黄原胶的结构、性能与应用

简要介绍了黄原胶的结构、性能；综述了它在化学工业及食品工业中的应用；重点论述了黄原胶作为悬浮剂、乳化剂、稳定剂、增稠剂等在日用化学工业中的应用，具有优良的悬浮性、乳化性、流变性、热稳定性及酸、碱稳定性；最后指出了我国在黄原胶应用方面的不足及以后的发展方向。     

黄原胶的性能与应用

重点介绍了以玉米淀粉为原料生物合成黄原胶的发酵工艺以及产品分离提纯工艺；介绍了黄原胶的分子结构及其假塑流变性、对酸碱稳定性、悬浮乳化性、增稠剂的协效性等性能，并介绍了其在食品、石油和纺织等领域的应用；最后对目前国内外黄原胶生产状况作了调查分析。     

黄原胶的性能与应用

重点介绍了以玉米淀粉为原料生物合成黄原胶的发酵工艺以及产品分离提纯工艺；介绍了黄原胶的分子结构和其假塑流变性、对酸碱稳定性、悬浮乳化性以及与增稠剂的协效性等性能，并介绍了其在食品、石油和纺织等领域的应用；最后对目前国内外黄原胶生产状况作了调查分析。     

黄原胶生产、应用及500t/a装置简单经济评价

介绍了黄原胶的特性 ,调研了国内外特别是我国近年来黄原胶的生产、应用及市场情况 ,对开发 50 0t/a黄原胶生产装置作了简单经济技术评价。     

黄原胶生物合成的研究进展

结合有关黄原胶的研究报道,针对黄原胶黏度大影响溶氧等问题,从黄原胶的发酵工艺、反应器等方面讨论了目前的研究方向和热点。阐述了解决黏度问题的工艺方案,讨论了碳源和氮源对黄原胶产量的影响,指出了分批流加工艺在黄原胶发酵中的重要性。最后从发酵动力学角度讨论了影响黄原胶发酵产量的因素,阐述了有关黄原胶发酵的动力学模型及其对黄原胶发酵的指导意义。     

基于动态硼酸酯键改性黄原胶的性能

基于苯硼酸聚合物可以与存在于黄原胶糖环单元结构中的伯、仲醇羟基通过硼酸酯键形成动态共价微交联结构的性质对黄原胶进行改性。以偶氮二异丁基脒二盐酸盐（AIBA）为引发剂，通过水相自由基聚合，制备了不同共聚比的丙烯酰胺（AM）、N-(3-二甲氨基丙基)丙烯酰胺（DMAPAM）和3-丙烯酰胺基苯硼酸（AMBB）的三元共聚物P(AM-co-DMAPAM-co-AMBB)。通过1H NMR、FTIR、元素分析和光散射对聚合物结构及相对分子质量进行了表征，并对其与黄原胶复配体系的增黏性、流变性、抗老化性及抗干扰性进行了评价。结果表明：P(AM-co-DMAPAM-co-AMBB)与黄原胶复配后对黄原胶溶液具有明显的增黏性，其中苯硼酸单体的摩尔比为1.0 mol%的聚合物对黄原胶溶液的增黏幅度达43.8%，在8074 mg/L的矿化水中增黏幅度高达56.4%，且复配体系具有良好的抗老化降解性，对乙二醇和1,3-丙二醇具有较强的抗干扰性。     

黄原胶的生产与市场

黄原胶因其特殊的分子结构使其具有良好的水溶性、增粘性、假塑性、耐酸碱、耐盐、耐酶解、耐高温性,同时又与其他物质具有很好的相溶性,应用范围相当广。目前,世界黄原胶的年生产能力约11万t/a,其中美国的Kalco公司约占整个市场份额的60％,1999年黄原胶的消费量为10.8万t。我国黄原胶的生产还很落后,黄原胶的发酵罐不能满足生产要求,生产后处理技术不过关,生产规模小,产品质量差。因此,虽然黄原胶的市场很诱人,但在没有可靠的技术来源的前提下,不宜盲目办厂。     

