低热值气体燃料发动机燃烧特性试验研究

在一台单缸火花点火发动机上开展了燃用不同组分配比的低热值气体燃料燃烧特性的试验研究,分析了发动机燃用天然气掺加氮气0%-35%组成的低热值气体燃料在不同负荷下的缸压、压力升高率、放热率、火焰发展期、快速燃烧期及其循环变动性能.研究结果表明:不同负荷下,随着低热值气体中氮气体积分数的增加,最大缸内压力和压力升高率降低,燃烧放热率下降,火焰发展期变长,同时低热值气体中氮气体积分数增加导致发动机放热率曲线型心明显偏离上止点;低热值气中氮气体积分数小于20%时,燃烧稳定性较好,平均指示压力和最大缸压具有强线性相关性,但当氮气体积分数达到30%,小负荷工况下燃烧循环变动明显加强.     

氮气稀释气对天然气燃烧特性的影响

为获得氮气稀释气对天然气燃烧特性的影响规律,在定容燃烧反应器中对不同当量比与初始压力下天然气的火焰传播特性、燃烧稳定性及燃烧特性进行了试验测试,并分析了氮气稀释度对天然气火焰传播特性、燃烧稳定性及燃烧特性的影响规律。研究结果表明:随着初始压力与氮气稀释度的升高,火焰前锋面将出现细小裂纹,火核逐渐向定容燃烧反应器上部漂移,火焰稳定性变差;随着初始压力的提高,马克斯坦长度明显变短,火焰稳定性变差,无拉伸火焰传播速度与层流燃烧速度明显降低,但最大燃烧压力显著升高。随着当量比的提高,层流燃烧速度与最大燃烧压力出现先增加后降低的趋势,两者的最大值出现在当量比为1.0时。马克斯坦长度随氮气稀释度的增加逐渐变短,表明火焰逐渐趋于不稳定;同时,无拉伸火焰传播速度、层流燃烧速度与最大燃烧压力随氮气稀释度的增加显著降低。     

运用波动方程计算内燃机爆震燃烧时的热声耦合性质

分析热声耦合领域和内燃机爆震的研究现状,给出根据KIVA燃烧模型推导出的三维波动方程,将之与KIVA相耦合,对一台内燃机爆震燃烧时的声波进行计算.结果显示,燃烧室内声学波动频率很高,且爆震时其幅值可达数个兆帕.对比实测爆震气缸压力高频信号可知,该波动方程可正确计算爆震时燃烧室内声波.对比高速摄影实验结果.声场计算结果和气体获得声功的分布图可知,声场的振荡比火焰传播更快、更复杂;内燃机燃烧的热声振荡没有特定部位稳定声功的输出或输入.最后,总结了常规热声机和内燃机热声耦合性质的异同.     

直喷式发动机燃用天然气掺氢混合燃料放热规律与燃烧特征参数分析

研究了直喷发动机燃用天然气掺氢混合燃料的放热规律与燃烧特征参数,研究结果表明:随着混合燃料中氢气体积分数的增加,中、低负荷发动机有效热效率增加,大负荷下有效热效率高且基本上不随氢气体积分数变化;随着氢气体积分数的增加,混合燃料放热率曲线相位提前,快速燃烧期缩短,放热率增加,此现象在低转速工况下更为明显,表明气流速度较低时掺氢对提高混合燃料燃烧速率作用明显;缸内最高燃气平均温度、最大压力升高率和最大放热速率随氢气体积分数增加而增加.     

燃烧振荡的驱动机理

针对热力系统中声耦合燃烧振荡问题,分析了强迫共振和热声自激两类声耦合燃烧振荡的机理,重点综述了热声自激振荡的若干驱动机制,并给出了防止声耦合燃烧振荡的措施。     

不同掺氢比的HCNG燃料对天然气发动机怠速性能影响研究

为了研究在天然气中掺入不同体积比氢气对发动机怠速性能的影响,针对一台6缸天然气发动机开展了不同体积掺氢比的氢气/天然气混合燃料(HCNG)的怠速性能试验研究.试验证实掺氢后热效率提高,要达到相同的怠速转速可减少怠速旁通阀开度;在怠速情况下,掺氢使CH4、CO、NMHC排放下降,Nox排放上升,可通过点火提前角推迟来有效降低怠速Nox排放;在天然气中掺入适量氢气后有利于改善发动机怠速燃烧,从而增加怠速稳定性.在怠速条件下,掺氢后CO、CH4排放随转速升高先减小后增加;怠速转速升高,怠速稳定性变好.在天然气中掺入适量氢气后,发动机热效率提高,经济性改善.     

