基于概率的两层最近邻自适应度量分类算法

针对有限样本下,KNN算法距离量的选择以及以前距离量学习研究中没有充分考虑样本分布的情况,提出了一种新的基于概率的两层最近邻自适应度量算法（PTLNN）。该算法分为两层,在低层使用欧氏距离来确定一个未标记的样本局部子空间;在高层,用AdaBoost在子空间进行信息提取。以最小化平均绝对误差为原则,定义一个基于概率的自适应距离度量进行最近邻分类。该算法结合KNN与AdaBoost算法的优势,在有限样本下充分考虑样本分布能降低分类错误率,并且在噪声数据下有很好的稳定性,能降低AdaBoost过度拟合现象发生。通过与其他算法对比实验表明,PTLNN算法取得更好的结果。     

一种基于稀疏表达和神经网络的人脸识别算法

传统的基于神经网络的人脸识别算法直接从灰度空间获取人脸图像数据,其中含有大量的噪声和冗余信息,降低了识别率且延长了识别时间。提出一种基于稀疏表达和神经网络的人脸识别算法:首先通过KSVD算法将样本变换至稀疏空间,然后运用LDA算法将稀疏编码变换至子空间,最后输至RBF神经网络进行分类。在ORL和Yale人脸库上的实验结果表明,该算法比其他算法具有更高的识别率和更快的识别速度,且具有较强的鲁棒性和泛化能力。     

融合矩阵分解和代价敏感的微生物数据扩增算法

微生物会对人类健康产生直接影响,对相关数据的分析有助于疾病诊断。然而,采集到的数据存在类不平衡与高稀疏性两个问题。现有的过采样方法在一定程度上可缓解数据的类不平衡,但是难以应对微生物数据的高稀疏性。本文提出了一种融合矩阵分解和代价敏感的数据扩增算法,其包含3个技术。首先,将原始矩阵分解为样本子空间和特征子空间;其次,利用样本子空间的正向量及其近邻向量生成合成向量;最后,根据合成向量与所有负向量的距离对其过滤。实验在8个微生物数据集上进行,同时与5种过采样算法对比,结果表明本文所提算法能够增强正样本的多样性,在识别出更多正样本的同时,分类结果的代价更低。     

稀疏补分析子空间追踪算法

针对压缩感知理论的稀疏分析模型下的子空间追踪算法信号重构概率不高、重构性能不佳的缺点,研究了此模型下的稀疏补子空间追踪信号重构算法;通过选用随机紧支框架作为分析字典,设计了目标优化函数,改进优化了稀疏补取值方法,改进了算法迭代过程,实现了改进的稀疏补分析子空间追踪新算法(IASP).实验结果证明,所提算法的信号完全重构概率明显高于分析子空间跟踪(ASP)等5种算法的信号完全重构概率;对于含高斯噪声的信号,所提算法重构信号的整体平均峰值信噪比明显超过ASP等3种算法整体平均峰值信噪比(PSNR),但略低于贪婪分析追踪(GAP)等2种算法的整体平均峰值信噪比.所提算法可用于语音和图像信号处理等领域.     

基于潜在因子模型在子空间上的缺失值注意力聚类算法

针对传统聚类算法在对缺失样本进行数据填充过程中存在样本相似度难度量且填充数据质量差的问题，提出一种基于潜在因子模型（LFM）在子空间上的缺失值注意力聚类算法。首先，通过LFM将原始数据空间映射到低维子空间，降低样本的稀疏程度；其次，通过分解原空间得到的特征矩阵构建不同特征间的注意力权重图，优化子空间样本间的相似度计算方式，使样本相似度的计算更准确、泛化性更好；最后，为了降低样本相似度计算过程中过高的时间复杂度，设计一种多指针的注意力权重图进行优化。在4个按比例随机缺失的数据集上进行实验。在Hand-digits数据集上，相较于面向高维特征缺失数据的K近邻插补子空间聚类（KISC）算法，在数据缺失比例为10%的情况下，所提算法的聚类准确度（ACC）提高了2.33个百分点，归一化互信息（NMI）提高了2.77个百分点，在数据缺失比例为20%的情况下，所提算法的ACC提高了0.39个百分点，NMI提高了1.33个百分点，验证了所提算法的有效性。     

