食用植物油中4种不饱和脂肪酸在sn-2位含量分析

植物油的sn-2位不饱和脂肪酸比sn-1(3)位的不饱和脂肪酸更易被人体吸收,因此对食用植物油中sn-2位脂肪酸含量进行分析有实际意义。实验采用气相色谱法对油酸(C18∶1n9c)、亚油酸(C18∶2n6c)、γ-亚麻酸(C18∶3n6)、α-亚麻酸(C18∶3n3)等4种不饱和脂肪酸在10种共计12个食用植物油样品中总脂肪酸和sn-2位的具体含量进行检测。总脂肪酸中油酸(C18∶1n9c)含量最高的为花生油,为40.06 g/100g,而sn-2位油酸含量最高的是茶籽油,为1.11 g/100g。大豆油在总脂肪酸中含亚油酸(C18∶2n6c)最多,为68.49 g/100g,但在sn-2位中含亚油酸最多的是核桃油,为0.97 g/100g。sn-2位γ-亚麻酸(C18∶3n6)、α-亚麻酸(C18∶3n3)含量最高的则是亚麻籽油,分别为0.09 g/100g和0.32 g/100g。通过分析常见植物油的4种不饱和脂肪酸总量及在sn-2位上的含量,可为食用植物油的营养价值分析、相关的食品和保健品等产品研发提供科学的数据支持。     

中链脂肪酸在烹饪油中的应用研究进展

中链脂肪酸具有独特的营养功能,易消化吸收,能快速转化为能量。由于其低烟点、易起泡的局限性使其作为烹饪油使用存在一定的缺陷,而通过酯交换技术开发的中长链脂肪酸食用油,能很好提高烟点和减少起泡,可以作为普通烹饪油应用。同时综述了中长链脂肪酸食用油在动物和临床研究中能减少体脂肪的积累和保持健康体重的保健功能。     

火麻油总脂肪酸及sn-2位脂肪酸组成分析

采用气相色谱法测定火麻油中总脂肪酸和sn-2位脂肪酸的组成和含量,并与其他9种常见植物油进行对比,旨在为火麻油的营养价值研究提供基础数据。结果表明,3种不同品牌火麻油主要由软脂酸（C16∶ 0）、硬脂酸（C18∶ 0）、油酸（C18∶ 1n9c）、亚油酸（C18∶ 2n6c）、α-亚麻酸（C18∶ 3n3）组成,其中多不饱和脂肪酸含量为70.57%~78.73%,sn-2位多不饱和脂肪酸含量为77.61%~83.74%,说明以亚油酸和α-亚麻酸为主的多不饱和脂肪酸更易连接在甘三酯结构的sn-2位上。另外,对比其他9种常见植物油,火麻油总脂肪酸和sn-2位脂肪酸中油酸含量均最低,亚油酸和亚麻酸含量较高;多不饱和脂肪酸含量均最高,分别为77.90%和83.74%;n-6系脂肪酸与n-3系脂肪酸比例分别为3.7∶ 1和4.2∶ 1。研究结果表明,火麻油是一种不饱和脂肪酸含量较高且易于被人体吸收代谢的植物油。     

长柄扁桃油的烹饪稳定性研究

为研究长柄扁桃油的烹饪稳定性,本文采用菜籽油作为对比对象,探究长柄扁桃油和菜籽油分别在100 ℃、130 ℃、160 ℃、180 ℃和210 ℃温度条件下高温烹饪不同时间后理化特性、营养成分和有害物质的变化。结果表明：长柄扁桃油的烹饪稳定性远高于菜籽油,适合作为一种高品质烹饪食用油。随着烹饪温度的升高和时间的延长,两种油的酸价和茴香胺值均增加,过氧化值先增加后降低;饱和脂肪酸和单不饱和脂肪酸含量均增大,而多不饱和脂肪酸含量和生育酚总量均显著下降;两种油均产生有害物质(反式脂肪酸、苯并芘和极性物质),但长柄扁桃油较菜籽油不易产生反式脂肪酸和极性物质,长柄扁桃油在整个高温烹饪过程中产生苯并芘含量≤10 μg/kg,未超出食用植物油卫生标准中对苯并芘的限量,而菜籽油在100 ℃下烹饪3 min后已超出规定限量。     

