基于改进差分进化算法的多阈值图像分割

阈值法是一种简单有效的图像分割技术.但是阈值法也有着明显的缺点,即阈值求解的计算量随阈值的增加而指数级增长.为克服多阈值图像分割计算量大、运算时间长的缺点,引入改进的差分进化算法,提出新的变异策略,采用自适应的缩放因子和交叉系数,并新增扰动策略.改进的算法将多阈值分割模型视为优化问题,将最大类间方差法作为目标函数,实现多阈值分割.实验结果表明,和其它算法相比,该算法不仅可以取得正确的分割结果,而且分割速度更快.     

基于改进探路者算法的多阈值图像分割

针对多阈值图像分割方法中存在的计算量大、运行时间长等问题,在标准探路者算法的基础上,引入Tent混沌映射初始化和自适应t分布策略,提出一种基于改进探路者算法的多阈值图像分割方法,该方法以Kapur熵为目标函数对最优分割阈值进行搜索。为了验证算法的有效性,首先通过标准测试函数验证改进探路者算法的收敛精度和收敛速度,然后将改进探路者算法与Kapur熵结合后应用于Berkeley图像数据集进行多阈值分割,并与标准探路者算法、飞蛾扑火算法、灰狼优化算法和粒子群算法进行比较和分析。实验结果表明,提出的改进探路者算法收敛速度更快、求解精度更高,较其他对比算法有着更好的分割效果,且PSNR与SSIM都有更好的表现,能有效解决多阈值图像分割问题。     

NSCT变换与改进PSO算法在含噪图像分割中的应用

为提高含噪图像的分割效果和分割速度,将非下采样Contourlet变换和粒子群优化算法相结合,提出了一种有效的图像分割方法——IPSOC。该方法首先对待分割图像进行多尺度非下采样Contourlet变换,然后利用其最高级低频系数重构图像,计算重构图像与其均值图像的二维直方图中类间离散度矩阵的迹,并以之作为分割图像的目标函数来搜索最佳分割阈值。为加快阈值搜索速度,以改进的粒子群优化算法作为阈值分割的并行搜索策略,通过对基本粒子群优化算法进行个体及全局最优信息的实时更新,防止粒子停滞操作和阈值保持次数限定搜索终止条件等几个方面的改进,快速有效地获得分割图像。实验结果表明,该方法与基于遗传算法和人工鱼群算法的分割方法相比,明显提高了图像分割速度和分割质量。     

萤火虫算法优化最大熵的图像分割方法

为了提高图像的分割效果,提出一种萤火虫算法优化最大熵的图像分割方法。获得最大熵法的阈值优化目标函数,采用萤火虫算法对目标函数进行求解,找到图像的最佳分割阈值,根据最佳阈值对图像进行分割,通过仿真实验对分割效果进行测试。结果表明,该方法可以迅速、准确找到最佳阈值,提高图像分割的准确度和抗噪性能,可以较好地满足图像分割实时性要求。     

基于粒子群优化算法和模糊熵的多级阈值图像分割算法

针对现有阈值分割算法利用穷举搜索寻找最优阈值而造成的计算成本较大的问题,提出了一种基于粒子群优化算法和模糊熵的多级阈值图像分割算法。图像分割是图像分析中非常重要的预处理步骤,在提出的方法中,首先选择香农熵和模糊熵作为优化技术的目标函数;然后建立一种基于粒子群优化算法的多层次图像阈值分割,通过最大化香农熵或模糊熵进行图像分割。最后从图像分割数据库中选取Lena、baboon和airplane作为测试图像进行性能分析（包括鲁棒性、效率和收敛性）,并与现有的几种阈值分割算法进行比较。结果显示,提出的算法得到了更高PSNR值和更少的分类误差,证明了该算法是一种高效的多级阈值图像分割算法。     

引力搜索算法在多阈值图像分割中的应用研究

针对求解高维阈值图像分割计算复杂的问题,提出了一种基于引力搜索算法的多阈值图像分割方法,该方法以大津法（Otsu）设计为适应度函数,利用引力搜索算法快速搜索得到待分割图像的最优阈值,然后根据最优阈值进行图像分割。结合人眼视觉可知,引力搜索算法能够结合应用于图像分割,且能取得较好的效果。实验测试结果表明,该方法与布谷鸟算法、人工蜂群算法比较,引力搜索算法的收敛速度更快,寻优的阈值质量较高。     

基于通用学习均衡优化器的多阈值图像分割

传统的元启发式多阈值图像分割算法计算复杂度高且容易陷入局部最优,通用学习均衡优化器在搜索过程中使粒子从不同维度的候选粒子中学习,在求解复杂问题最优解时有很强的能力,克服了容易陷入局部最优的问题。提出将通用学习均衡优化算法优化最大类间方差法来实现多阈值图像分割,实验选择标准灰度图像,以峰值信噪比、结构相似度、运行时间和适应度值为评价标准,将该算法与均衡优化算法、粒子群优化算法进行了比较。结果表明,基于通用学习均衡优化器的多阈值图像分割算法结果的峰值信噪比、结构相似度在绝大多数情况下优于另外两个算法,并且收敛速度快,执行效率高。     