基于低秩约束的极限学习机高效人脸识别算法

复杂应用场景中,光照变化、遮挡和噪声等干扰使得将像素特征作为相似性度量的识别算法的图像类内差大于类间差,降低了人脸识别性能。针对这一问题,提出了一种低秩约束的极限学习机鲁棒性人脸识别算法,提升了复杂场景下的识别性能。首先,利用人脸图像分布的子空间线性假设,将待识别图像聚类到相对应的样本子空间;其次,将像素域分解为低秩特征子空间和稀疏误差子空间,依据图像子空间的低秩性对噪声鲁棒的原理,提取人脸图像的低秩结构特征训练极限学习机的前向网络;最后,实现对噪声干扰鲁棒的极限学习机人脸识别算法。实验结果表明,相比前沿的人脸识别算法,所提方法不仅识别精度高、算法时间复杂度低,且具有较好的实用性。     

基于分式函数约束的稀疏子空间聚类方法

针对现有稀疏子空间聚类算法获取的系数矩阵不能准确反应高维空间中数据分布的稀疏性的不足,提出一种分式函数约束的稀疏子空间聚类模型,并利用交替方向迭代方法给出该模型的解。在无噪声情形下,证明了该方法获取的系数矩阵具有块对角结构,这为其准确获取数据结构提供了理论保证;在含噪声情形下,对异常点噪声同样采用分式函数约束作为正则项,提高了模型的鲁棒性。在人工数据集、Extended Yale B库和Hopkins155数据集上的实验结果表明,基于分式函数约束的稀疏子空间聚类方法不仅提高了聚类结果的准确率,而且对异常点噪声具有更好的鲁棒性。     

邻域排斥稀疏判决单样本亲属关系认证算法

针对如何利用人脸图像进行亲属关系认证问题,提出邻域排斥测度学习稀疏判决的单样本亲属关系认证算法。学习能使具有亲属关系样本距离变小,而非亲属关系样本距离变大的变换矩阵,目的是利用已有数据样本间相似程度的先验知识学习最佳相似性度量,使之能更好地刻画亲属样本间的相似关系。在新的测度空间下采用稀疏表示方法用父母样本集建立过完备字典来线性表示子女图像,并以稀疏系数大小衡量样本间相似程度。针对亲属样本间相似性不明显问题提出子模块综合稀疏认证方法,通过多重稀疏系数综合判别两输入样本的亲属关系。在KinFaceW-I和KinFaceW-II两个亲属图像库上的实验结果表明,采用测度学习空间下稀疏系数判决的方法相比已有亲属关系人脸认证方法具有更好的性能。     

融入无监督度量学习的稀疏子空间聚类模型

子空间聚类任务中的无标记数据具有维度高、数据分布分散等特点,传统方法对数据预处理未进行详细地针对化设计且大多使用欧氏距离度量数据间的相似性,使聚类性能提升受限.因此,本文提出融入无监督度量学习的稀疏子空间聚类模型,该算法将距离度量与子空间聚类联合到同一框架,设计由两步组成的聚类过程.该方法对原始数据进行度量学习并重构了稀疏子空间聚类模型,使数据预处理不再是一个单独的步骤,最大限度地将输入的无标记数据之间相似度提高,有效提升了子空间聚类性能、加强了模型泛化能力.我们在真实公开数据集上进行实验测试,实验结果表明该方法优于现有的子空间聚类算法,具有良好的聚类性能.     

快速稀疏分解在雷达目标识别中的应用

高分辨距离像目标识别算法很多,但利用高分辨距离像(HRRP)稀疏特点进行识别的方法却不多。为此,提出一种基于结构划分过完备字典完成雷达一维距离像稀疏分解,进而实现目标识别的算法。该算法首先依据字典原子的结构特点对其进行划分,简化字典表述的同时减少了原子数据存储量;随后,采用遗传匹配追踪算法(GAMP)对一维距离像训练样本进行稀疏分解以获得类别字典;最后,根据类别字典分析测试样本的重构误差实现目标识别。仿真实验证明,文中算法简洁、识别率高,即便受到噪声干扰依然能稳健地识别目标。     

Only connect: teaching, technology and telesis

Abstract This paper describes an approach to the design of interactive multimedia materials being developed in a European Community project. The developmental process is seen as a dialogue between technologists and teachers. This dialogue is often problematic because of the differences in training, experience and culture between them. Conditions needed for fruitful dialogue are described and the generic model for learning design used in the project is explained.     

European Community policy and the market

Abstract This paper starts with some reflections on the policy considerations and priorities which are shaping European Commission (EC) research programmes. Then it attempts to position the current projects which seek to capitalise on information and communications technologies for learning in relation to these priorities and the apparent realities of the marketplace. It concludes that while there are grounds to be optimistic about the contribution EC programmes can make to the efficiency and standard of education and training, they are still too technology driven.     