黄原胶的生产及应用

黄原胶在国外已得到广泛的应用，在我国处于发展阶段，本文简要介绍了其发展过程、应用领域及生产工艺，并对我国黄原胶的发展及市场开发提出了自己的意见。     

黄原胶的生产和应用

简要介绍了黄原胶的生产工艺及其在工业生产中的应用     

黄原胶的生产及应用

近一、二十年来,黄原胶在油田生产中的使用范围不但日益扩大,而且数量日益增加。目前,黄原胶在美国油田生产中的使用量几乎接近聚丙烯酰胺。近年来,我国也开展了黄原胶的研究及其在油田生产中的推广试用试验。从国内外试用和使用的情况来看,黄原胶的确是一种不可多得的油田化学剂。     

Foam-Mat Freeze Drying of Egg White and Mathematical Modeling Part I Optimization of Egg White Foam Stability

Egg white (albumen) is a rich source of protein and is widely used in confectionary industry for its wonderful foaming ability. Foam-mat freeze drying is one of the promising methods of drying, which tries to utilize the advantages of both freeze drying and foam-mat drying to produce better quality egg white powder. Preliminary experiments showed that the stability of foams made with egg white alone is not adequate for foam-mat freeze drying. Experiments were thus conducted using different stabilizers (methyl cellulose, propylene glycol alginate, and xanthan gum) to optimize foam stability. Bubble size distribution was determined using microscopy to understand foam structure. This article will discuss the effect of stabilizers on the stability of egg white foam and possible mechanisms involved. The results showed that xanthan gum at 0.125% provided sufficient stability for freeze drying.     

Foam-Mat Freeze Drying of Egg White and Mathematical Modeling Part I Optimization of Egg White Foam Stability

Egg white (albumen) is a rich source of protein and is widely used in confectionary industry for its wonderful foaming ability. Foam-mat freeze drying is one of the promising methods of drying, which tries to utilize the advantages of both freeze drying and foam-mat drying to produce better quality egg white powder. Preliminary experiments showed that the stability of foams made with egg white alone is not adequate for foam-mat freeze drying. Experiments were thus conducted using different stabilizers (methyl cellulose, propylene glycol alginate, and xanthan gum) to optimize foam stability. Bubble size distribution was determined using microscopy to understand foam structure. This article will discuss the effect of stabilizers on the stability of egg white foam and possible mechanisms involved. The results showed that xanthan gum at 0.125% provided sufficient stability for freeze drying.     

生物多糖在高温高盐油藏聚合物驱可行性探索

探索了定优胶在高温、高盐油藏聚合物驱的可行性，采用黄原胶、魔芋胶作为对比，对其流变性、流度控制及提高采收率能力进行考察。稳态流变性及流度控制能力研究显示，三者增稠能力及在多孔介质中流度控制能力强弱顺序为：定优胶>黄原胶>魔芋胶。与另两种生物多糖相比较，定优胶有更好的耐温、耐盐特性及在高温中良好的长期稳定性。结合石英砂润湿性改性及原液、产出液流体力学半径变化情况，分析了3种多糖建立阻力的主要机理，对于魔芋胶、黄原胶、定优胶，机械捕集作用对多孔介质动态滞留量的贡献率分别为45.90%、60.78%、81.83%，定优胶较大的流体力学半径更易被多孔介质捕集，降低高渗多孔介质水相渗透率能力更强，且室内驱油实验中，定优胶提高采收率高达24.31%，明显优于黄原胶(17.02%)及魔芋胶(8.19%)，是一种很有前景的提高高温、高盐油藏稠油采收率的驱油剂。     

5％枯草芽孢杆菌油悬浮剂的研制

介绍了5%枯草芽孢杆菌油悬浮剂的配方筛选过程,确定了配制方法和较佳配方组成:枯草芽孢杆菌孢子粉5%,十二烷基苯磺酸钙类乳化剂8%,苯乙基苯酚聚氧乙烯聚氧丙烯醚类乳化剂8%,抗冻剂5%,增稠剂2%,消泡剂0.3%,植物油补足100%。经测定,该制剂在热贮(54±2)℃14d条件下,质量稳定,分解率小于5%,各项指标均符合油悬浮剂的要求。     

韦兰胶与黄原胶流变性比较研究

对韦兰胶和黄原胶的流变性(包括粘弹性、温度稳定性和耐盐性)进行了比较研究.结果表明,与黄原胶相比,韦兰胶在相同浓度下具有更好的粘弹性、在低温下更稳定、具有较好的耐盐性.     

