STEP/AP203一致性测试软件的实现

STEP一致性测试保证实施过程中产品数据的一致性和完整性。文章通过对STEP一致性测试方法的研究,结合STEP/AP203一致性测试软件的实现,讨论了测试系统的结构、测试过程和内容,重点分析了对交换结构的规则与约束的检查,最后介绍了软件系统开发过程中的相关技术问题。     

A survey on 3D CAD model quality assurance and testing tools

A new taxonomy of issues related to CAD model quality is presented, which distinguishes between explicit and procedural models. For each type of model, morphologic, syntactic, and semantic errors are characterized. The taxonomy was validated successfully when used to classify quality testing tools, which are aimed at detecting and repairing data errors that may affect the simplification, interoperability, and reusability of CAD models.The study shows that low semantic level errors that hamper simplification are reasonably covered in explicit representations, although many CAD quality testers are still unaffordable for Small and Medium Enterprises, both in terms of cost and training time. Interoperability has been reasonably solved by standards like STEP AP 203 and AP214, but model reusability is not feasible in explicit representations.Procedural representations are promising, as interactive modeling editors automatically prevent most morphologic errors derived from unsuitable modeling strategies. Interoperability problems between procedural representations are expected to decrease dramatically with STEP AP242. Higher semantic aspects of quality such as assurance of design intent, however, are hardly supported by current CAD quality testers.     

基于CORBA标准的STEP数据库的实现研究

为解决企业间跨异构平台的产品数据共享问题,采用面向对象的设计方法将ＣＯＲＢＡ标准与ＳＴＥＢＰ标准有机地结合起来,实现了基于ＳＴＥＡＰ２０３全局数据模型的集成虚拟企业产品数据存储系统－ＳＴＥ数据库。     

Architecture and implementation of a shop-floor programming system for STEP-compliant CNC

STEP-NC (formalized as ISO 14649 and ISO 10303 AP238) is a new interface (or language) standard for the CAD-CAM-CNC chain, currently under establishment by ISO TC184 SC1 and SC4. Upon completion, it will replace ISO 6983, so called M & G codes used for CNC since 1950s. As the new language is being established, a new CNC controller called STEP-CNC (STEP-compliant CNC), capable of carrying out various intelligent tasks using the new language as an input, receives worldwide attention. Shop-floor programming (SFP) system is a computer-assisted part programming system interfaced with STEP-CNC. Its primary function is to generate part program in ISO 14649 (or STEP AP238) to machine the part geometry given by STEP AP203 or AP224 file. In this paper, we first present an architecture for the SFP system, followed by implementation technology including: (1) STEP physical file interpretation, (2) feature recognition, (3) process planning, (4) part program generation, and (5) verification. The developed methodology was implemented in a prototype called PosSFP, and tested with Korea STEP-NC system.     

基于STEP的特征模型及重构算法

随着CAX技术的发展,特征技术得到越来越多的重视,特征技术的使用,大幅度提高了产品的设计、制造、集成等过程的效率。目前,基于特征的CAD、CAM系统是市场的主流,CAPP是完全基于特征的应用系统。但是在STEP的众多应用协议中,涉及机械设计、制造、管理的应用协议有很多,但是这些应用协议基本上没有提供对特征的支持。AP224是较早支持特征的STEP应用协议,主     

基于STEP/AP209的有限元后处理技术研究

STEP是关于产品生命周期中数据表达和交换的国际标准。SDAI是STEP采用的标准数据存取接口,是针对不同的数据存贮技术而提供的统一的数据存取接口标准。文章通过SDAI标准数据存取接口,来实现有限元分析本体程序和后处理系统之间的数据交换,在此基础上实现了STEP/AP209格式文件的读入,并对有限元后处理技术进行了研究。     

Mapping 2D midship drawings into a 3D ship hull model based on STEP AP218

Standard for the exchange of product model data (STEP) AP218 has a standard schema to represent the structural model of a midship section. While its schema facilitate the exchange of ship structural models among heterogeneous systems, most shipyards and classification societies exchange information using 2D paper drawings. We propose a feature parameter input method to generate a 3D STEP model of a ship structure from 2D drawings. We have analyzed the ship structure information contained in 2D drawings and have defined a data model to express the contents of the drawing. We also developed a GUI for the feature parameter input. To translate 2D information extracted from the drawing into a STEP AP218 model, we have developed a shape generation library and have generated the 3D ship model through this library. The generated 3D STEP model of a ship structure can be used to exchange information between design departments in a shipyard as well as between classification societies and shipyards.     

