气流床气化炉内撞击火焰的Na~*、K~*二维辐射特性

气流床气化炉内火焰的辐射光谱包含着大量与火焰结构、火焰温度及当量比等有关特性的信息,因此对火焰进行有效的光谱诊断,是实现燃料高效利用、监控和优化气化过程的必要手段.基于实验室规模多喷嘴对置式气化实验平台,以柴油及水煤浆为原料,重点研究了气化炉内撞击火焰Na~*、K~*二维辐射分布特征,进而表征气化炉内火焰温度分布.结果表明,相比较两喷嘴火焰,四喷嘴火焰撞击区自由基辐射强度明显增大;Na~*的二维强度分布明显强于K~*的二维强度分布,且柴油中K含量高于Na,说明在相同条件下,Na比K更加容易被激发;随O/C摩尔比增大,Na~*及K~*辐射强度均增大,撞击区温度升高;在不同O/C摩尔比条件下,撞击中心辐射强度均最大且撞击中心火焰温度最高.     

撞击气化火焰边缘的分形特性

气化炉是IGCC发电系统的关键设备,在试验中采用火焰摄像系统拍摄了多喷嘴对置气化炉内撞击气化火焰图像,用像素点覆盖法计算了撞击气化火焰边缘的分形维数,提供了一种有效判断撞击气化火焰燃烧状态的方法。试验结果表明,撞击气化火焰边缘曲线具有分形特征。撞击火焰的边缘分形维数在点火阶段逐渐降低;从两喷嘴撞击向四喷嘴撞击过渡时火焰边缘曲线分形维数逐渐增大;随着操作负荷的增大,分形维数增大,但两喷嘴和四喷嘴撞击火焰之间的分形维数相差逐渐减小。     

多喷嘴撞击火焰高度及频率特性

基于多喷嘴对置式水煤浆气化试验平台,利用高温内窥镜配合使用高速相机,结合火焰图像处理技术,研究了多喷嘴对置式气化炉内水煤浆撞击火焰高度及其脉动频率特征,选用的图像处理方法可实现撞击火焰高度区域图像的有效分割.结果表明,撞击火焰的平均火焰高度和最大火焰高度均随氧碳比的增大不断上升,且撞击火焰稳定性增强.撞击火焰特征频率随着氧碳比的升高而降低,主要频率特征峰的幅值降低,脉动特征频率在1～3Hz处趋于稳定.在水煤浆操作的典型氧碳比条件下,撞击火焰将不会直接冲蚀到拱顶耐火砖.     

水煤浆气化喷嘴温度场和热应力分布的数值模拟及分析

采用数值模拟的方法,对水煤浆气化炉内热态温度场及喷嘴头部温度分布进行了分析,结果表明:增加冷却水流量和加大冷却水旋流强度可以有效降低喷嘴头部温度.同时,利用有限元分析法对喷嘴头部进行了热应力耦合计算,分析了其热应力变化特性,结果表明:喷嘴圆角处热应力比较集中,采用冷却水旋流流动后,该处温度降低,热应力集中的现象得到缓解,可提高喷嘴的使用寿命.     

气化炉内撞击区气体浓度与火焰形状分析

采用水冷取样管与气体净化分析系统,对气化炉内喷嘴平面的气体浓度分布进行了热态试验研究.通过图像处理将火焰图像沿气体取样管方向分为火焰撞击区、过渡区和无火焰区三部分.试验结果表明,气化炉内火焰撞击面气体组分与火焰形状密切相关,气体浓度在过渡区变化最大;CO2和O2浓度的最高点出现在炉膛中心位置,在无火焰区,所测气体浓度基本保持不变;CO与CO2收率的比值可作为火焰形状判断的依据;或当O2浓度降到小于O.03%时也可以认为火焰结束.     

笼式光场相机的组装及其在火焰温度场测量中的应用

为了实现燃烧火焰的三维温度分布监测,本文结合光场成像和光学分层成像技术,发展了一种基于单光场相机的火焰温度场光场层析重建方法.针对燃烧装置与火焰特性设计并研制了笼式光场相机,建立了双火焰(乙烯/蜡烛)光场层析成像实验系统.利用笼式光场相机采集火焰光场信息,利用光场成像技术获取重聚焦图像,利用光学分层成像技术重建断面辐射...     

空气引射对斯特林发动机火焰特征及燃烧温度的影响

为了研究空气引射对斯特林发动机常压燃烧特性的影响,在可视化试验台上进行了不同工况下的燃烧试验,并利用高速摄影机拍摄了燃烧室内的火焰图像,利用热电偶测量了燃烧室内的燃烧温度.结果表明,无空气引射时,燃烧火焰较长,张角较小,波动较大,高温区集中在燃烧室轴线附近;加入适量引射空气,火焰缩短,张角增大,稳定性提高,高温区外扩,位置向喷嘴靠近,燃烧温度升高;过量引射空气使火焰失稳,温度场紊乱,高温区分散,燃烧温度下降.     

