电渣重熔空心钢锭技术的开发

 首先总结和评价了大型筒体的制造方法,以及不同方法生产空心钢锭的优缺点,重点分析了传统电渣重熔法生产空心钢锭存在的主要问题。在此基础上,与乌克兰Elmet-Roll公司合作开发了基于双电源、T型导电结晶器和电极交换的电渣重熔空心钢锭的新技术。成功地试制了多个钢种（35CrMo、P91、TP347和Mn18Cr18N等）和不同规格（[?]900/[?]500 mm、[?]900/[?]200 mm、[?]650/[?]450 mm,最长锭尺寸为6 000 mm）的电渣空心钢锭。工业试验表明,生产的空心锭表面质量和内部质量优异,结晶组织致密,洁净度高,是生产高端厚壁管和筒体锻件的理想材料。     

电渣重熔过程中氢含量的控制

 电渣重熔钢锭中的氢主要来源于自耗电极中的原始氢、电渣重熔用渣料带入的水分及其水合物和电渣重熔过程中气氛中的水分,所以为了有效地控制电渣锭中的氢含量,必须对制造自耗电极的原始钢水进行脱气处理,严格烘烤电渣重熔用渣料以及降低电渣重熔过程中气氛中的水分压。     

Manufacture of hollow ingots using centrifugal casting machines

Centrifugal machines are proposed for the foundry created at the Almalyk Mining and Smelting Factory in order to produce hollow ingots of a liquid metal made by remelting of consumable electrodes in a refractory accumulating crucible.     

电渣重熔对FeCrAl不锈钢中夹杂物的影响

应用扫描电镜(SEM)及X射线能谱分析仪(EDS)对真空感应炉熔炼(VIM)和电渣重熔炉熔炼(ESR)的FeCrAl不锈钢中夹杂物的成分、形貌、数量、大小进行统计分析。结果表明,AlN是2个钢锭的主要夹杂物,电渣重熔过程中产生的高熔点稀土化合物可作为AlN析出的异质核心。电渣重熔使自耗电极中尺寸大于10μm的夹杂物基本消失,ESR锭中尺寸小于5μm的夹杂物达到86.7%。电渣重熔减小了AlN的平均尺寸,去除了大尺寸的AlN,使AlN的总面积明显减小。热力学计算结果表明,VIM锭中AlN可以直接在液相中析出;ESR锭中氮含量的降低造成AlN不能直接在液相中析出,随着凝固的进行,[Al]和[N]在残余液相中富集,当凝固分率大于0.615后,AlN才能在凝固前沿的残余液相中析出。     

电渣合金钢空心类锻件生产工艺的优化

典型的空心锻件-电渣合金钢辊套锭重≥2 t,内孔直径560～880 mm,外径670～1200 mm,长1300～1780 mm。在保证质量的基础上,采用改进的工艺-直接锻粗法后,与传统工艺相比,可减少2道工序和一次中间加热,锻件成材率提高5%～15%,显著降低生产成本。     

Mathematical modelling of electroslag remelting P91 hollow ingots process with multi-electrodes

Abstract

Electroslag remelting (ESR) hollow ingot process with T-shape current supplying mould is a new metallurgical technology. A mathematical model was developed to describe the interaction of multiple physical fields of this process for studying the process technology. Maxwell, Navier-Stokes and heat transfer equations have been adopted in the model to analyse the electromagnetic field, magnetic driven fluid flow, buoyancy driven flow and heat transfer using finite element software ANSYS. Moreover, the model has been verified through the metal pool depth measurements, which were obtained during remelting of 10 electrodes into Φ900/500 mm hollow ingots of P91 steel, with a slag composition of 50–60 wt-% CaF₂, 10–20 wt-% CaO, 20–30 wt-% Al₂O₃, ≤8 wt-% SiO₂. There was a good agreement between the calculated results and the measured results. The calculated results show that the distribution of current density, magnetic induction intensity, electromagnetic force, Joule heating, fluid flow and temperature are symmetric but not uniform due to the multi-electrode arrangement in two symmetric groups. Simulation of the ESR hollow ingot process will help to understand the new technology process and optimise operating parameters.     