常见食用植物油中特征性脂肪酸的检测及鉴别

目的分析常见市售植物油中特征性脂肪酸构成及含量范围,并探讨在此基础上如何综合利用上述指标对常见植物油进行定性鉴别。方法从6个城市采集9个品种125份样品,每种两个批次。按照GB/T 22223—2008方法测定46种脂肪酸,分析植物油中的特征脂肪酸及其构成。结果菜籽油中的特征脂肪酸为芥酸;花生油中为C20∶0、C24∶0和C22∶0脂肪酸;茶油中的油酸含量高达75.45 g/100 g,是其特征脂肪酸;亚麻籽油的特征脂肪酸为α-亚麻酸;葵花籽油的特征脂肪酸为亚油酸;稻米油中棕榈酸含量范围为15.13～16.37 g/100 g,可以此作为其特征进行鉴别;大豆油中n6/n3比值最接近中国营养学会推荐比值;芝麻油中油酸和亚油酸的总含量及棕榈酸和硬脂酸含量的组成特征比较稳定,可以此作为芝麻油的鉴别依据;玉米油中脂肪酸特征不明显。结论结合单体特征脂肪酸、脂肪酸构成以及n6/n3比值分析可达到常见植物油定性检测的目的。     

长柄扁桃油的烹饪稳定性研究

为研究长柄扁桃油的烹饪稳定性,本文采用菜籽油作为对比对象,探究长柄扁桃油和菜籽油分别在100℃、130℃、160℃、180℃和210℃温度条件下高温烹饪不同时间后理化特性、营养成分和有害物质的变化。结果表明:长柄扁桃油的烹饪稳定性远高于菜籽油,适合作为一种高品质烹饪食用油。随着烹饪温度的升高和时间的延长,两种油的酸价和茴香胺值均增加,过氧化值先增加后降低;饱和脂肪酸和单不饱和脂肪酸含量均增大,而多不饱和脂肪酸含量和生育酚总量均显著下降;两种油均产生有害物质(反式脂肪酸、苯并芘和极性物质),但长柄扁桃油较菜籽油不易产生反式脂肪酸和极性物质,长柄扁桃油在整个高温烹饪过程中产生苯并芘含量≤10μg/kg,未超出食用植物油卫生标准中对苯并芘的限量,而菜籽油在100℃下烹饪3 min后已超出规定限量。     

高温瞬时烹饪工艺对鸡骨油质构和口感影响

鸡骨油在餐饮烹饪菜肴风味形成中具有重要作用。鸡骨油在高温瞬时烹饪加热过程中,经过一系列复杂的化学反应,其中脂肪酸组成及相对含量的变化对鸡脂香和鸡肉感形成有重要影响。因此本文主要对高温瞬时烹饪热处理工艺前后的鸡骨油中脂肪酸组成及结构变化进行分析研究。结果显示,鸡骨油在高温瞬时烹饪热处理工艺前后脂肪酸的组成发生了极大的变化,以中长链脂肪酸变化为主;主要集中在C₁₆～C₂₀的脂肪酸分子,其中含量大且变化较明显的主要是四个脂肪酸：C_16∶0、C_18∶0、C_18∶1n9c和C_18∶2n6c,前三种脂肪酸含量均增大,第四种脂肪酸含量降低明显。脂肪酸含量较小的主要是小于C₁₆和大于C₂₀的脂肪酸。鸡骨油在结构上主要呈片层结构,脂肪粒镶嵌或者附着在鸡骨油层状结构中。本研究为鸡肉加工副产物在餐饮领域的利用以及推动餐饮烹饪工艺工业化和标准化过程提供一定的科学理论依据。     

气相色谱法鉴别潲水油

为了建立一种有效的潲水油鉴别方法,运用气相色谱法和峰面积校正归一化法,对5种动物油、5种植物油和5种潲水油及其精炼成分中的脂肪酸组分进行定性定量分析,最终确定以脂肪酸相对不饱和度(U/S)、短链脂肪含量、十三烷酸及十七烷酸等奇数碳脂肪酸含量作为潲水油油脂的内源性特征物质,并以此作为检测指标,结果表明:潲水油油脂中脂肪酸相对不饱和度(U/S)值明显小于同种类植物油脂肪酸相对不饱和度(U/S);短链脂肪酸在普通植物油中无法检出,但在潲水油中含量较高(0.05%～0.7%);在潲水油中检测出十三烷酸和十七烷酸等奇数碳脂肪酸(0.23%)。     