带有氮气稀释的合成气火焰的实验研究

以合成气旋流扩散燃烧为研究对象,利用平面激光诱导荧光技术研究了在氮气稀释作用下,CH4、H2、CO及合成气火焰的燃烧特性.实验发现,CH4、H2燃烧时,氮气的掺混仅改变火焰形状,不影响其燃烧的稳定性,CO燃烧稳定性最差,导致合成气火焰易受氮气稀释作用的影响,但由于H2的存在,实验工况范围内的氮气稀释量下,合成气火焰仍能...     

CO_2稀释对天然气掺氢预混层流火焰燃烧特性的影响

在定容燃烧弹内研究了相同的掺氢比、不同的二氧化碳体积分数下,天然气-氢气-二氧化碳-空气的预混气体层流火焰燃烧特性;分析了二氧化碳体积的增加对火焰燃烧特性的影响.结果表明:随着二氧化碳体积分数的增加,二氧化碳气体的稀释作用和吸热作用使混合气燃烧速率降低,火焰半径随时间的增长率明显减小;同时火焰前锋出现"ω"形的火焰锋面,减小了已燃区和未燃区接触面积,拉伸火焰传播速率明显下降.当二氧化碳体积分数?CO_2≤5%,时,拉伸火焰传播速率随拉伸率的增加而减小,马克斯坦长度为正值,火焰前锋面趋于稳定;当?CO_2≥10%,时,马克斯坦长度随二氧化碳体积分数的增加没有统一的规律可循,由于氢气和天然气的马克斯坦长度随着稀释度的增加有相反的变化规律,所以其变化规律取决于可燃混合气中占主导地位的可燃气体是氢气还是天然气.     

稀释燃烧的火焰稳定性

采用实验研究的方法探讨了反应物预热温度与稀释率两个因素对稀释燃烧火焰稳定性的影响.实验以氮气稀释的甲烷-空气对冲扩散火焰为研究对象,确定了不同反应物预热温度与氧化剂稀释率(氧气体积分数)时火焰的熄火极限,结果表明,增大反应物预热温度拓宽了火焰稳定燃烧区域,而增加氧化剂稀释率(降低氧气体积分数)会降低稀释火焰的稳定性,二者对火焰稳定性的影响作用相反.为了进一步分析反应物预热温度与稀释率对火焰稳定性的影响程度,引入了估算的Damkohler数,分析表明,在实验研究范围内,反应物预热温度对火焰稳定性的影响比稀释率的影响显著,是火焰稳定性的主要影响因素.     

氢气对超低体积分数甲烷催化燃烧的影响

搭建了催化燃烧实验台,在保证催化燃烧室入口气体温度、流速相同的情况下,通过改变气体中甲烷和氢气的体积分数,得到不同体积分数甲烷气体在加入不同体积分数氢气情况下的催化燃烧特性.结果表明:在保证催化燃烧时入口气体温度为520℃条件下,加入低体积分数的氢气可有效加快甲烷催化燃烧的反应速度,降低甲烷的起燃温度,提高甲烷转化率;加入的氢气体积分数越高,对甲烷的催化燃烧助燃效果越好;而甲烷体积分数越高,氢气对甲烷的催化燃烧效果也越显著.     

Experimental study of premixed syngas/air flame deflagration in a closed duct

The propagation behaviour of a deflagration premixed syngas/air flame over a wide range of equivalence ratios is investigated experimentally in a closed rectangular duct using a high-speed camera and pressure transducer. The syngas hydrogen volume fraction, φ, ranges from 0.1 to 0.9. The flame propagation parameters such as flame structure, propagation time, velocity and overpressure are obtained from the experiment. The effects of the equivalence ratio and hydrogen fraction on flame propagation behaviour are examined. The results indicate that the hydrogen fraction in a syngas mixture greatly influences the flame propagation behaviour. When φ, the hydrogen fraction, is ≥0.5, the prominently distorted tulip flame can be formed in all equivalence ratios, and the minimum propagation time can be obtained at an equivalence ratio of 2.0. When φ < 0.5, the tulip flame distortion only occurs in a hydrogen fraction of φ = 0.3 with an equivalence ratio of 1.5 and above. The minimum flame propagation time can be acquired at an equivalence ratio of 1.5. The distortion occurs when the maximum flame propagation velocity is larger than 31.27 m s^?1. The observable oscillation and stepped rise in the overpressure trajectory indicate that the pressure wave plays an important role in the syngas/air deflagration. The initial tulip distortion time and the plane flame formation time share the same tendency in all equivalence ratios, and the time interval between them is nearly constant, 4.03 ms. This parameter is important for exploring the quantitative theory or models of distorted tulip flames.     

