AMPS/AM/木薯淀粉接枝共聚物制备工艺的研究

研究了2-丙烯酰胺基-2-甲基丙磺酸(AM PS)、丙烯酰胺(AM)与木薯淀粉接枝共聚物的接枝共聚工艺条件。结果表明单体用量、引发剂用量、反应温度和反应时间对单体转化率、接枝率、接枝效率有较大影响,制备的AM PS/AM/木薯淀粉接枝共聚物具有较好的吸水性能。     

四元共聚高吸水性树脂的微波辐射合成及性能研究

以过硫酸钾为引发剂,N,N′-亚甲基双丙烯酰胺为交联剂,在没有氮气保护的情况下,采用微波辐射技术合成淀粉/丙烯酸/丙烯酰胺/2-丙烯酰胺基-2-甲基丙磺酸共聚高吸水性树脂,研究了反应条件对树脂吸水倍率的影响,并借助FT-IR、TG和偏光显微镜对其结构、热稳定性及表面形态进行了表征。结果表明,树脂吸水过程符合一级动力学,在优化条件下合成的吸水树脂吸水倍率可达到2 153 g/g,并且具有较好的热稳定性。     

超声波在制备高吸水性树脂PAMA中的优越性

以N,N-亚甲基双丙烯酰胺为交联剂,丙烯酰胺、2-丙烯酰胺基-2-甲基丙磺酸为单体,在不加引发剂和无气氛保护的情况下,超声辐射合成PAMA共聚高吸水性树脂,借助FT-IR对树脂的分子结构进行了表征,并与传统热聚合以及微波辐射聚合所得高吸水性树脂进行了性能对比研究。结果表明:超声辐射法合成吸水树脂较传统方法具有较高的单体转化率、吸水率、较好的耐热保水性和较快的吸水速率。     

静置法合成starch/AM/AMPS共聚高吸水树脂

以N,N′-亚甲基双丙烯酰胺(NMBA)为交联剂,通过静置水溶液聚合法制备了淀粉/丙烯酰胺(AM)/2-丙烯酰胺基-2-甲基丙磺酸(AMPS)共聚高吸水树脂。研究了反应条件对树脂吸水性能的影响,所合成的树脂最高吸蒸馏水为1561倍。并通过FTIR、SEM等技术对树脂的分子结构及表面形态进行了表征分析。     

微波辐射CMC-g-PAMPS/APT高吸水树脂的制备及表征

以2-丙烯酰胺基-2-甲基丙磺酸(AMPS)为单体,凹凸棒黏土(APT)和羧甲基纤维素钠(CMC)为复合组分,采用微波辐射方法制备了CMC-g-PAMPS/APT环境友好复合高吸水性树脂,探讨了合成该树脂适宜的反应条件,并利用FTIR对树脂的结构进行了表征。结果表明,APT和CMC参与了接枝共聚反应;适宜的合成条件下,树脂在去离子水和生理盐水中的吸水倍率分别为834 g/g和78 g/g;树脂的吸水倍率随盐溶液浓度和金属离子价态的升高快速下降;在树脂中引入适量的APT能显著提高树脂的吸水倍率、耐盐性能和pH稳定性。     

高吸水树脂在有机溶液中的溶胀行为

以木薯淀粉为骨架,以丙烯酰胺(AM)、2-丙烯酰胺基-2-甲基丙磺酸(AMPS)为单体,通过接枝反应制备淀粉基吸水树脂。研究了高吸水树脂在不同的有机溶剂,水/有机溶剂中的溶胀行为。结果表明:高吸水树脂吸液倍率与有机溶液的介电常数一般呈正向关系。     

微波辐射制备阿拉伯胶接枝2-丙烯酰胺基-2-甲基丙磺酸高吸水树脂及溶胀性能

以阿拉伯胶(GA),2-丙烯酰胺基-2-甲基丙磺酸(AMPS)为原料,N,N-亚甲基双丙烯酰胺(NMBA)为交联剂,过硫酸钾(APS）为引发剂,采用微波辐射方法制备了GA-g-PAMPS 高吸水性树脂。探讨了单体配比、交联剂用量、引发剂用量、中和度、微波功率和辐射时间对吸水倍率的影响,研究了树脂的溶胀性能,并用FTIR对吸水性树脂的结构进行了表征。结果表明：最佳合成条件下树脂吸去离子水倍率为683g/g,吸生理盐水倍率为137g/g。树脂的吸水倍率随着无机盐溶液浓度的增加而减小,在不同价态金属离子盐溶液中,树脂的吸水倍率顺序为NaCl>BaCl2> FeCl3,树脂具有较高的吸水速率和较好的重复吸水性能。     