一种自适应子融合集成多分类器方法

融合集成方法已经广泛应用在模式识别领域,然而一些基分类器实时性能稳定性较差,导致多分类器融合性能差,针对上述问题本文提出了一种新的基于多分类器的子融合集成分类器系统。该方法考虑在度量层融合层次之上通过对各类基多分类器进行动态选择,票数最多的类别作为融合系统中对特征向量识别的类别,构成一种新的自适应子融合集成分类器方法。实验表明,该方法比传统的分类器以及分类融合方法识别准确率明显更高,具有更好的鲁棒性。     

Avoiding semantic and temporal gaps in developing software intensive systems

Development of software intensive systems (systems) in practice involves a series of self-contained phases for the lifecycle of a system. Semantic and temporal gaps, which occur among phases and among developer disciplines within and across phases, hinder the ongoing development of a system because of the interdependencies among phases and among disciplines. Such gaps are magnified among systems that are developed at different times by different development teams, which may limit reuse of artifacts of systems development and interoperability among the systems. This article discusses such gaps and a systems development process for avoiding them.     

Designing economic np control charts: A programmed simulation approach

This paper presents control charts models and the necessary simulation software for the location of economic values of the control parameters. The simulation program is written in FORTRAN, requires only 10K of main storage, and can run on most mini and micro computers. Two models are presented - one describes the process when it is operating at full capacity and the other when the process is operating under capacity. The models allow the product quality to deteriorate to a further level before an existing out-of-control state is detected, and they can also be used in situations where no prior knowledge exists of the out-of-control causes and the resulting proportion defectives.     

The development of robot art

Going through a few examples of robot artists who are recognized worldwide, we try to analyze the deepest meaning of what is called “robot art” and the related art field definition. We also try to highlight its well-marked borders, such as kinetic sculptures, kinetic art, cyber art, and cyberpunk. A brief excursion into the importance of the context, the message, and its semiotics is also provided, case by case, together with a few hints on the history of this discipline in the light of an artistic perspective. Therefore, the aim of this article is to try to summarize the main characteristics that might classify robot art as a unique and innovative discipline, and to track down some of the principles by which a robotic artifact can or cannot be considered an art piece in terms of social, cultural, and strictly artistic interest. This work was presented in part at the 13th International Symposium on Artificial Life and Robotics, Oita, Japan, January 31–February 2, 2008     

Explanation and prediction: an architecture for default and abductive reasoning

Although there are many arguments that logic is an appropriate tool for artificial intelligence, there has been a perceived problem with the monotonicity of classical logic. This paper elaborates on the idea that reasoning should be viewed as theory formation where logic tells us the consequences of our assumptions. The two activities of predicting what is expected to be true and explaining observations are considered in a simple theory formation framework. Properties of each activity are discussed, along with a number of proposals as to what should be predicted or accepted as reasonable explanations. An architecture is proposed to combine explanation and prediction into one coherent framework. Algorithms used to implement the system as well as examples from a running implementation are given.     

Three Process Perspectives: Organizations, Teams, and People

This paper provides the author's personal views and perspectives on software process improvement. Starting with his first work on technology assessment in IBM over 20 years ago, Watts Humphrey describes the process improvement work he has been directly involved in. This includes the development of the early process assessment methods, the original design of the CMM, and the introduction of the Personal Software Process (PSP)^SM and Team Software Process (TSP){^SM}. In addition to describing the original motivation for this work, the author also reviews many of the problems he and his associates encountered and why they solved them the way they did. He also comments on the outstanding issues and likely directions for future work. Finally, this work has built on the experiences and contributions of many people. Mr. Humphrey only describes work that he was personally involved in and he names many of the key contributors. However, so many people have been involved in this work that a full list of the important participants would be impractical.     

基于复小波噪声方差显著修正的SAR图像去噪

提出了一种基于复小波域统计建模与噪声方差估计显著性修正相结合的合成孔径雷达(Synthetic Aperture Radar,SAR)图像斑点噪声滤波方法。该方法首先通过对数变换将乘性噪声模型转化为加性噪声模型,然后对变换后的图像进行双树复小波变换(Dualtree Complex Wavelet Transform,DCWT),并对复数小波系数的统计分布进行建模。在此先验分布的基础上,通过运用贝叶斯估计方法从含噪系数中恢复原始系数,达到滤除噪声的目的。实验结果表明该方法在去除噪声的同时保留了图像的细节信息,取得了很好的降噪效果。     

How do children do mathematics with LOGO?

Abstract  This paper considers some results of a study designed to investigate the kinds of mathematical activity undertaken by children (aged between 8 and 11) as they learned to program in LOGO. A model of learning modes is proposed, which attempts to describe the ways in which children used and acquired understanding of the programming/mathematical concepts involved. The remainder of the paper is concerned with discussing the validity and limitations of the model, and its implications for further research and curriculum development.