Second stage porous media burner for syngas enrichment

The syngas production from hydrocarbons by porous media combustion (or conventional gasification) processes has been intensively and extensively studied due its calorific value and its applications in the energy sector. However, the syngas produced in a first stage gasifier can still have concentrations of light hydrocarbons (e.g., methane) which can be post-processing for further enrichment of hydrogen and carbon monoxide. The present work numerically investigates the performance of a second stage porous media burner to enrich the syngas content, mainly hydrogen and carbon monoxide. A one-dimensional model based on a two-temperature approximation is implemented, based on the PREMIX code, and supported by CHEMKIN and GRI-MECH 3.0 database and routines. From hybrid porous bed reactor experiments, five types of mixtures in the equivalence ratio range between 0.4 and 2.4 are tested: pure methane as baseline, pure Eucalyptus nitens syngas, pure Pinus radiata syngas, and two mixtures of methane with each of the biomass syngas in equal volume quantities, as transition points. The results obtained show that in the enriched syngas, in comparison to the first content after the first stage reactor, the concentrations of hydrogen and carbon monoxide increase, due to the partial oxidation of methane, however part of the hydrogen is consumed in the process. The intermediate species present in methane processing for pure syngas mixtures have broader reaction zones and in lower concentrations compared to the use of pure methane. For equivalence ratios greater than 1.9, pure syngas mixtures show higher conversion efficiencies compared to the baseline. At the equivalence ratio of 2.4, the pure syngas from Eucalyptus nitens and Pinus radiata has an energy return over energy invested (EROI) of 58.27% and 53.95%, respectively, and a maximum hydrogen and carbon monoxide yields of 31.66% and 48.40%, respectively. In the case of the Pinus radiata, the outlet syngas concentrations of the hydrogen and carbon monoxide on dry basis expose an increment about two times in comparison to the initial concentrations.     

Experimental study of explosion dynamics of syngas flames in the narrow channel

This article introduced the experimental study of the propagation of a syngas premixed flame in a narrow channel. The structural evolution, flame front position and velocity characteristics of lean and rich premixed flames were investigated at different hydrogen volume fractions as the flame was ignited at the open end of the pipe and propagated to the closed end. The comparative study of the syngas fuel characteristics, flame oscillation frequency and overpressure oscillation frequency prove that the syngas explosion flame oscillation in the narrow passage has a strong coupling relationship with overpressure and fuel heat release rate. The results was shown that the flame structure was strongly influenced by the hydrogen volume fraction of the syngas and the fuel concentration. The distorted tulip flame only appears in lean mixture. At 30% of hydrogen volume fraction, the flame exhibits intense and unstable propagation, manifested as the reciprocating and alternating movement of the flame front. As the volume fraction of hydrogen increased, the velocity of flame propagation and the frequency of oscillation increased. When the hydrogen volume fraction γ ≥ 0.4 at the equivalence ratio of Φ = 0.8, the pressure oscillation amplitude gradually increases and reaching the peak after 200–320 ms. Significantly, when γ = 0.3, the pressure peak increases abnormally. This work can provide support for the safe use of syngas in industry by experimental study of various explosion parameters in the narrow channel.     

Efficiency and emissions in a vehicle spark ignition engine fueled with hydrogen and methane blends

This paper shows the results of the tests carried out in a naturally aspirated vehicle spark ignition engine fueled with different hydrogen and methane blends. The percentage of hydrogen tested was up to 50% by volume in methane. The tests were carried out in a wide range of speeds with the original ignition timing of the engine. Also, lean equivalence ratios were proved. Just the fuel injection map was modified for each fuel blend and equivalence ratio tested. In this paper, the results of thermal efficiency and pollutant emissions achieved at full load have been compared with the corresponding gasoline test results. The best balance between thermal efficiency and pollutant emissions was observed with the 30% hydrogen and 70% methane fuel blend.     

Dynamics,NOx and flashback characteristics of confined premixed hydrogen-enriched methane flames

The operating regime of a gas turbine combustor is highly sensitive to fuel composition changes. In particular, the addition of hydrogen, a major constituent of syngas, has a major effect on flame behavior due to the higher burning rates associated with hydrogen. A laboratory scale premixed test rig is constructed in order to study such effects. The fuel composition is incremented with increasing hydrogen starting from 100% methane. It is observed that increased RMS pressure levels and higher susceptibility to flashback occur with increasing hydrogen volume fraction. Furthermore, hydrogen enrichment can cause an abrupt change in the dominant acoustic mode. Measurements are reported of real-time heat release, emissions and flashback. Particular emphasis is put on understanding the relationship between the thermo-acoustic induced pressure oscillations and flashback.     