Standardized data exchange of CAD models with design intent

Modern CAD systems generate feature-based product shape models with parameterization and constraints. Until recently, standards for CAD data exchange among different CAD systems were restricted to the exchange of pure shape information. These standards ignored the construction history, parameters, constraints, features and other elements of ‘design intent’ present in the model to be transferred. This paper suggests an implementational foundation for CAD data exchange with the preservation of design intent, based on the use of newly published parts of the International Standard ISO 10303 (STEP). Case studies are presented which employ a hypothetical STEP application protocol (AP) using Parts 55, 108 and 111 of ISO 10303. A prototype translator based on this AP has been implemented and tested. The paper reports on the experience gained in ‘intelligent’ data exchange.     

一个开放可扩展的SDAI实现系统

STEP标准数据存取界面－SDAI为应用程序提供了独立于数据存储的STEP数据访问界面，SDAI允许访问不同的数据存储系统，有不同的实现语言联编方式，如果对每一种实用语言和数据存储系统单独实现SDAI，其工作量将是巨大的，该文选择系数据库作为SDAI数据存储系统，C语言作为实现语言，实现系统独立于不同的关系数据库系统，并且为不同语言的联编提供了一个统一的开发平台，提高了系统的开放性和可扩展性，为STEP在企业信息集成中的应用提供了核心操作，STEP建模语言EXPRESS，关系数据库，SDAI实现语言在模式表示上的不匹配是系统实现要解决的主要问题，该文从数据字典，STEP数据的字储与访问等方面阐明了系统实现时没模式之间的匹配过程。     

STEP一到性测试系统的开发

STEP AP 203（ISO10303－203－1994）是表达3D机械产品设计阶段的产品数据的国际标准,它提供了一种独立于任何特定系统的信息通信的中性机制,然而,如果不对应用系统进行确定其是否与标准相一致的测试,则产品数据交换的目标就不能完全达到,文中在给出STEP一致性测试的系统方法的基础上,通过已开发的STEP AP 203一致性测试系统,来说明如何实现STEP一致性测试。     

Development of a framework system for tool integration in a product information archive

The described framework system has the goal of providing an integration platform for engineering tools to interact. Engineering tools exchange information via the data repository of the framework system. In the European research project ESPRIT EP6896 Concurrent/Simultaneous Engineering System (CONSENS), a Product Information Archive (PIA) is being developed based on the object-oriented database system of the framework, the Object Management System. The Product model is based on a STEP compliant schema. This has been achieved by developing an Application Resource Model (ARM) for the required product information according to a user requirements analysis. The ARM then was mapped to the Integrated Resource Models of STEP which resulted in an object-oriented STEP compliant model. The main objective of PIA is the integration of the product information flows between parallel teams using the framework for product development. This is provided by an interface consisting of a library of functions that enable tools within and external to the framework to access PIA and exchange up-to-date product information. Additionally an X Motif based interface provides human users with direct access possibilities. The framework has been tested by the integration of various tools which support product development.     

Striving for a total integration of CAD, CAPP, CAM and CNC

Over the last 50 years, conventional programming of the numerical controlled (NC) machine tools has been based on a data model stipulated by ISO 6983, or otherwise known as G-codes. It was designed to sequentially pass instructions to the controls of machine tools with little, if any, intelligence. It has been realized that this standard has led to serious impediments for the fulfilment of total CAD/CAM integration. The forthcoming ISO 14649 defines a new interface for exchange of information between CAD/CAM systems and NC machine tools. ISO 14649 is strictly harmonized with ISO 10303 (STEP), hence the name STEP-NC meaning an extended STEP for numerical control. There has been substantial amount of research being carried out concerning STEP-NC, in particular EU and USA; its benefits and potentials are revealing and appealing. The manufacturing industry may have to embrace itself with a revolutionary change even more dramatic than that of introduction of numerical control about half a century ago.     

STEP信息集成软件工具的设计和实现

ＳＴＥＰ是国际标准化组织ＩＳＯ正在组织开发的应用于计算机集成制造系统（ＣＩＭＳ）信息集成的产品数据表达与交换标准，ＳＴＥＰ不仅是一种规范，更是一种信息集成技术，本文以ＣＡＤ／ＣＡＰＰ／ＣＡＭ系统集成为背景，提出了ＳＴＥＰ信息集成支持工具ＥｘＴｒａ的设计和实现技术，该软件工具已成功且有效地应用于ＣＡＤ／ＣＡＰＰ／ＣＡＭ系统集成中。     

Enriching standards-based digital thread by fusing as-designed and as-inspected data using knowledge graphs