Physicochemical comparison of electroslag remelting with consumable electrode and electroslag refining with liquid metal

The paper is devoted to comparison of electroslag remelting (ESR) with consumable electrode and electroslag refining with liquid metal (ESR LM) processes. The possibility of rearrangement of the heat contributions coming from the consumable electrode and current supplying mould (non-consumable electrode, CSM) makes the core of the ESR process organisation in the CSM. The usage of liquid metal instead of consumable electrodes allows to reduce liquid bath temperature and volume in order to provide low segregation ingot. The formal assessment of physico-chemical conditions and experimental measurements of desulphurisation have shown the same level of refining ability of both processes. Replacing the classic ESR by the ESR LM is a prospective way to produce high-quality ingots from sophisticated and hard-to-deform materials, whereas manufacturing of the consumable electrodes is technically problematic and costly.     

电渣重熔过程中氧含量的控制

电渣重熔钢锭中的氧主要来源于自耗电极中的原始氧、在电极制造和重熔时渣池上方电极表面生成的氧化铁皮、渣料带入的不稳定氧化物和电渣重熔过程中气氛中的氧,为了有效地控制电渣锭中的氧含量,必须使用复合脱氧剂对自耗电极进行终脱氧,对自耗电极表面进行处理,严格控制渣中不稳定氧化物的含量,以及降低电渣重熔过程中气氛中的氧分压.     

基于数值模拟的镍基高温合金电渣重熔工艺优化

利用MeltFlow软件对镍基高温合金电渣重熔过程进行数值模拟计算,探究了电渣重熔过程中温度场、流场、熔池形貌及微观组织的分布特点,通过工业试验验证模拟的准确性,定量分析熔速对熔炼过程的影响规律,提出了一种改善铸锭凝固质量的工艺优化方法。结果表明,渣池内的温度相对较高且分布均匀,熔池形貌近似“V”型。铸锭一次枝晶间距从中心到边缘沿径向逐渐减小,而二次枝晶间距没有明显差别。对比试验数据,数值模拟结果误差较小,可以准确预测镍基高温合金电渣重熔过程中的熔池形貌和枝晶间距。随着熔化速率的减小,金属熔池深度降低,ESR铸锭二次枝晶间距逐渐减小,且宏观偏析程度得到改善,黑斑产生概率逐渐降低。控制熔化速率由0.47 kg/min降低至0.45 kg/min,有利于获得凝固质量较好的镍基高温合金电渣重熔铸锭。     

Numerical investigation on the fluid flow and heat transfer in electroslag remelting furnace with triple-electrode

Electroslag remelting (ESR) furnace with triple-electrode is always used to produce large ingots and the process complexity makes the application not widely spread. Thus, a transient three-dimensional coupled model in industrial scale has been developed to investigate the coupled magneto-hydrodynamics two-phase flow and heat transfer in system. Different from the previous studies with multi-electrode, the current work reveals the triple-electrode ESR with the formation of metal droplets and the solidification of liquid metal. Compared with single-electrode system with the same fill ratio, the heat source in the slag pool with triple-electrode is much more dispersive, and the U-shape metal pool in the ESR furnace with triple-electrode is much shallower and flatter than the V-shaped one in the single-electrode system. A shorter distance from each electrode to the center of system brings a higher heat efficiency, as well as a deeper and narrower metal pool.     

Electroslag remelting of the metal wastes of nickel alloys

The electroslag remelting of the metal wastes of nickel alloys is studied, and the obtained results demonstrate that the chemical composition and the physicomechanical and service properties of the ingots meet the requirements of the specifications for these alloys. The electroslag remelting ingots are then used as a charge for remelting in a vacuum induction furnace according to a standard technology.     

