阿拉伯树胶增敏-新试剂对碘偶氮氯膦与铋离子显色反应的研究与应用

在pH =2 0的HCl-HAc介质中 ,对碘偶氮氯膦与Bi3 + 生成蓝紫色的配合物 ,其最大吸收波长的位置在 6 84nm ,摩尔吸光系数为 1 15× 10 4,Bi3 + 浓度在 0～ 5mg/L范围内符合比尔定律。表面活性剂具有增敏作用 ,在测定条件下 ,加入 0 5 %的阿拉伯树胶 2mL ,其线形回归方程为c =- 1 0 74 +3 5 5 7A(mg/L)。     

用1-吡啶-3-[4 -(苯基偶氮)苯基]-三氮烯测定化妆品中的镉

通过对1-吡啶-3-[4-(苯基偶氮)苯基]-三氮烯(PYPAPT)与镉的显色反应的研究,建立了直接测定化妆品中微量镉的光度分析方法。在非离子表面活性剂Tween存在下,碱性NaOH介质中,PYPAPT与镉形成2∶1的红色配合物。配合物的最大吸收波长位于520 nm,表观摩尔吸光系数为1.72×105L.mol-1.cm-1,Cd2 在0~0.56 mg/L符合比尔定律。此方法用于化妆品中微量镉的测定,结果与原子吸收法相一致。     

阴非离子型Gemini表面活性剂驱油体系性能评价

为提高低渗透油藏采收率,开发了一种阴非离子型Gemini表面活性剂ANG7-Ⅳ-7,并测定体系的界面张力、乳化性能和吸附量。结果表明,ANG7-Ⅳ-7表面活性剂浓度在1⁴ g/L范围内,油水界面张力均可达到10-3m N/m的超低数量级,当ANG7-Ⅳ-7浓度为4 g/L时,能使油水界面张力达到最低值6.025×10-3m N/m;在注入浓度为4 g/L时,表面活性剂在油砂上的吸附量为2.035 mg/g。室内岩心驱油试验结果表明,4 g/L的ANG7-Ⅳ-7表面活性剂驱可在水驱后提高采收率11个百分点。     

阴非离子型Gemini表面活性剂驱油体系性能评价

为提高低渗透油藏采收率,开发了一种阴非离子型Gemini表面活性剂ANG7-Ⅳ-7,并测定体系的界面张力、乳化性能和吸附量。结果表明,ANG7-Ⅳ-7表面活性剂浓度在1~4 g/L范围内,油水界面张力均可达到10-3m N/m的超低数量级,当ANG7-Ⅳ-7浓度为4 g/L时,能使油水界面张力达到最低值6.025×10-3m N/m;在注入浓度为4 g/L时,表面活性剂在油砂上的吸附量为2.035 mg/g。室内岩心驱油试验结果表明,4 g/L的ANG7-Ⅳ-7表面活性剂驱可在水驱后提高采收率11个百分点。     

GAP改性单基球形药制备工艺研究

讨论含氮量、表面活性剂等对单基球形药形貌及密度的影响。结果表明,含氮量增加时,单基球形药密度增大,含氮量高的NC配方比含氮量低的配方制得的球形药成球率低;在GAP改性单基球形药制备中,表面活性剂浓度为0. 1 g/m L时球形药颗粒成型最好,浓度为0. 07 g/m L及0. 13 g/m L时产品拖尾现象明显,成球率较差。较高浓度表面活性剂下能制得粒径更小的球形药;脱水剂用量增加时,改性球形药的密度增大,脱水剂用量为17. 4 g时药粒表面光滑,圆度较高,脱水剂用量为8. 7 g和26. 1 g时,药粒表面存在较多凹坑。     

GAP改性单基球形药制备工艺研究

讨论含氮量、表面活性剂等对单基球形药形貌及密度的影响。结果表明,含氮量增加时,单基球形药密度增大,含氮量高的NC配方比含氮量低的配方制得的球形药成球率低;在GAP改性单基球形药制备中,表面活性剂浓度为0. 1 g/m L时球形药颗粒成型最好,浓度为0. 07 g/m L及0. 13 g/m L时产品拖尾现象明显,成球率较差。较高浓度表面活性剂下能制得粒径更小的球形药;脱水剂用量增加时,改性球形药的密度增大,脱水剂用量为17. 4 g时药粒表面光滑,圆度较高,脱水剂用量为8. 7 g和26. 1 g时,药粒表面存在较多凹坑。     