基于停滞检测的双向搜索灰狼优化算法

针对灰狼优化算法（GWO）易陷入局部最优、收敛速度低的问题,提出了一种基于停滞检测的双向搜索灰狼优化算法（DBGWO）。为了提升初始种群的质量,引入了Bernouilli shift映射;为了充分利用GWO特有的头狼机制,实现整体提升算法性能的目的,提出一种双向搜索策略;为了提升算法跳出局部最优的能力、增加算法的收敛速度,提出一种停滞检测机制,针对算法是否有陷入局部最优风险的判断,狼群会采取相应的措施改变当前状态。通过对23个基准测试函数进行仿真实验结果表明,所提算法在求解多峰函数问题上效果显著,同时在求解最优解非0点的函数问题上表现也较为优越。将该算法用于求解多阈值图像分割问题,解决了用Kapur熵法计算多阈值时耗时过长的问题。     

基于改进共生生物搜索算法的林火图像多阈值分割

针对传统多阈值分割方法计算复杂度随着阈值个数的增加而增长,以及对给定图像进行多阈值分割操作时效率很低等问题,提出了一种基于共生生物搜索（SOS）算法结合Kapur熵的多阈值分割方法。首先将精英反策略（EOBL）引入到SOS算法的共栖阶段,从而改善传统SOS算法处理复杂优化问题时易陷入局部最优的问题;然后引入莱维飞行策略扩大SOS算法的的搜索范围,增强其搜索轨迹的随机性;最终将得到的改进共生生物搜索（MSOS）算法应用到林火图像最佳阈值的选取问题上。实验结果表明,与粒子群优化算法、和声搜索算法、蝙蝠算法等对比算法相比,所提算法能更好地分割图像,在实际工程问题中具有一定的实用性和价值。     

基于人工免疫的烟草异物图像多阈值分割

烟草异物图像分割是图像异物识别的基本任务。为了快速实现烟草异物图像多阈值分割,提出了一种基于人工免疫算法与最大类间方差法的多阈值烟草异物图像自动分割方法。算法首先定义了图像分割目标函数;接着运用人工免疫算法,结合最大类间方差法以及目标函数对图像进行自动分割,并产生最优的多阈值,从而实现图像的多阈值分割。人工免疫算法中,抗原是指最优图像分割目标函数,而抗体是指最优的多阈值。实验证明,方法对烟草异物图像多阈值分割的效果良好,分类清晰。     

European Community policy and the market

Abstract This paper starts with some reflections on the policy considerations and priorities which are shaping European Commission (EC) research programmes. Then it attempts to position the current projects which seek to capitalise on information and communications technologies for learning in relation to these priorities and the apparent realities of the marketplace. It concludes that while there are grounds to be optimistic about the contribution EC programmes can make to the efficiency and standard of education and training, they are still too technology driven.     

一种自适应子融合集成多分类器方法

融合集成方法已经广泛应用在模式识别领域,然而一些基分类器实时性能稳定性较差,导致多分类器融合性能差,针对上述问题本文提出了一种新的基于多分类器的子融合集成分类器系统。该方法考虑在度量层融合层次之上通过对各类基多分类器进行动态选择,票数最多的类别作为融合系统中对特征向量识别的类别,构成一种新的自适应子融合集成分类器方法。实验表明,该方法比传统的分类器以及分类融合方法识别准确率明显更高,具有更好的鲁棒性。     

Explanation and prediction: an architecture for default and abductive reasoning

Although there are many arguments that logic is an appropriate tool for artificial intelligence, there has been a perceived problem with the monotonicity of classical logic. This paper elaborates on the idea that reasoning should be viewed as theory formation where logic tells us the consequences of our assumptions. The two activities of predicting what is expected to be true and explaining observations are considered in a simple theory formation framework. Properties of each activity are discussed, along with a number of proposals as to what should be predicted or accepted as reasonable explanations. An architecture is proposed to combine explanation and prediction into one coherent framework. Algorithms used to implement the system as well as examples from a running implementation are given.     

Three Process Perspectives: Organizations, Teams, and People

This paper provides the author's personal views and perspectives on software process improvement. Starting with his first work on technology assessment in IBM over 20 years ago, Watts Humphrey describes the process improvement work he has been directly involved in. This includes the development of the early process assessment methods, the original design of the CMM, and the introduction of the Personal Software Process (PSP)^SM and Team Software Process (TSP){^SM}. In addition to describing the original motivation for this work, the author also reviews many of the problems he and his associates encountered and why they solved them the way they did. He also comments on the outstanding issues and likely directions for future work. Finally, this work has built on the experiences and contributions of many people. Mr. Humphrey only describes work that he was personally involved in and he names many of the key contributors. However, so many people have been involved in this work that a full list of the important participants would be impractical.     

