表面活性剂湍流减阻研究进展

从三方面详细阐述了国内外在表面活性剂湍流减阻研究取得的进展,包括表面活性剂溶液物理特性、流变特性、表面活性剂流体湍流减阻和传热特性。在对表面活性剂湍流减阻和传热的相关研究方面,分别从实验和数值模拟的角度进行论述。最后,在提出开发新的表面活性剂添加剂的同时,对进行表面活性剂减阻的研究趋势进行了展望。     

表面活性剂湍流减阻研究进展

表面活性剂较高分子聚合物在流体管道输运中具有可逆机械降解特性的优点,更适用于存在高剪切的场合以及封闭的循环回路进行减阻,但存在对其复杂流变特性及减阻机理认识不完善的问题,使得其在减阻领域的应用受到了限制。本文回顾了作者近年来在表面活性剂溶液微观结构、复杂流变学特性、湍流结构以及其与减阻和传热性能之间的内在联系方面的研究进展;介绍了表面活性剂减阻和壁面微沟槽协同作用减阻的研究成果;指出通过拉伸流的方式能够在压损较小的情况下更有效地提高表面活性剂溶液的传热性能。针对表面活性剂现有研究的不足,本文提出4条建议作为表面活性剂的未来研究方向,分别为开发环境友好型高效表面活性减阻剂、强化换热装置的优化设计及优化布置、表面活性剂与其他减阻方式耦合特性的深入研究以及表面活性剂在尺度放大、防腐和减阻持久性方面的实际工业应用研究。     

提高表面活性剂减阻溶液传热研究进展

分析总结了表面活性剂减阻溶液的传热特性和提高传热特性的方法,介绍了各种方法提高传热的机理。对各种方法取得最佳效果作了比较,分析了各种方法的影响因素及优缺点。分析表明,表面活性剂溶液与水的温度分布不同,存在双热边界层,热阻不在近壁层,是在10<y⁺<100的过渡层;提高传热的方法可概括为破坏胶束结构、制造湍流和强化传热的过程。同时,对今后改善传热提出了自己的看法。     

循环水管道减阻节能剂研究进展

介绍了表面活性剂减阻节能剂减阻的原理以及影响减阻的主要因素、减阻节能剂的分子设计。综述了表面活性剂减阻剂的分子结构特征、典型减阻节能剂配方和主要应用领域。建议化工技术人员发挥专业优势,从腐蚀性和安全性数据可靠的工业水处理剂中筛选优良的工业减阻节能剂,类推设计新颖的减阻节能剂分子。     

壁面微沟槽与表面活性剂耦合对管道中湍流减阻特性的影响

通过矩形管道压降实验研究了壁面微沟槽和表面活性剂的减阻性能及联合减阻的增益效果,用粒子成像测速仪分析了流场特性。实验所用的微沟槽为3种不同结构的顺流向V形沟槽,表面活性剂为十六烷基三甲基氯化胺(CTAC),水杨酸钠(NaSal)作为补偿离子。结果表明,壁面微沟槽和表面活性剂溶液均有减阻效果,二者耦合后减阻率进一步提升,最高减阻率为48.26%。微沟槽的减阻性能主要作用在近壁区,通过影响边界层平均流速、速度脉动强度和涡结构,减少表面活性剂的湍动能损耗。当超过表面活性剂的临界雷诺数后,沟槽尖端的高剪切力会加剧胶束结构分解。表面活性剂能抑制湍流涡的演变,扩大微沟槽有效减阻的雷诺数范围。     

消防用PEO/OTAC/NaSal减阻体系的介观分子动力学分析

在全球能源紧张的背景下,“过程节能”手段的探索具有重要意义。消防工作在国民经济和社会发展中占据重要地位,将添加剂湍流减阻技术引进到消防系统,能提高消防水的射出速度和射程,在提高灭火效率的同时节省水泵功耗。根据消防水流特点,初步选定聚氧化乙烯/十八烷基三甲基氯化铵的聚合物/表面活性剂复配体系作为研究对象,借助介观分子动力学模拟手段,计算了此体系的抗剪切能力及表面张力。发现此体系的抗剪切能力较聚合物、表面活性剂单一体系有明显提升,且体系的表面张力较纯表面活性剂溶液有所提高,初步证明此体系适用于消防减阻。同时从分子动力学角度深入分析了复配体系内聚合物、表面活性剂分子之间的作用机制,可为进一步寻找适用于消防减阻的聚合物/表面活性剂复配添加剂体系提供理论指导。     