一种膜炭生物反应器及其表面活性剂降解效果

开发了一种膜炭生物反应器，并研究其降解表面活性剂废水的效果，与膜生物反应器相比，该系统耐表面活性剂冲击能力强，在表面活性剂负荷不超过 0.126 kg/（m3·d）时，进水 COD 为 1 600～4 500 mg/L,LAS 为 200～1 300mg/L 时，MCBR 出水 COD 稳定在 100 mg/L 以下，LAS 小于 1 mg/L，去除率接近 100%。氨氮平均去除率 85% 以上，总氮去除率在 9.47%～47.74%，系统同时存硝化与反硝化作用。粉末活性炭强化了物理吸附-厌氧生化降解过程，实现了表面活性剂停留时间和水力停留时间分离，有利于难生化物质的降解。该系统的突出优点为在处理高浓度表面活性剂废水过程中无泡沫产生，避免污泥流失，表面活性剂一步去除率超过 99%。     

3,5-二溴-4-偶氮变色酸苯基荧光酮显色光度法测定磷矿石中的Al2O3

在阳离子表面活性剂 CTMAB存在下 ,验证 Al3 与 3,5二溴 4偶氮变色酸苯基荧光酮 (DBACPF)的显色反应条件和光度性质。在 p H为 6 .0的 HAc Na Ac缓冲介质中 ,Al3 与试剂形成 1∶ 2的红色配合物 ,最大吸收峰位于 5 6 0 nm处 ,表观摩尔吸光系数为 1.2 5× 10 5L/ (m ol· cm) ,Al3 的质量浓度为 0～ 2 0 μg/ m l时符合比尔定律。用于磷矿石中三氧化二铝含量的测定 ,结果与标准值相符。     

Guerbet十四醇聚氧乙烯醚硫酸钠的合成与表面活性

以Guerbet十四醇 (C14 GA)为中间体 ,经Williamson反应合成Guerbet十四醇聚氧乙烯醚醇〔C14 GA(EO) nH ,n =1,2 ,4〕 ,再经氯磺酸酯化及NaOH中和 ,得到阴离子表面活性剂Guerbet十四醇聚氧乙烯醚硫酸钠〔C14 GA(EO) nS ,n =1,2 ,4〕。用IR、NMR和元素分析测定了所合成的表面活性剂的结构 ,并利用表面张力法测定了这些表面活性剂水溶液的表面活性。实验结果表明 :所合成的表面活性剂的结构分别为C14 GAEOS (A) ,C14 GA(EO) 2 S(B)和C14 GA(EO) 4 S(C) ;这些表面活性剂其临界胶束浓度CMC(mmol/L) ,在CMC时的表面张力γCMC(mN/m)和Krafft点 (℃ )分别为A :2 5 8mmol/L ,2 7 6mN/m ,5 9℃ ;B :0 80mmol/L ,2 6 4mN/m ,2℃和C :0 12mmol/L ,2 5 3mN/m ,0℃。均比常用的直链阴离子表面活性剂C12 H2 5SO4Na(8.6mmol/L ,4 1 2mN/m ,16℃ )有更低的CMC ,γCMC和Krafft点 ;聚氧乙烯基的引入 ,对降低CMC ,γCMC和Krafft点的效果随氧乙烯基团数目的增多 (由 1增至 4 )而加大。讨论了表面活性剂的结构和表面活性的关系     

居贝特十四醇聚氧乙烯醚羧酸钠盐的合成及表面性能

以正庚醇为起始原料,经过Guerbet、Williamson等一系列反应合成出了具有支链结构的居贝特十四醇聚氧乙烯醚羧酸钠盐[C14GA(EO)nCH2COONa,n=1-4]。用IR、NMR测定了所合成的表面活性剂的结构;用滴体积法测定了其表面张力。结果表明:该类表面活性剂有比较好的表面性能,并且随着分子中氧乙烯(EO)单元数的增多,该系列表面活性剂[C14GA(EO)nCH2COONa,n=1-4]的临界胶团浓度(CMC)以及临界胶团浓度时的表面张力(γCMC)降低,分别为:10．50 mmol/L,27．87 mN/m;0．85 mmol/L,26．00 mN/m;0．75 mmol／L,25．20 mN/ m:0．59 mmol/L,25．18 mN/m。讨论了该类表面活性剂的结构与表面活性的关系。     

Synthesis and characterization of silica nanospheres using nonsurfactant template