油炸中棕榈油与鸡柳脂肪酸组成的变化及其相互影响

为研究油炸过程中棕榈油及鸡柳脂肪酸组成变化及相互影响规律,利用气相色谱法对棕榈油以及炸鸡柳中脂肪酸组成的变化进行分析,并用国标法测定油炸油的酸价和过氧化值,借助主成分分析法探讨油炸油脂肪酸组成对油脂氧化稳定性的影响。结果表明:油炸温度较低(≤200℃)时,棕榈油脂肪酸没有明显变化,在温度极高(200℃)时,棕榈油中不饱和脂肪酸含量显著下降(p0.01),反式脂肪酸的含量显著增加(p0.01)。鸡柳在油炸过程中吸收油炸油,并且吸收油脂的量随着炸制时间的延长而增加。同时,鸡柳中浓度高的脂肪酸C20∶4、9c C16∶1、9c12c C18∶2、9c12c15c C18∶3也会释放到棕榈油中。主成分分析结果显示棕榈油中多不饱和脂肪酸C18∶2和C18∶3对于酸价和过氧化值的影响最大。     

无锡地区人乳脂肪脂肪酸组成及sn-2位脂肪酸分布

采集无锡地区150例人乳样品,提取乳中脂肪后,采用气相色谱法对人乳脂肪中总脂肪酸及sn-2位脂肪酸进行测定。结果表明:人乳脂肪总脂肪酸中饱和脂肪酸含量较低,主要为棕榈酸,不饱和脂肪酸含量较高,主要为油酸和亚油酸。随着泌乳期的延长,中碳链饱和脂肪酸(C8∶0、C10∶0、C12∶0)及单不饱和脂肪酸(C16∶1)含量逐渐增加,而部分长碳链饱和脂肪酸及长碳链多不饱和脂肪酸如二十碳五烯酸(EPA)、二十二碳六烯酸(DHA)含量明显下降。人乳脂肪中sn-2位脂肪酸组成中饱和脂肪酸含量约为70%,主要为棕榈酸。     

Reliable identification of grapevine rootstock varieties using RAPD PCR on woody samples

Since grapevine ( Vitis spp .) rootstock material is being traded increasingly as disbudded woody material a lack of distinctive morphological features on such material necessitates an alternative and reliable means of identification. Methods described here were developed for rapid and efficient extraction of DNA from woody samples rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides, and for subsequent identification of varieties by RAPD PCR. Using these methods, and with the application of only one selected RAPD primer, we were able to differentiate sixteen rootstock varieties, including the seven varieties most commonly used in Germany. Problems commonly encountered with reproducibility of RAPD patterns were avoided by choosing primers with a dinucleotide sequence and a high G/C content that allowed a rather high annealing temperature of 45°C. Methods described here should also be useful for other horticultural crops, especially those with woody tissues rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides.     

An internet compendium of analytical methods and spectroscopic information for monomers and additives used in food packaging plastics

An internet website (http://cpf.jrc.it/smt/) has been produced as a means of dissemination of methods of analysis and supporting spectroscopic information on monomers and additives used for food contact materials (principally packaging). The site which is aimed primarily at assisting food control laboratories in the European Union contains analytical information on monomers, starting substances and additives used in the manufacture of plastics materials. A searchable index is provided giving PM and CAS numbers for each of 255 substances. For each substance a data sheet gives regulatory information, chemical structures, physico-chemical information and background information on the use of the substance in particular plastics, and the food packaging applications. For monomers and starting substances (155 compounds) the infra-red and mass spectra are provided, and for additives (100 compounds); additionally proton NMR are available for about 50% of the entries. Where analytical methods have been developed for determining these substances as residual amounts in plastics or as trace amounts in food simulants these methods are also on the website. All information is provided in portable document file (PDF) format which means that high quality copies can be readily printed, using freely available Adobe Acrobat Reader software. The website will in future be maintained and up-dated by the European Commission's Joint Research Centre (JRC) as new substances are authorized for use by the European Commission (DG-ENTR formerly DGIII). Where analytical laboratories (food control or other) require reference substances these can be obtained free-ofcharge from a reference collection housed at the JRC and maintained in conjunction with this website compendium.     

Aroma characterization of various apricot varieties using headspace–solid phase microextraction combined with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and gas chromatography–olfactometry

The characterization of the aromatic profile of several apricot cultivars with molecular tracers in order to obtain objective data concerning the aromatic quality of this fruit was undertaken using headspace–solid phase microextraction (HS–SPME). Six apricot cultivars were selected according to their organoleptic characteristics: Iranien, Orangered, Goldrich, Hargrand, Rouge du Roussillon and A4025. The aromatic intensity of these varieties measured by HS–SPME–Olfactometry were defined and classified according to the presence and the intensity of grassy, fruity and apricot like notes. In the six varieties, 23 common volatile compounds were identified by HS–SPME–GC–MS. Finally, 10 compounds, ethyl acetate, hexyl acetate, limonene, β-cyclocitral, γ-decalactone, 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one, linalool, β-ionone, menthone and (E)-hexen-2-al were recognized by HS–SPME–GC–O as responsible of the aromatic notes involved in apricot aroma and considered as molecular tracers of apricot aromatic quality which could be utilized to discriminate apricot varieties.     