Effectiveness of a new automated control system for vacuum-arc remelting

At OAO Metallurgicheskii Zavod Elektrostal, a new automated control system for vacuum-arc remelting has been introduced at vacuum-arc furnace 8. The quality of the ingots obtained after vacuum-arc remelting with the new and old control systems in smelting shop 6 is compared, for EI435 alloy. In vacuumarc remelting, the quality of ingots from furnace 8 exceeds that for ingots from furnace 10. After treatment of the ingots in a 6300 press in forging and pressing shop 2 and in the 250/350 mill in rolling shop 3, metal savings of up to 83 kg per metric ton are noted for the products based on ingots from furnace 8.     

Influence of the composition of high-temperature nickel-alloy electrodes on the ingot composition in vacuum arc remelting

Statistical analysis of the chemical composition of high-temperature VZh159 nickel alloy in vacuum-induction melting and vacuum arc remelting yields regression equations that may be used to predict the metal composition in the ingots obtained by vacuum arc remelting as a function of the components in the consumable electrodes. The variation in oxygen, carbon, nitrogen, sulfur, and phosphorus concentrations in remelting is determined. The results are used in the design of production processes for high-temperature nickel-alloy ingots at PAO Ruspolimet.     

Electroslag remelting technologies and equipment—modern achievements and trends of development

More than 50 years have passed since the ESR commercialization.Main steps of the ESR technology and appropriate equipment,developing until now,will be outlined.The trends in development of ESR technology and equipment will be also discussed.A special attention will be paid to such applications as ESR of slab ingots for soknown "z-steel" manufacturing,hollow ingots and bimetal steel production.     

Characteristics of AlN inclusions in low carbon Fe–Mn–Si–Al TWIP steel produced by AOD-ESR method

Argon oxygen decarburisation–electroslag remelting (AOD-ESR) process has been well used to produce the Fe–Mn–Si–Al twinning induced plasticity steel (TWIP) steels. The characteristics of AlN inclusions formed in TWIP steels after AOD refining, ESR and forging process were investigated by scanning electron microscopy and X-ray energy dispersive spectrometry. An automated program called ‘INCAFeature’ was used to collect statistics of inclusion characteristics. Great differences on the amount, distribution and morphologies of AlN inclusions were observed in AOD ingots, ESR ingots and forgings. The dominating inclusions in AOD ingots are mainly single Al(O)N and MnS(Se)–Al(O)N aggregate, accounting for 66.7% of the total inclusions. After the ESR process, AlN inclusions in all size range significantly decreased, which were rarely observed in ESR ingots. Thermodynamic calculations show that AlN inclusions can precipitate in the liquid Fe–Mn–Si–Al TWIP steels, which is different from the viewpoint of literatures that the precipitation of AlN inclusions took place at solidifying front or solid phase. Furthermore, the thermodynamic calculation result has been verified by high temperature laser scanning confocal microscope experiments.     

电渣重熔过程电源频率对电渣锭洁净度的影响

电渣重熔采用低频供电可以提高功率因数、降低电耗,并实现电力系统的三相平衡。然而,其对电渣锭冶金质量特别是洁净度的影响还缺乏足够的数据支撑。为了研究电源频率特别是低频操作对电渣重熔锭洁净度的影响,采用实验室小型低频电渣重熔炉,以304奥氏体不锈钢、GCr15轴承钢为研究对象,详细分析了不同的电源频率对电渣锭化学成分、气体含量、夹杂物分布的影响规律。研究结果发现,与工频电渣重熔相比,不论是不锈钢还是轴承钢,当采用低频电源(2、1、0.4、0.1 Hz)电渣重熔后(在其他工艺参数如渣系、渣量、电流、电压、气氛等完全相同的情况下),电渣锭中的氧质量分数(0.010%～0.013%)大幅增加,对氮含量影响很小。电渣锭中的铝含量明显增加,而其他化学成分变化很小。与此相对应,低频电渣重熔锭的夹杂物数量也明显增加,且增加的夹杂物主要以氧化铝为主,但是夹杂物主要以小于10μm的细小夹杂为主,大颗粒夹杂物略有增加,但是数量较少。氧含量增加的主要原因是低频电源的直流倾向增大,使重熔渣池中的氧化铝发生了电解(30%Al₂O₃+70%CaF₂渣系...     