均匀设计法优化一种高吸水性树脂的制备工艺

采用水溶液聚合的方法制备了黄原胶接枝丙烯酸/2-丙烯酰胺基-2-甲基丙磺酸[XG/P（AA-AMPS）]高吸水树脂。采用U10*（104）均匀设计对合成工艺进行优化,得出最佳合成条件为丙烯酸用量12 g、引发剂用量为单体总量的0.5%、丙烯酸的中和度为80%、聚合反应温度60 ℃。最佳合成条件下制备的高吸水性树脂吸水倍率达997.1 g/g,吸生理盐水倍率为176.2 g/g。采用傅里叶红外光谱（FTIR）、扫描电镜（SEM）和综合热分析仪对高吸水树脂进行表征。红外光谱分析结果显示丙烯酸（AA）和2-丙烯酰胺基-2-甲基丙磺酸（AMPS）已接枝到黄原胶分子链上,扫描电镜观察结果显示树脂形成一种多孔性网络结构,热性能分析结果显示树脂在高温下具有良好的热稳定性。     

微波辐射制备阿拉伯胶接枝2-丙烯酰胺基-2-甲基丙磺酸高吸水树脂及溶胀性能

以阿拉伯胶(GA),2-丙烯酰胺基-2-甲基丙磺酸(AMPS)为原料,N,N-亚甲基双丙烯酰胺(NMBA)为交联剂,过硫酸钾(APS）为引发剂,采用微波辐射方法制备了GA-g-PAMPS 高吸水性树脂。探讨了单体配比、交联剂用量、引发剂用量、中和度、微波功率和辐射时间对吸水倍率的影响,研究了树脂的溶胀性能,并用FTIR对吸水性树脂的结构进行了表征。结果表明：最佳合成条件下树脂吸去离子水倍率为683g/g,吸生理盐水倍率为137g/g。树脂的吸水倍率随着无机盐溶液浓度的增加而减小,在不同价态金属离子盐溶液中,树脂的吸水倍率顺序为NaCl>BaCl2> FeCl3,树脂具有较高的吸水速率和较好的重复吸水性能。     

复合交联剂型高吸水树脂的超声制备与性能研究

以N,N′-亚甲基双丙烯酰胺(NMBA)和聚乙二醇(PEG)为复合交联剂,以丙烯酸(AA)、丙烯酰胺(AM)、2-丙烯酰胺基-2-甲基丙磺酸(AMPS)为单体,在无任何助剂下超声辐射合成AA/AM/AMPS共聚高吸水性树脂,研究了反应条件对树脂吸水倍率的影响,并对树脂的吸水性能进行了测试,用红外光谱(FT-IR)和AFM对树脂的结构和表面形态进行了表征.结果表明:在优化条件下合成的高吸水性树脂其吸蒸馏水和生理盐水分别为1342 g/g和92 g/g;表征分析证实,复合交联剂通过化学交联和物理交联的协同作用可以有效改善树脂的凝胶强度、耐热性、保水性和再生性.     

Preparation and properties of poly(Nε,Nε-dicarboxymethyl-l-lysine)

A new ampholytic homopolypeptide, $\text{poly}\text{(N}{}^{\mathrm{\epsilon }}\text{,N}{}^{\mathrm{\epsilon }}\text{-}\text{dicarboxy-methyl-}\text{l}\text{-lysine}\text{)}$, which has one tertiary amino and two carboxyl groups in the side chain has been derived from a hydrochloride salt of poly(L-lysine). The polymer in aqueous solution seems to be in the coil form with locally extended structure (LES) at neutral pH. In both the acidic and alkaline regions, the molar ellipticity of the polymer changes as a result of change in net charge on the side chain. The conformational changes may be from the coil with LES to other coiled forms. 5–7 M NaClO₄ and 80% aqueous methanol induce the α-helix in the polymer at neutral pH. Divalent cations, Cu²⁺ and Ca²⁺, do not induce any remarkably ordered structures such as α-helix or β-structure in the polymer in aqueous solution at any pH. Ultraviolet absorption studies show an absorption peak of the polymer-Cu²⁺ complex near 240 nm. Dependence of the peak intensity on pH at various q values ($\text{q =}\text{[}\text{Cu}{}^{\mathrm{2+}}\text{]}\text{[}\text{residue}\text{]}$) indicates the two steps of the complex formation. At q less than 0.64, the formation is described only with the first step. An average coordination number for Cu²⁺ at the first step was calculated to be about 2 by the method of Mandel and Leyte. The association constant of Cu²⁺ with the residue at the step was determined from the absorption data to be far smaller than that for the Cu²⁺-EDTA complex. The second step of the formation occurs in the case of large q but the absorption data for the second step cannot be obtained exactly due to precipitation.     