A computational study to analyze the effect of equivalence ratio and hydrogen volume fraction on the ultra-lean burning of the syngas-fueled HCCI engine

This computational study investigates the equivalence ratio and hydrogen volume fraction effect on the ultra-lean burning of the syngas-fueled homogeneous charge compression ignition (HCCI) engine. In this research, low calorific syngas, composed of different compositions of H2, CO, and CO2, is used as a fuel in the HCCI engine that is operated under an overly lean air-fuel mixture. ANSYS Forte CFD package with Gri-Mech 3.0 chemical kinetics was used to analyze the in-cylinder combustion phenomena, and the simulation results were validated with experimental tests in the form of in-cylinder pressure and heat release rate at different equivalence ratios.The results indicate that changing the equivalence ratio produces a negligible change in combustion phasing, while it positively impacts the combustion and thermal efficiency of this syngas-fueled HCCI engine under lean conditions due to the high burning rate in the squish region. Moreover, an increased equivalence ratio increases MPRR due to the rich mixture combustion. The results also represent that the high-volume fraction of H2 in syngas fuel causes an advanced burning phase, improves the combustion performance of the HCCI engine at all equivalence ratio conditions, and causes slightly high NOx emissions.     

Effect of initial pressure on laminar combustion characteristics of hydrogen enriched natural gas

Flame propagation of premixed natural gas–hydrogen–air mixtures was studied in a constant volume combustion bomb. Laminar burning velocities and mass burning fluxes were obtained under various hydrogen fractions and equivalence ratios with various initial pressures, while flame stability and their influencing factors (Markstein length, density ratio and flame thickness) were obtained by analyzing the flame images at various hydrogen fractions, initial pressures and equivalence ratios. The results show that hydrogen fraction, initial pressure as well as equivalence ratio have combined influence on both unstretched laminar burning velocity and flame instability. Meanwhile, according to flame propagation pictures taken by the high speed camera, flame stability decreases with the increase of initial pressures; for given equivalence ratio and hydrogen fraction, flame thickness is more sensitive to the variation of the initial pressure than to that of the density ratio.     

Effect of initial pressure,temperature and equivalence ratios on laminar combustion characteristics of hydrogen enriched natural gas

In this study, the flame propagation characteristics of premixed natural gas–hydrogen–air mixtures were studied in constant volume combustion bomb by using the high-speed schlieren photography system. The flame radius, laminar flame propagation speed and the flame stretch rate were obtained under different initial pressure, temperature, equivalence ratios and hydrogen fractions. Meanwhile, the flame stability and their influencing factors were obtained by analyzing the Markstein length and the flame propagation schlieren photos under various combustion conditions. The results show that the stretched laminar propagation speed increases with the increase of the initial temperature and hydrogen fraction of the mixture, and will decreases with the increase of the initial pressure. Meanwhile, according to the Markstein length and the flame propagation pictures, the flame stability decreases with the increase of the temperature and hydrogen fraction, and the slight flaws occurred at the early stage; at larger flame radius, the flame stability is more sensitive to the variation of the initial temperature and hydrogen fraction than to that of initial pressure and equivalence ratio.     

Multidimensional CFD simulation of syngas combustion in a micro-pilot-ignited dual-fuel engine using a constructed chemical kinetics mechanism

A multidimensional computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulation of a constructed syngas chemical kinetic mechanism was performed to evaluate the combustion of syngas in a supercharged dual-fuel engine for various syngas initial compositions under lean conditions. The modelled results were validated by comparing predictions against corresponding experimental data for a supercharged dual-fuel engine. The predicted and measured in-cylinder pressure, temperature, and rate of heat release (ROHR) data were in good agreement. The effect of the hydrogen peroxide chain-propagation reaction on the progress of combustion under supercharged conditions was examined for different types of syngas using various initial H₂ concentrations. The effect of the main syngas kinetic mechanism reactions on the combustion progress was analysed in terms of their contribution to the total heat of the reaction. The best results compared with experimental data were obtained in the range of equivalence ratios below about 0.8 for all types of syngas considered in this paper. As the equivalence ratio increased above 0.8, the results deviated from the experiment data. The spatial distribution of the in-cylinder temperature and OH^∗ within this equivalence-ratio range showed the completeness of the combustion. The present CFD model captured the overall combustion process well and could be further developed into a useful tool for syngas-engine combustion simulations.     

Effects of initial pressure and hydrogen concentration on laminar combustion characteristics of diluted natural gas–hydrogen–air mixture

In this study, the experiment study about the laminar burning velocity and the flame stability of CO₂ diluted natural gas–hydrogen–air mixture was conducted in a constant volume combustion vessel by using the high-speed schlieren photography system. The unstretched laminar burning velocity and the Markstein length at different hydrogen fractions, dilution ratios and equivalence ratios and with different initial pressures were obtained. The flame stability was studied by analyzing the Markstein length, the flame thickness, the density ratio and the flame propagation schlieren photos. The results showed that the unstretched laminar burning velocity would be reduced with the increase of the initial pressure and dilution ratio and would be increased with the increase of the hydrogen fraction of the mixture. Meanwhile, the Markstein length would be increased with the increase of the equivalence ratio and the dilution ratio. Slight flaws occurred at the early stage. At a specific equivalence ratio, a higher initial pressure and hydrogen fraction would cause incomplete combustion.