撞击流气化炉内火焰二维温度场分布的测量

通过试验研究和理论分析,提出了一种基于彩色CCD三基色的单色法,测量了气化炉火焰温度,并计算气化火焰二维温度场.采用了多个参考点,进而提高了计算的精确性.结果表明,使用此方法能有效地检测气化火焰的二维温度场分布,并正确地反映气化燃烧状况,对工业气化炉的运行具有一定的指导意义.     

基于热电偶扫描的炭烟火焰温度场测量

提出了一种热电偶扫描快速测量炭烟火焰温度场的方法,并对McKenna燃烧器形成的乙烯/空气平面炭烟火焰温度场进行测量.结果表明:在1450～1700 K火焰温度时,由炭烟沉积导致热电偶热辐射损失的修正温度偏差为200～240 K,修正后的火焰温度测量值与其他测温方法结果吻合良好,证实了该方法可以快速测量炭烟火焰温度场;...     

双燃料燃气轮机喷嘴结构设计与数值模拟

针对化学回热循环燃气轮机燃烧室,设计了几种双燃料喷嘴的气体燃料流道结构,应用RNG(重整化群)k-ε双方程湍流模型、PDF燃烧模型以及SIMPLE算法,借助CFD技术对采用这几种不同喷嘴结构的燃烧室燃烧流场进行了数值模拟与对比分析。通过对这几种喷嘴结构模型的火焰长度、高温区的位置、壁面温度、出口温度场的均匀性等关键影响因素的对比分析表明:采用斜气孔气体燃料旋流双燃料喷嘴,可以在气体流道中产生预旋气流,使裂解气与空气能更好地进行掺混燃烧,同时避免了火焰烧到喷嘴和火焰筒壁面,出口温度场也更均匀。     

用双色法研究汽油机燃烧火焰的温度分布

探讨了用双色法测量汽油机温度场的可行性.通过添加氧化铝粒子替代柴油机燃烧产生的碳烟颗粒,利用高速彩色CCD拍摄得到图像,采用双色法计算缸内温度分布.为验证其可行性,在稳态火焰燃烧器上同时采用双色法和热电偶对甲烷空气火焰进行温度测试对比,并讨论不同双色组合对测试精度的影响.结果表明用氧化铝粒子和RB模式的双色法可以获得较好的精度.在一台汽油进气道喷射可视化发动机上,通过向进气道喷射混合均匀的纳米氧化铝粒子,对缸内燃烧过程进行分析,获得了汽油机温度场信息.     

CCD计测量燃烧室截面温度场的原理研究

基于普通图像的二维温度场是燃烧室内高度方向温度变化的叠加,为了准确计算某一截面的温度场,作者以化简的辐射传递方程为物理模型,根据ＣＣＤ系统的光电转化特性对图像信号进行处理,给出了测量时的探头布置方案并简要介绍了数值模拟的结果,并利用辐射图像进行燃烧监测和计算二维温度场提供了理论基础,也为工程化设计提供了依据。     

Calibration and Experimental Research of a Multiple-wavelength Flame Temperature Instrumentation System

This paper presents a study on a novel instrumentation system for the measurement of temperature distribution of combustion flames. This system operates upon the three-color principle combining advanced optical sensing and digital image processing techniques. It comprises an endoscope, a light splitter assembly, a CCD camera, a frame-grabber and associated software. This system was calibrated using a blackbody furnace as standard temperature source. The relationship between flame temperatures and grey-level of the images was established through image processing and function correlation. Experimental results obtained on a gas-fired combustion rig provide flame images and temperature distributions on three different wavelengths. Based on the flame temperature distribution the combustion conditions can be analyzed. Experimental results also reveal that this system is capable of online measurement of temperature distribution in a combustion zone. This system can potentially be applied to many areas such as power generation, metallurgy, chemical engineering. It is also a powerful tool for improving the control of combustion process.     

基于可视化温度场分析的柴油机缸内燃烧过程研究

在一台视窗上置式柴油机可视化实验装置上用高速摄像机记录下缸内燃烧过程的火焰照片,应用三基色法计算了缸内燃烧温度场.结果表明,用三基色法分析的缸内温度场分布与实际情况相一致；结合示功图曲线对柴油机着火和燃烧过程进行了分析,得到的结果符合柴油机实际着火和燃烧过程的发展规律.燃油在高温缺氧情况下会发生裂解形成较高温度的较大碳粒,影响相应零部件的使用寿命和发动机性能.     