Tests of potential functional barriers for laminated multilayer food packages. Part I: Low molecular weight permeants

The advent of the functional barrier concept in food packaging has brought with it a requirement for fast tests of permeation through potential barrier materials. In such tests it would be convenient for both foodstuffs and materials below the functional barrier (sub-barrier materials) to be represented by standard simulants. By means of inverse gas chromatography, liquid paraffin spiked with appropriate permeants was considered as a potential simulant of sub-barrier materials based on polypropylene (PP) or similar polyolefins. Experiments were performed to characterize the kinetics of the permeation of low molecular weight model permeants (octene, toluene and isopropanol) from liquid paraffin, through a surrogate potential functional barrier (25 μm-thick oriented PP) into the food simulants olive oil and 3% (w/v) acetic acid. These permeation results were interpreted in terms of three permeation kinetic models regarding the solubility of a particular model permeant in the post-barrier medium (i.e. the food simulant). The results obtained justify the development and evaluation of liquid sub-barrier simulants that would allow flexible yet rigorous testing of new laminated multilayer packaging materials.     

Chlorohydrins of bisphenol A diglycidyl ether (BADGE) and of bisphenol F diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) in canned foods and ready-to-drink coffees from the Japanese market

BADGE.2HCl and BFDGE.2HCl were determined in 28 samples of ready-to-drink canned coffee and 18 samples of canned vegetables (10 corn, 5 tomatoes and 3 others), all from the Japanese market. HPLC was used as the principal analytical method and GCMS for confirmation of relevant LC fractions. BADGE.2HCl was found to be present in one canned coffee and five samples of corn, BFDGE.2HCl in four samples of canned tomatoes and in one canned corn. No sample was found which exceeded the 1mg/kg limit of the EU for the BADGE chlorohydrins. However the highest concentration was found for the sum of BFDGE.2HCl and BFDGE.HCl.H₂O at a level of 1.5mg/kg. A Beilstein test confirmed that all cans containing foods contaminated with BADGE.2HCl or BFDGE.2HCl had at lest one part coated with a PVC organosol.     

European priorities for research to support legislation in the area of food contact materials and articles

A strong science base is required to underpin the planning and decision-making process involved in determining future European community legislation on materials and articles in contact with food. Significant progress has been made in the past 5 years in European funded work in this area, with many developments contributing to a much better understanding of the migration process, and better and simpler approaches to food control. In this paper this progress is reviewed against previously identified work-areas (identified in 1994) and conclusions are reached about future requirements for R&D to support legislation on food contact materials and articles over the next 5 or so years.     

Analysis of benzo[a]pyrene in spiked fatty foods by second derivative synchronous spectrofluorimetry after microwave-assisted treatment of samples

A simple, rapid and inexpensive method has been developed for the determination of benzo[a     

The development of reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in lyophilized mussel. II: Certification study

This paper describes the second part of a project undertaken to develop certified mussel reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins. In the first part two interlaboratory studies were undertaken to investigate the performance of the analytical methodology for several PSP toxins, in particular saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin in lyophilized mussels, and to set criteria for the acceptance of results to be applied during the certification exercise. Fifteen laboratories participated in this certification study and were asked to measure saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin in rehydrated lyophilized mussel material and in a saxitoxin-enriched mussel material. The participants were allowed to use a method of their choice but with an extraction procedure to be strictly followed. The study included extra experiments to verify the detection limits for both saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin. Most participants (13 of 15) were able to meet all the criteria set for the certification study. Results for saxitoxin.2HCl yielded a certified mass fraction of <0.07 mg/kg in the rehydrated lyophilized mussels. Results obtained for decarbamoyl-saxitoxin.2HCl yielded a certified mass fraction of 1.59+/-0.20 mg/kg. The results for saxitoxin.2HCl in enriched blank mussel yielded a certified mass fraction of 0.48 +/- 0.06 mg/kg. These certified reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in lyophilized mussel material are the first available for laboratories to test their method for accuracy and performance.     

Announcing a new international peer-reviewed journal:Food Science and Human Wellness now accepting manuscript submission in English

<正>We are pleased to announce the launch of a new international peer-reviewed journal-Food Science and Human Wellness,ISSN 2213-4530,which is an open access journal,produced and hosted by Elsevier B.V.on behalf of Beijing Academy of Food Sciences.Food Science and Human Wellness is an international peer-reviewed English journal that provides a forum for the dissemination of the