表面活性剂水溶液池热核沸腾传热的试验研究

对表面活性剂SDS、CTAB、Triton X-114和Triton X-100水溶液物性及其池核沸腾传热进行了试验,重点探讨了表面活性剂分子结构参数和溶液物性对沸腾传热的影响。结果表明：表面活性剂溶液沸腾传热效果、表面活性剂相对分子质量对表面活性剂溶液沸腾传热的影响规律都与表面活性剂的电离特性密切相关,离子型表面活性剂SDS与CTAB溶液的沸腾传热系数比值与相对分子质量的比值成－0.22的指数关系,而非离子表面活性剂Triton X-114和Triton X-100溶液不存在指数关系。动态表面张力和热流密度相等时,SDS和CTAB溶液沸腾传热特性差异主要受相对分子质量和平衡接触角的影响,而Triton X-100和Triton X-114溶液则受质量分数、EO基团数、浊点和动力黏度的综合作用。     

湍流边界层内表面活性剂减阻特性研究

湍流主要通过边界层流体与壁面的摩擦引起的,因此,研究表面活性剂的流向上边界层内湍流减阻性非常有意义,通过压降和粒子图像测速法分别研究了质量分数为10×10~(-6),50×10~(-6)和100×10~(-6)下的表面活性剂溶液与水的压降、范宁系数、减阻率、平均速度、速度分布云图、雷诺应力、涡量和涡量分布云图,实验发现:在表面活性剂的壁面范宁系数要比水时壁面的范宁系数要小,在质量分数为50×10~(-6)时减阻效果最好,最大减阻率为20%。得出结论:表面活性剂的加入使湍流边界层的厚度增加,雷诺切应力减小,在靠近管道的中心处的涡量最小,随着远离管道的中心,涡量缓慢地增大,近壁区的涡量降低,表面活性剂的减阻溶液的涡量比水的涡量稍微大一点,说明主要抑制管道中心区域的湍流强度来降低阻力,从而达到减阻效果。     

减阻剂在页岩气压裂中的研究及应用

滑溜水压裂液具有低黏度以及降摩阻等优点,可深入地层,构造更加复杂的缝网结构,是非常规油气藏降本增效的重要技术手段.减阻剂作为滑溜水中的主要组成部分,主要用于降低压裂液与管壁间的摩擦阻力,提高作业效率.介绍了生物基多糖、表面活性剂以及聚丙烯酰胺这3种类型减阻剂的主要减阻机理及其各自减阻效率,详述了其各自的研究进展与应用现...     

湍流减阻型聚/表复配体系分子自组装结构及机理的介观分子动力学模拟

采用粗粒化分子动力学模拟方法研究了聚合物/表面活性剂复配减阻添加剂的减阻微观结构及机理,并从分子动力学角度对聚集体的形成过程及其剪切稳定性和在剪切作用下的解体过程进行分析。结果表明：聚合物与表面活性剂(下文简称聚/表)分子间自组装聚集体随浓度升高呈现类“珍珠项链”—“桶珠项链”—“钢筋混凝土”结构的变化规律;复配体系内聚/表分子间的自组装是造成复配溶液减阻性能优于聚合物或表面活性剂单一体系的根本原因。因此,对于湍流减阻型聚/表复配体系的选取,应更侧重于选择聚/表分子间相互连接和组装能力强的体系。     

减阻型纳米流体在圆管内的流动和换热特性

实验测定了在Reynolds数4000～16000范围内,质量分数0～0.5%的石墨、多壁碳纳米管、Al₂O₃、Cu、Al、Fe₂O₃、Zn纳米粒子加入到100～400 mg·kg^-1浓度的十六烷基三甲基氯化铵(CTAC)减阻剂中所制备的减阻型纳米流体的摩擦阻力系数和对流传热系数。结果表明:在CTAC中加入水杨酸钠(NaSal)与去离子水所配制的减阻剂具有一定的稳定性和很强的减阻特性,当减阻剂浓度为200 mg·kg^-1时其减阻特性最优。石墨纳米粒子在增强对流换热和减少流动阻力方面具有较佳的综合性能,当石墨纳米颗粒质量分数为0.4%时,其综合性能因子K是去离子水的5倍。最后给出了减阻型石墨纳米流体在圆管内的流动阻力和换热关联式,其计算值和实验值吻合良好。     

THE EFFECT OF HETEROGENEOUS DRAG REDUCING SURFACTANT IN DRAG AND HEAT TRANSFER REDUCTION IN CRUDE OIL SYSTEMS

Pilot scale experiments have been performed to study the effect of a heterogeneous surfactant into the drag and heat transfer coefficient in crude oil pipelines. The effects of surfactant concentration, pipe diameter, Reynolds number and temperature were studied in this research program.