Wet Milling of Fe/Al/Al2O3 and Fe2O3/Al/Al2O3 Powder Mixtures

Wet milling of Al₂O₃-aluminide alloy (3A) precursor powders in acetone has been investigated by milling Fe/Al/Al₂O₃ and Fe₂O₃/Al/Al₂O₃ powder mixtures. The influence of the milling process on the physical and chemical properties of the milled powders has been studied. Particle refinement and homogenization were found not to play a dominant role, whereas plastic deformation of the metal particles leads to the formation of dislocations and a highly disarranged polycrystalline structure. Although no chemical reactions among the powder components in Fe₂O₃/Al/Al₂O₃ powder mixtures were observed, the formation of a nanocrystalline, ordered intermetallic FeAl phase in Fe/Al/Al₂O₃ powder mixtures caused by mechanical alloying was detected. Chemical reactions of Fe and Al particle surfaces with the atmosphere and the milling media lead to the formation of highly porous hydroxides on the particle surfaces. Hence the specific surface area of the powders increases, while the powder density decreases during milling. The fraction of Fe oxidized during milling was determined to be 0.13. The fraction of Al oxidized during milling strongly depends on the metal content of the powder mixture. It ranges between 0.4 and 0.8.     

Participation of lewis base on vinyl chloride polymerization with Al(C2H5)3CCl4 catalyst system

The polymerization of vinyl chloride has been investigated using an $\text{Al}\text{(}\text{C}{}_2\text{H}{}_5\text{)}{}_3\text{CCl}{}_4$ catalyst system in the presence of various Lewis bases. Effective Lewis bases are γ-butyrolactone, diglyme and diethylenetriamine which are multidentate. The rate of polymerization is dependent not only on the basicity of the Lewis base used but also on a coordination number of one. The latter is the predominant factor. For the effect of polymeric amines, a tentative hypothesis is discussed.     

Sintering of Si3N4-Y2O3-Al2O3

Sintering kinetics of the system Si₃N4-Y2O₃-Al₂O3 were determined from measurements of the linear shrinkage of pressed disks sintered isothermally at 1500° to 1700°C. Amorphous and crystalline Si₃N₄ were studied with additions of 4 to 17 wt% Y₂O₃ and 4 wt% A1₂O₃. Sintering occurs by a liquid-phase mechanism in which the kinetics exhibit the three stages predicted by Kingery's model. However, the rates during the second stage of the process are higher for all compositions than predicted by the model. X-ray data show the presence of several transient phases which, with sufficient heating, disappear leaving mixtures of β ' -Si₃N₄ and glass or β '-Si₃N₄, α '-Si₃N₄, and glass. The compositions and amounts of the residual glassy phases are estimated.     

Synthesis and Characterization of Ti0.33Ta0.33Nb0.33C and Ti0.33Ta0.33Nb0.33CxN1-x Whiskers

Ta_0.33Ti_0.33Nb_0.33C and Ta_0.33Ti_0.33Nb_0.33C _x N_{1− x} whiskers were synthesized via a carbothermal vapor-liquid-solid growth mechanism in the temperature range 900°-1450°C in Ar or N₂. The optimum temperature was 1250°C. Whiskers were obtained in a yield of 70-90 vol%. The whiskers were 0.5–1 µm in diameter and 10–30 µm in length. The starting materials that produced the highest whisker yield were: TiO₂, Ta₂O₅, Nb₂O₅, C, Ni, and NaCl. C was added to reduce the oxides, and Ni to catalyze whisker growth. NaCl was used as a source of Cl for vapor-phase transportation of Ta and Nb oxochlorides and Ti chlorides to the catalyst. The catalyst metal was recycled several times during the synthesis and was transported as NiCl₂( g ) according to thermodynamic calculations. The rate of formation and the chemical composition of the whiskers depended on the synthesis temperature, the choice of catalyst, and the atmosphere. At low temperatures, the whiskers were enriched in Nb and Ta, whereas the Ti content increased with increased synthesis temperature.