In the present work monodispersed silica spheres were successfully synthesized using nonsurfactant approach of neutral palm oil derived fatty alcohols based microemulsions. The resulting silica spheres have diameter in two size clusters; ca. 560 nm and ca. 700 nm, respectively. The synthesis was acomplished by using straight chain fatty alcohols in a combined approach of sol–gel and Stöber method without extensive washing. Translucent nonsurfactant microemulsions containing straight chain fatty alcohols namely octyl alcohol (C8), decyl alcohol (C10) and dodecyl alcohol (C12) were successfully obtained. Short chain alcohols such as ethanol and methanol were used as co-solvent in the formation of silica spheres. Tetraethylorthosilicate were used as silica source as well as co-structure directing agent. The resulting silica spheres were successfully functionalized with octyl-4-methoxy cinnamate (OMC) as UV-absorbing compounds in a direct nonsurfactant co-condensation during the synthesis process. The technique employed was found to be most viable in producing silica spheres for applications as meta-atom in the fabrication of metamaterials.     

Synthesis of Mesoporous Silica Materials with Hydroxyacetic Acid Derivatives as Templates via a Sol-Gel Process

A series of mesoporous silica materials were synthesized via HCl-catalyzed sol-gel process of tetraethyl orthosilicate at 60°C in the presence of nonsurfactant compounds such as hydroxyacetic acid (HA), lactic acid (LAC), 2-hydroxyisobutyric acid (HIBA) and diphenylglycolic acid (DPGA) as templates or pore-forming agents. After the removal of the nonsurfactant template compounds from the template-containing SiO₂ composite, mesoporous silica materials were obtained. Results from Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET), powder X-ray diffraction (XRD), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) experiments identified the formation of mesopores. Nitrogen adsorption-desorption isotherms showed that pore parameters increased with the template concentration except for the DPGA system. However, the pore parameters did not simply increase with the size of the template molecules. These results revealed that the molecular structure, molecular affinity, number of hydrophobic groups and steric hindrance played a significant role on the pore size of the final materials.     

Synergistic interactions of shampoo ingredients

Certain pairs of surfactants interact in relatively concentrated aqueous solutions to give unexpectedly high viscosity. When nonsurfactant substances are added to such a surfactant pair, there may be either a further increase in viscosity or a decrease. Results of detergency tests of one surfactant pair in varying proportions are given.     

Preparation and characterization of double-chain destructible surfactants and derived vesicles

Double-chain destructible surfactants 1 and 2 were prepared, and vesicles derived from them were characterized. The hydrolyses of 1 and 2 to nonsurfactant compounds were demonstrated, and the application of 1 and 2 in preparative chemistry and in pH-controlled delivery is discussed. Presented as the recipient of the 1985 Ralph H. Potts Memorial Fellowship.     

Synthesis of a Re-usable Cellobiase Enzyme Catalyst through In situ Encapsulation in Nonsurfactant Templated Sol–Gel Mesoporous Silica

We present a re-usable enzyme catalyst system via direct encapsulation of cellobiase in nonsurfactant templated sol?Cgel mesoporous silica host material with d-fructose as the template. The pore diameter and porosity of the silica host material, controlled by the fructose content, controlled the diffusion of substrate to the enzyme. This in situ immobilized cellobiase showed little or no leakage while could be repeatedly used as biocatalyst with little or no loss of activity after at least 9 cycles.     

Supercritical Fluid Extraction of a Novel Template from Mesoporous Zirconia and the Effect on Porous Structure

Mesoporous zirconia was synthesized by a new and simple method. Zirconium n-propoxide was used as the zirconium source. A small, inexpensive nonsurfactant, triethanolamine, was used as the template. The template was removed by thermal treatment in air and supercritical fluid extraction using CO₂. The structure of the resulting materials was characterized by X-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy, and N₂ adsorption-desorption analyses. The materials are found to have narrowly distributed average pore diameters and wormhole-like pore channels. However, higher surface area and larger pore volume are exhibited after supercritical fluid extraction with CO₂. The removal of the template by thermal treatment also leads to condensation and mild shrinkage of the zirconia framework.     