Electromagnetic stirring with alternating current during electroslag remelting

An alternating current (AC)-operated electromagnetic stirring (EMS) device, using line frequency, was designed and built to operate on a laboratory electroslag remelting (ESR) furnace for 150-mm-diameter ingots. Laboratory-scale experiments were conducted employing both 4340 alloy steel and INCONEL 718 alloy as electrode material. The initiation of stirring is accompanied by a thin strip of segregated material and favors the formation of spot segregation. Changes produced in the fluid flow conditions in the liquid pool ahead of the solidification front result in a transition from a highly directional columnar to an unoriented, branched structure. Except for small pockets of segregated liquid, the flow of molten metal does not penetrate into the mushy zone. Both electrode material and molten metal pool shape play an important role on the extent of promoting an equiaxed structure.     

电渣重熔过程中夹杂物的控制

电渣重熔过程中非金属夹杂物的去除主要发生在自耗电极端头熔滴形成期以及熔滴滴落穿过熔渣层阶段。电渣重熔过程中原生夹杂物去除的同时将产生新的夹杂物,为了有效地控制电渣锭中的夹杂物,使用复合脱氧剂对自耗电极进行终脱氧,采用合理的重熔速度、熔渣的化学组成和供电制度,以及严格控制电渣炉内氧位。     

电渣重熔板锭过程中温度场的动态模拟

根据钢的电渣重熔过程的特点,建立了板锭电渣重熔的非稳态模型,以模拟在不同重熔速度下板锭重熔过程的温度场和分析影响金属熔池深度的因素。模拟结果表明:横截面尺寸400 mm ×2000 mm,20 t板锭重熔过程中,当重熔速度3～5 mm/min时,重熔速度越大,熔池深度越深;当重熔锭的高度达到铸锭厚度的2倍左右时,系统处于准稳定状态,熔池深度不再变化。     

High Nitrogen Austenitic Stainless Steels Manufactured by Nitrogen Gas Alloying and Adding Nitrided Ferroalloys

 A simple and feasible method for the production of high nitrogen austenitic stainless steels involves nitrogen gas alloying and adding nitrided ferroalloys under normal atmospheric conditions. Alloying by nitrogen gas bubbling in Fe Cr Mn Mo series alloys was carried out in MoSi2 resistance furnace and air induction furnace under normal atmospheric conditions. The results showed that nitrogen alloying could be accelerated by increasing nitrogen gas flow rate, prolonging residence time of bubbles, increasing gas/molten steel interfaces, and decreasing the sulphur and oxygen contents in molten steel. Nitrogen content of 069% in 18Cr18Mn was obtained using air induction furnace by bubbling of nitrogen gas from porous plug. In addition, the nickel free, high nitrogen austenitic stainless steels with sound and compact macrostructure had been produced in the laboratory using vacuum induction furnace and electroslag remelting furnace under nitrogen atmosphere by the addition of nitrided alloy with the maximum nitrogen content of 081%. Pores were observed in the ingots obtained by melting and casting in vacuum induction furnace with the addition of nitrided ferroalloys and under nitrogen atmosphere. After electroslag remelting of the cast ingots, they were all sound and were free of pores. The yield of nitrogen increased with the decrease of melting rate in the ESR process. Due to electroslag remelting under nitrogen atmosphere and the consequential addition of aluminum as deoxidizer to the slag, the loss of manganese decreased obviously. There existed mainly irregular Al2O3 inclusions and MnS inclusions in ESR ingots, and the size of most of the inclusions was less than 5 μm. After homogenization of the hot rolled plate at 1 150 ℃×1 h followed by water quenching, the microstructure consisted of homogeneous austenite.