Turbulent drag effectiveness and shear stability of xanthan-gum-based graft copolymers

A number of graft copolymers of xanthan gum and polyacrylamide have been synthesized by grafting acrylamide onto xanthan gum using the ceric-ion-initiated solution polymerization technique. The effects of various synthesis parameters such as amount of catalyst, reaction time, and ratio of xanthan and acrylamide on drag reduction effectiveness of the graft copolymers have been studied. The scaling up of grafting reaction has been accomplished in 40-L reactor. The drag reduction effectiveness of the graft copolymers is investigated over a wide range of concentrations and Reynolds numbers. It is shown that the maximum drag reduction obtainable in xanthan gum solutions above 300 ppm can be obtained in solutions of graft copolymers at concentrations of 100–150 ppm. The grafting also improves the shear stability at higher Reynolds numbers. The shear stability of the graft copolymers at constant wall stress has been found to be superior to polyacrylamide and the mixtures of polyacrylamide and xanthan gum. In general, the shear stability of graft copolymers and polyacrylamide is shown to increase with concentration. The drag reduction characteristics and shear stability have been discussed in terms of structural features of the graft copolymers. The drag reduction characteristics of the graft copolymers are found to be similar to those of flexible polymers.     

Xanthan gum: A versatile biopolymer for biomedical and technological applications

Xanthan gum is an extracellular polymer produced mainly by the bacterium Xanthomonas campestris. Traditionally it plays an important role in industrial applications as thickener, emulsion stabilizer and it has been added to water‐based drilling fluids due to its pseudoplastic behavior and thermal stability. The structural properties of xanthan in solution can be tuned by the temperature and ionic strength; under high ionic strength or low temperature, xanthan chains are arranged in helical conformation, whereas under low ionic strength or high temperature, xanthan chains are coiled. Xanthan high molecular weight favors the building up of physical and chemical networks, which have been used as carriers for drugs and proteins and as scaffolds for cells. In combination with other polymers xanthan has been applied as excipient in tablets or as supporting hydrogels for drug release applications, particularly due to its acid resistance. The large versatility of xanthan gum opens the possibility for the creation of new architectures and additional applications involving this fascinating polymer. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015 , 132, 42035.     

一种脂多糖类乳化剂对稠油的乳化降黏研究

黄原胶和HBS-1都是微生物代谢产生的胞外聚合物。为了有效的降低NB 35-2稠油的黏度,进行了这两种生物聚合物及其与α-烯烃磺酸盐(AOS)复配对稠油的乳化对比实验。实验结果表明,当w(黄原胶)≥0.20%或复配体系中w(黄原胶)≥0.10%(w(AOS)=0.06%)时,形成的乳状液的稳定性好。随HBS-1质量分数增加,乳状液的稳定性提高,黏度下降;当HBS-1与AOS复配后,复配体系(w(HBS-1)=0.05%和w(AOS)=0.06%)形成的乳状液稳定性进一步提高,黏度也明显下降。此复配体系有利于NB 35-2稠油的乳化开采和运输。     

三赞胶对钻井液性能影响的研究

三赞胶是我国自主开发的一种新型生物胶环保处理剂。重点研究三赞胶在不同条件下（温度、般土含量和含盐量）对钻井液流变性能和滤失性能的影响规律,并与黄原胶进行对比。试验结果表明：在温度低于90℃的条件下,三赞胶钻井液体系比黄原胶钻井液体系具有更高的表观黏度和动切应力,较低的塑性黏度,剪切稀释性能好,而且具有较高的低剪切黏度;当温度高于90℃,特别是在120℃滚动养护条件下,三赞胶钻井液体系的流型调节能力迅速下降,性能不如黄原胶钻井液体系。对三赞胶在不同温度下性能变化的机理进行了分析。三赞胶在抗温性能方面进一步改进后,有望形成复杂结构钻井液体系的一种新型流型调节剂。