Realizing the digital thread is essential for linking and orchestrating data across the product lifecycle in smart manufacturing. Linking heterogeneous lifecycle data is critical to maintain associativity and traceability in a digital thread. Recently, researchers have successfully leveraged ontology models with knowledge graphs in engineering domains for threading different lifecycle data. One of the most successful of such efforts is OntoSTEP which enables the formal capture of information embedded in the STandard for Exchange of Product model data (STEP) data representation, or ISO 10303. Meanwhile, an emerging inspection standard, called the Quality Information Framework (QIF), has garnered significant attention as it can bring quality information into the digital thread. Implementing more automated methods for product quality assurance is challenging due to the lack of unified information models from design to inspection. To this end, we propose an approach to fuse as-designed data represented in STEP and as-inspected data represented in QIF in a standards-based digital thread based on ontology with knowledge graphs. Specifically, we present an automated pipeline for generating knowledge graphs representing STEP and QIF data, a mapping implementation to integrate STEP and QIF knowledge graphs, and rules and queries to demonstrate the integration’s potential for better decision making with respect to product quality assurance.     

The application of information systems for the design and operation of flexible machining cells

The use of information systems in manufacturing applications has dramatically changed over the last few years. The design and implementation of somewhat dated relational databases has been replaced by the generation of information models, that can be simultaneously used for the development of information systems and satisfy their integration requirements. Over the last ten years the authors have been involved in a series of research programmes focusing on the design and operation of flexible machining cells. The use of information systems has been a central theme and the enabling technology to achieve a number of novel design concepts and operational strategies for such cells. The initial research was based on the utilization of relational databases to integrate a variety of modelling and design tools. However, the additional effort required to integrate such databases to manufacturing software tools, in the form of developing file translators, information gateways and interfac es, has made the authors adopt a new approach. With this approach the information requirements are represented in a neutral format within a data model, using a formal data specification language developed by the Standards for the Exchange of Product (STEP) committee. This paper describes these changes in the design and implementation of information systems in manufacturing applications, and provides an initial view of future research requirements.     

关系数据库上SDAI实现的研究

ＳＤＡＩ是ＳＴＥＰ的数据接口规范，它为工程应用与ＥＸＰＲＥＳＳ描述的数据模型间定义了一个功能界面。本文讨论了关系数据库上ＳＤＡＩ实现的方法，阐述了ＳＴＥＰ模型与关系模型的一种转换机制，开发了关系数据库上数据交换ＳＤＡＩ接口函数库，为ＳＴＥＰ的工程应用奠定了基础     

Thirty years of development and application of CFD at Boeing Commercial Airplanes, Seattle

Over the last 30 years, Boeing has developed, manufactured, sold, and supported hundreds of billions of dollars worth of commercial airplanes. During this period, it has been absolutely essential that Boeing aerodynamicists have access to tools that accurately predict and confirm vehicle flight characteristics. Thirty years ago, these tools consisted almost entirely of analytic approximation methods, wind tunnel tests, and flight tests. With the development of increasingly powerful computers, numerical simulations of various approximations to the Navier–Stokes equations began supplementing these tools. Collectively, these numerical simulation methods became known as Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD). This paper describes the chronology and issues related to the acquisition, development, and use of CFD at Boeing Commercial Airplanes in Seattle. In particular, it describes the evolution of CFD from a curiosity to a full partner with established tools in the design of cost-effective and high-performing commercial transports.     

基于工艺特征识别技术的数控自动编程方法研究

研究从基于STEPAP203标准的中性文件中提取零件工艺特征以及根据工艺特征建立加工工艺的方法。分析了STEPAP203文件及其数据结构,运用VB.NET语言进行词法分析,根据电极工艺特征的特点,研究出了从STEP文件中提取并识别简单工艺特征的方法。根据零件的不同加工方法,利用PowerMILL的"宏指令"功能保存电极的优秀编程资源,建立了可重用的加工工艺数据库,最后建立加工工艺与工艺特征之间的映射关系。所采用的工艺特征识别方法能够识别常用的模具电极工艺特征,与可重用的加工工艺结合能够实现特征识别系统与CAM系统的无缝连接。     

STEP模型映射技术及其在开放环境中的应用

针对互操作所导致的异构系统间数据交换构造STEP模型映射算法,为基于不同STEP应用协议的CAx系统集成提出了一种方法论.首先对STEP/EXPRESS数据模型作出形式化定义,在此基础上提出了两种STEP模型映射技术--静态映射与动态映射,并阐述了基于EXPRESS-X的实现及其在开放式环境中的一种典型应用.提出了模型映射技术独立于具体系统,为异构系统提供透明的集成方式,从而降低了信息集成在系统开发中的开销.