基于复小波噪声方差显著修正的SAR图像去噪

提出了一种基于复小波域统计建模与噪声方差估计显著性修正相结合的合成孔径雷达(Synthetic Aperture Radar,SAR)图像斑点噪声滤波方法。该方法首先通过对数变换将乘性噪声模型转化为加性噪声模型,然后对变换后的图像进行双树复小波变换(Dualtree Complex Wavelet Transform,DCWT),并对复数小波系数的统计分布进行建模。在此先验分布的基础上,通过运用贝叶斯估计方法从含噪系数中恢复原始系数,达到滤除噪声的目的。实验结果表明该方法在去除噪声的同时保留了图像的细节信息,取得了很好的降噪效果。     

How do children do mathematics with LOGO?

Abstract  This paper considers some results of a study designed to investigate the kinds of mathematical activity undertaken by children (aged between 8 and 11) as they learned to program in LOGO. A model of learning modes is proposed, which attempts to describe the ways in which children used and acquired understanding of the programming/mathematical concepts involved. The remainder of the paper is concerned with discussing the validity and limitations of the model, and its implications for further research and curriculum development.     

Editorial: Special issue on recent advances in hybrid control theory and applications

正The demands of a rapidly advancing technology for faster and more accurate controllers have always had a strong influence on the progress of automatic control theory.In recent years control problems have been arising with increasing frequency in widely different areas,which cannot be addressed using conventional control techniques.The principal reason for this is the fact that a highly competitive economy is forcing systems to operate in regimes where     

Information for Authors

正Aim The Journals of Zhejiang University-SCIENCE(A/B/C)areedited by the international board of distinguished Chinese andforeign scientists,and are aimed to present the latest devel-opments and achievements in scientific research in China andoverseas to the world’s scientific circles,especially to stimulateand promote academic exchange between Chinese and for-eign scientists everywhere.     

Enhancing a leaf radiative transfer model to estimate concentrations and in vivo specific absorption coefficients of total carotenoids and chlorophylls a and b from single-needle reflectance and transmittance

The relative concentrations of different pigments within a leaf have significant physiological and spectral consequences. Photosynthesis, light use efficiency, mass and energy exchange, and stress response are dependent on relationships among an ensemble of pigments. This ensemble also determines the visible characteristics of a leaf, which can be measured remotely and used to quantify leaf biochemistry and structure. But current remote sensing approaches are limited in their ability to resolve individual pigments. This paper focuses on the incorporation of three pigments—chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and total carotenoids—into the LIBERTY leaf radiative transfer model to better understand relationships between leaf biochemical, biophysical, and spectral properties.Pinus ponderosa and Pinus jeffreyi needles were collected from three sites in the California Sierra Nevada. Hemispheric single-leaf visible reflectance and transmittance and concentrations of chlorophylls a and b and total carotenoids of fresh needles were measured. These data were input to the enhanced LIBERTY model to estimate optical and biochemical properties of pine needles. The enhanced model successfully estimated reflectance (RMSE = 0.0255, BIAS = 0.00477, RMS%E = 16.7%), had variable success estimating transmittance (RMSE = 0.0442, BIAS = 0.0294, RMS%E = 181%), and generated very good estimates of carotenoid concentrations (RMSE = 2.48 µg/cm², BIAS = 0.143 µg/cm², RMS%E = 20.4%), good estimates of chlorophyll a concentrations (RMSE = 10.7 µg/cm², BIAS = − 0.992 µg/cm², RMS%E = 21.1%), and fair estimates of chlorophyll b concentrations (RMSE = 7.49 µg/cm², BIAS = − 2.12 µg/cm², RMS%E = 43.7%). Overall root mean squared errors of reflectance, transmittance, and pigment concentration estimates were lower for the three-pigment model than for the single-pigment model. The algorithm to estimate three in vivo specific absorption coefficients is robust, although estimated values are distorted by inconsistencies in model biophysics. The capacity to invert the model from single-leaf reflectance and transmittance was added to the model so it could be coupled with vegetation canopy models to estimate canopy biochemistry from remotely sensed data.     

Mr. Twinn’s bombes

This article discusses the history and design of the special versions of the bombe key-finding machines used by Britain’s Government Code & Cypher School (GC&CS) during World War II to attack the Enigma traffic of the Abwehr (the German military intelligence service). These special bombes were based on the design of their more numerous counterparts used against the traffic of the German armed services, but differed from them in important ways that highlight the adaptability of the British bombe design, and the power and flexibility of the diagonal board. Also discussed are the changes in the Abwehr indicating system that drove the development of these machines, the ingenious ways in which they were used, and some related developments involving the bombes used by the U.S. Navy’s cryptanalytic unit (OP-20-G).