

对进行长期自然气候老化试验的R-PVC厚样品跟踪检测,研究它们的化学结构与力学性能的变化及其相互之间的关系,发现曝露样品力学性能的变化分为对气候老化层的发生与发展敏感的与不敏感的两类,认为这是由于R-PVC的光分解-氧化反应的不均匀性分布和样品的比表面效应所致。     

CRACK CLOSURE AND THE FATIGUE-CRACK PROPAGATION THRESHOLD AS A FUNCTION OF LOAD RATIO

The phenomenon of crack closure, which involves the premature closing of fatigue cracks during the unloading portion of a fatigue cycle resulting in the development of crack-tip shielding due to crack wedging, has become widely accepted as a critical mechanism influencing many aspects of the behaviour of fatigue cracks in metallic materials; these include effects of load ratio, variable-amplitude loading, crack size, microstructure, environment and the magnitude of the fatigue threshold. Recently, however, the significance of crack closure has been questioned and alternative suggestions made for many of these phenomena, e.g. the effect of the load ratio (i.e. the ratio R of the minimum to maximum loads) on threshold behaviour. In the light of this, the present paper provides evidence to rebut the assertion that crack closure is an insignificant process. Particular attention is given to the effect of crack closure on the threshold level as a function of load ratio.     

热处理对刚性聚芳醚腈的结晶行为及熔融的影响

利用广角Ｘ射线衍射（ＷＡＸＤ）方法和示差扫描量热法（ＤＳＣ）研究了不同热处理温度时聚芳醚腈（ＰＣＥ）的微晶尺寸、结晶度及热性能的变化。结果表明,淬火样品在熔融温度以下,不同的热处理对微晶尺寸、结晶度、Ｔｇ及Ｔｍ比较均下降,说明ＰＣＥ聚合物在熔融过程中出现了交联现象,因而降低了结晶度。     

MECHANISMS OF CYCLIC FATIGUE-CRACK PROPAGATION IN A FINE-GRAINED ALUMINA CERAMIC: THE ROLE OF CRACK CLOSURE

Abstract— Cyclic fatigue-crack growth and resistance-curve behavior have been studied in a fine-grained (∼ 1 μm), high-purity alumina. Specific emphasis is given to the mechanisms associated with crack growth that are controlled by the maximum ( K _max) and the alternating (Δ K ), stress intensities and to the role of crack-face interference (crack closure), which is known to be an important crack-tip shielding mechanism in metal fatigue. Significant levels of subcritical crack growth were detected above a threshold stress intensity of ∼60% of the fracture toughness ( K _c) in the alumina, with growth rates displaying a far larger dependence on K _max compared to Δ K. The role of crack closure was examined using constant- K _max experiments, where the minimum stress intensity ( K _min) was maintained either above or below the stress intensity for crack closure ( K _cl). Where K _min< K _cl, growth rates were found to exhibit a lower dependence on Δ K , which was rationalized in terms of the frictional wear model for crack growth in grain-bridging ceramics. It is concluded that crack closure, as conventionally defined, has little relevance as a crack-tip shielding mechanism during fatigue-crack growth in grain-bridging ceramics, due to the low dependence of growth rates on Δ K compared to K _max.     

ZnO:Al薄膜的组织结构与性能

用直流磁控反应溅射合金制备了ＺｎＯ薄膜,研究了衬底温度和退火温度对薄膜的结构及电学和光学性能的影响。衬底温度升高能改善薄膜的电学特性,其原因是薄膜晶粒尺寸的增大。温度升高导致薄膜基本光学吸收边向短波移动,但对高透射区（４５０～８５０ｎｍ）的透射率影响不大。     

圆柱壳中不连续管壁对振动功率流传播的影响

本文以一无限长弹性圆柱壳为研究对象,分析其自由振动特性及壳体中各内力传播的功率流,研究管壁接头对入射波的影响,从能量流的角度分析其振动控制效果.     

温度对高密度聚乙烯－炭黑材料电性能的影响

讨论了ＨＤＰＥ－ＣＢＰＴＣ导电材料的电性能与温度的关系，发现在一定温度范围内，Ｒ－Ｔ关系符合Ｒ＝Ｒ·ｅｘｐ（αＴ），α为材料电阻随温度变化的温度系数，α值受聚合物基材的影响，ＣＢ含量及热处理不改变α的值，但可改ＩｎＲ－Ｔ成线性关系的温度范围，随着温度升高，表征材料导电性质的Ｂ值并非全都升高。对热－冷循环过程中ＰＥ－ＣＢ材料的Ｒ－Ｔ关系的研究表明：升温曲线与冷却曲线存在不同程度的偏离，热处理及交联处理可减小这种偏离，交联可以有效地消除ＰＴＣ材料的ＮＴＣ现象。     

THE EFFECT OF SPECIMEN SIZE ON THE CTOD R-CURVE BEHAVIOUR OF A TITANIUM ALLOY

Abstract— —This paper presents preliminary results from a large experimental programme to study geometry and size effects in CTOD R-curves. The results presented were obtained from unloading compliance R-curve tests performed at room temperature on different sized single-edge-notch bend specimens made from Ti–3Al–2V alloy. The crack growth resistance was measured in terms of both the conventional CTOD, δ₀, (i.e. as defined in BS 5762) and CTOD corrected for crack growth, δ_R . It was found that the δ₀ and δ_R R-curves were independent of specimen size up to crack extensions corresponding to approximately 10–15% of the original uncracked ligament. Also, after crack extensions of 30–40% of the initial ligament the δ₀ and δ_R R-curves exhibited well defined upswings. The upswing in the CTOD R-curves is thought to be a result of a reduction in crack tip constraint.     

温度对离聚体中离子聚集的影响

应用红外光谱考察了不同离子含量的丁基橡胶磺酸锌盐离聚体温度变化的行为，结果发现，不稳定的离子对聚集体对温度变化十分敏感，而稳定多重离子对在低温下有较好的稳定性，在较高温度下分解，当离聚体中形成离子簇后，离聚体结构的热稳定性增加。     

THE EFFECT OF SPECIMEN SIZE ON THE J R-CURVE BEHAVIOUR OF A TITANIUM ALLOY

Abstract— —This paper presents preliminary results from a large experimental programme to study geometry and size effects in J R-curves, The results presented were obtained from unloading compliance R-curve tests performed at room temperature on different sized single-edge-notch-bend specimens made from Ti-3Al–2V alloy. The crack growth resistance was measured in terms of the standard fracture resistance J (i.e. not corrected for crack growth), J corrected for crack growth, and the J modified parameter proposed by Ernst. It was found that the best agreement was exhibited by the R-curves based on the standard fracture resistance J , which displayed reasonable size independence up to, and in many cases beyond crack growths corresponding to 50% of the initial uncracked ligament.     

低温等离子体对天然胶原材料表面改性的研究

采用牛腱中提取的胶原蛋白为原料，制成薄膜试样，在Ｏ２和Ａｒ条件下，用低温等离子体处理天然胶原薄膜的表面．处理后的试样通过电子光谱（ＥＳＣＡ），红外光谱（ＩＲ），Ｘ射线衍射和接触角测量来研究其结构和性能的变化．实验表明：处理后胶原材料的表面、内部结构及化学成分都发生了明显的变化；它与水和二碘甲烷的接触角明显小于等离子处理前的可见低温等离子体方法能用于胶原材料的改性．