炉膛燃烧温度场三维可视化监测方法模拟研究

为了利用火焰图像监测装置检测到的炉膛燃烧辐射能分布图像信息重建三维燃烧温度场，作者提出了一种针孔成像条件下的快速方法计算CCD（Charge-Coupled Device，电荷耦合器件）靶面接收的辐射能。成像像素接收到的系统网格单元的辐射能的份额的计算结果和辐射能图像计算结果均体现了成像过程的方向选择性和辐射能传递规律的作用。针对炉膛燃烧三维温度场重建的严重病态问题建立了一种基于Tikhonov正则化的求解方法，对于单峰型三维温度分布重建模拟计算结果表明，即使辐射图像检测包含均方差达到0.11的误差，温度场重建误差仍能维持与测量误差基本相当的水平，温度分布可视化质量较高，各种图像检测组合方式的重建结果比较显示，炉膛四角沿高度方向每隔5m左右交叉对角布置两个辐射图像采集装置，能够获得较好的全炉膛温度场可视化结果。     

Coal char particle secondary fragmentation in an entrained-flow coal-water slurry gasifier

Coal char particle size in the gasifier has an influence on the carbon conversion, gasifier slagging as well as the particle matter content in raw syngas. The particle size distribution in a bench-scale opposed multi-burner (OMB) gasifier illustrated that the secondary fragmentation behavior exists in the entrained-flow gasifier after the particles moving from high temperature impinging flame region to the gasification chamber outlet region. Particles larger than 200 μm in the impinging flame region have porosity structures with fragile shapes. Particle size distributions under different oxygen to carbon ratios (O/C) also indicate that there is an obvious fragmentation while the particle size is larger than 200 μm. As long as the coal char particles move from the impinging flame region towards the gasification chamber outlet region, the secondary fragmentation is probably taken place as a result of percolative fragmentation, undergoing gasification reactions and thermal stress. However, thermal stress fragmentation only has an influence on the particle sizes larger than 350 μm according to the calculation by a simplified mathematical model.     

Measurements of surface temperature and emissivity by two-dimensional four-color thermometry with narrow bandwidth

To study characteristics of heated material surface over 600 K, non-contact measurements of two-dimensional (2D) distributions of temperature and emissivity are very useful for process monitoring in engineerings, because of remote sensing in a short time. The 2D temperature distributions enable us to monitor the surface temperature quantitatively with high spatial resolution. The 2D emissivity distributions give us a capability to judge thermal degradations or defects of the surface. The 2D distributions of temperature and emissivity determined by two-color method using a CCD camera and two optical filters have been already reported by many authors. In this study, a four-color method is proposed to improve accuracy and precision of the temperature and emissivity. Four optical filters with narrow bandpass of 10 nm were used for our measurements, because the thermometry using narrow band is advantageous over that using wide one in terms of accuracy of temperature determination. Distributions of temperature and emissivity were also determined by two-color method for comparison. The results obtained by the four-color method have higher accuracy and precision than two-color method and we can recognize that several conditions of the material surface are clearly illustrated by the resultant 2D emissivity distribution.     

Visual flame monitoring system based on two-color method

Monitoring and control of combustion flames in utility boilers are required in order to optimize combustion conditions. This paper presents an instrumentation system for the concurrent measurement of the temperature distribution and soot concentration of flames developed on the two-color principle. This system consists of an endoscope, an optical assembly with optical filters, a CCD camera, a frame grabber and associated image processing software. Experiments are performed on a methane-air combustor and the temperature fields and the soot concentrations corresponding to the flame images are obtained. The results have demonstrated that the system is capable of performing on-line measurement of flame and temperature distribution, providing temporal and spatial characterization of the combustion process. In addition, the combination of advanced optical sensing and digital image processing technique can help to define the threshold by the analysis of the background noise. Furthermore, the utilization of the filter technique can enhance the image presentation effect to an extent.     

基于高速立体视觉系统的粒子三维运动研究

气固两相流中固体粒子三维运动轨迹是研究气固两相耦合关系、分析不同大小粒子分布和运动规律的核心参数,也是研究湍流涡结构作用力、边界层效应的一个重要依据.为此建立了微秒级单相机双视角三维流场成像系统,由单摄像机CCD靶面上同时获取的2个不同角度的两相流图像,通过粒子模式识别算法及粒子三维坐标的逆向投影重建算法,重建了两相流中固体粒子团的三维结构,并在此基础上提出了基于立体视觉原理的三维颗粒轨迹重建模型.