Synthesis of Mesoporous Silica Materials via Nonsurfactant Urea-Templated Sol-Gel Reactions

Mesoporous silica materials with pore diameters of 2 to 6 nm have been prepared using urea as a nonsurfactant template or pore-forming agent in HCl-catalyzed sol-gel reactions of tetraethyl orthosilicate, followed by removing the urea molecules by extraction with methanol or water. Characterization results from nitrogen sorption isotherm, powder X-ray diffraction, and transmission electron microscopy indicate that the materials have large specific surface areas (e.g., 600 m²/g) and pore volumes (e.g., 0.8 cm³/g) as well as narrow pore size distributions. The mesoporosity is arisen from interconnecting wormlike channels and pores of regular diameters. As the urea concentration is increased, the nitrogen sorption isotherms of the silica matrices transform from the reversible type I to the type IV form with type H2 hysteresis, along with increases in the diameter and volume of the pores.     

Effect of Ag nanoparticles seeding on the properties of silica spheres

In this study, the effect of seed-recrystallization on the Ag deposition onto silica sphere surfaces has been investigated. It was found that increasing the seed-recrystallization cycles resulted in higher atomic deposition at ca. 84% coverage of silica surfaces with the same mole ratio of Ag precursor characterized by the Ag/Si atomic ratio obtained by XPS analyses. The addition of straight-chain palm oil derived fatty alcohols (PODFA) in the sol-gel prior to seed-recrystallization aided the deposition of Ag. Thus, PODFA play the role of nonsurfactant surface modification agent to produce Ag-silica nanocomposite. Structural analyses showed that the resulting Ag nanocrystallines having a face centre cubic structure and particle size of 5–20 nm were deposited homogeneously on silica spheres. Chemical state analyses from XPS indicated that the increasing number of seed repetition process increased the seeding of Ag nanoparticles on silica surface with the same molar of Ag atoms. XPS spectra at O1s orbital elucidated that the binding energy of three oxides components were determined at ca. 533.8 eV (Si-O-H), 532.8 eV (Si-O-Si) and 530.8 eV (Si-O-Ag), respectively. The high sensitivity of surface plasmon resonance observed in the nanocomposites prepared in this study are useful in optical applications.     

Alkoxyalkyl-substituted glycerol acetals: New hydrophobic intermediates for surfactant synthesis

In acid-catalyzed, one-step reactions of monofunctional alcohol (I) and glycerol mixture with a simple α,β-unsaturated carbonyl compound (acrolein, crotonaldehyde or methylvinyl ketone), four component glycerol acetals [mixtures ofcis-+trans-2-(2-alkoxyalkyl)-substituted derivatives of 4-hydroxymethyl-1,3-dioxolanes and 5-hydroxy-1,3-dioxanes] or two component glycerol ketals [mixtures ofcis-+trans-2-(2-alkoxyethyl)-2-methyl-4-hydroxymethyl-1,3-dioxolanes] were obtained, respectively. These compounds may be used as a new group of hydrophobic intermediates for synthesis of chemodegradable surfactants, which rapidly hydrolyze to nonsurfactant compounds in acidic aqueous solutions. Methods of synthesis, yields, compositions and chemical structures of components of reaction products, and products of their chemical degradation have been discussed. Part XX in the series: Acetals and Ethers. Part XIX, A. Piasecki,Polish J. Chem. 62:579 (1988).     

The stability of sodium hypochlorite in the presence of surfactants

Studies were made on the stability of NaOCl at 40°C in the presence of sodium alkanesulfonate or alkylarenesulfonate anionic surfactants, and in the presence of a nonionic surfactant,N-octylpyrrolidinone. The results were compared with NaOCl stability in the absence of additives and in the presence of nonsurfactant short-chain sodium alkylbenzenesulfonates. The data indicated that the rate of NaOCl loss is greatly dependent upon the pH of the solution, even at alkaline pHs. At initial pHs below 11, in the absence of additive, there is significant disproportionation of OCl⁻ to ClO ₃ ⁻ , accompanied by decrease in the pH of the solution, within a period of several days. Even at an initial pH of 11.3, in the presence of the surfactants investigated, there is significant disproportionation of OCl⁻ and decrease in the pH of the solution in the first several days. When the initial pH of the solution is 13.5, there is no significant decrease in pH of the solution for at least two months in the presence of the surfactants studied. NaOCl stability in the presence of surfactant decreases in the order: sodium linear alkanesulfonate > sodium linear alkyldiphenylethersulfonate > sodium linear alkylbenzenesulfonate >>N-octylpyrrolidinone. Stability was greater in the presence of linear alkylarenesulfonates than in the presence of branched alkylarenesulfonates. It is suggested that the differences in stability observed are due to the greater ease of oxidation of tertiary carbon atoms compared to primary or secondary atoms.