An extensive set of data was obtained for heat transfer and friction coefficients for a heterogeneous surfactant known as MDR-2000. A wide range of Reynolds numbers were covered and experiments were conducted for many different Prandtl numbers. All drag and heat transfer reduction experiments were performed in the same installation using the same measurement techniques which facilitates the assessment of the trends caused by the various parameters studied.

Typical results showed that the friction coefficient was reduced by half at the optimum concentration. While, the heat transfer coefficient was reduced even more dramatically.     

Wall to liquid mass transport and diffusion controlled corrosion in fixed bed reactors

The diffusion controlled corrosion at the inner wall of a fixed bed reactor was studied in terms of the wall to liquid mass transfer coefficient. Variables studied are solution flow rate, physical properties, and packing size and geometry. The effect of drag reducing polymers on the rate of mass transfer and on the rate of corrosion was studied. The presence of the drag reducing polymer decreased the rate of both mass transfer and corrosion by a factor ranging from 8.92% to 39.47%. All variables were correlated by dimensionless equations. Possible applications of these data in heat transfer were highlighted.     

Momentum/heat transfer analogy for drag reducing fluids during turbulent boundary layer flow with small pressure gradients

There have been many attempts in the literature to develop analogies for momentum, heat and mass transfer to drag reducing fluids; however, none have considered the presence of a pressure gradient when formulating the analogies. In the present work, a momentum/heat transfer analogy has been developed under the influence of small pressure gradient for drag reducing fluids using the Nakayama et al. (1984) solution methodology for Newtonian fluids. The results of the present analysis have been found to compare well with existing theoretical expressions.     

Combined effects of temperature and Reynolds number on drag‐reducing characteristics of a cationic surfactant solution

The drag‐reducing characteristics in the turbulent channel flow of dilute cationic surfactant solution, cetyltrimethyl ammonium chloride (CTAC)/sodium salicylate (NaSal) aqueous solution, were experimentally investigated in a closed loop fluid flow facility at different temperatures. The mass concentrations of the surfactant solution ranged from 75 to 200 ppm, and the temperatures ranged from 15 to 55°C. The cationic surfactant solution showed a great drag‐reducing ability, which was greatly affected by concentration, temperature, and Reynolds number. It was found that there existed a critical temperature T_c in each solution at different concentrations. Above T_c, drag‐reduction level decreases and reaches the behaviour of water flow without drag‐reducing ability. A new temperature parameters T_f, was proposed, and the difference between T_c and T_f can represent the effective temperature range for the drag reduction at a certain Reynolds number. The variation tendency of T_f and T_c with Reynolds numbers can give the guidance of selecting effective drag reduction range to the practical application in the district heating systems (DHS). It was supposed that temperature and shear stress are two kind of energy applied on the surfactant microstructure, which can be helpful to the surfactant network formation or dissociation depending on their values. © 2011 Canadian Society for Chemical Engineering     

Pipe diameter effect on flow and heat transfer characteristics of ammonia alum hydrate slurries with additives

In this study, pipe diameter effect on flow and heat transfer characteristics of ammonia aluminium sulfate dodecahydrate (ammonia alum hydrate: AlNH₄(SO₄)₂·12H₂O) slurries with drag reducing surfactants and poly(vinyl alcohol) was investigated. Pressure loss and heat-transfer coefficients of ammonia alum hydrate solutions and slurries were measured with double-pipe heat exchangers with different inner tube diameters. Measurement results indicated that pseudo-laminarization by the surfactant caused drag-reduction effect and its saturated magnitude was affected by inner tube diameters. Pseudo-laminarization also produced heat transfer reduction effect and its magnitude was not affected by inner tube diameters. Calculation results of Colburn's j-factor divided by friction factors indicated that heat transportation efficiency of the hydrate solutions/slurries with additives was increased due to the contribution of drag-reduction effect.