基于细观单元等效化方法的混凝土动态破坏行为分析

混凝土材料具有明显的应变率效应,对其力学性质增强机理的认识还不统一。在细观随机骨料模型基础上,采用特征单元尺度划分试件网格,推导了考虑材料拉/压强度应变率效应的细观单元等效本构关系,建立了非均质混凝土材料的细观单元等效化数值模型。基于二维模型对Dilger等混凝土动态压缩试验进行了数值模拟,获得的数值结果与试验数据及随机骨料模型结果吻合良好,证明了细观单元等效化方法的准确性;进而对三维混凝土试件动态单轴拉伸和压缩破坏模式及宏观力学性质的加载速率效应进行了研究。数值结果表明:随着加载速率的增加,混凝土裂纹(损伤)数量增大,混凝土破坏将耗散更多的能量,是混凝土动态强度提高的主要原因。     

混凝土细观结构动态力学特性CT试验研究

混凝土材料在动载作用下具有与静载不同的特性。从实时CT扫描试验出发,以素混凝土圆柱体试样为研究对象,分析了正弦波动压和动拉荷载作用下,混凝土的细观结构变化对动态力学特性中诸如强度、变形和破损形态的影响。通过CT差值图像研究,得出动压荷载作用下混凝土裂纹具有发展迅速,破坏过程短,破坏裂纹多,破坏面积大等特点;通过CT数等密度分割图研究,得出动拉荷载作用下混凝土微裂纹突然合并形成一条主裂纹贯穿试件,试件突然断裂;通过加载过程中CT数变化规律研究,得出动压荷载作用下混凝土的密度经历了一个先增大后减小的过程,试件经历了压密、扩容、裂纹贯通直至最后破坏的过程,而动拉荷载后试件的密度持续减小直至断裂,荷载初期无压密现象。混凝土试件形成单位面积的压、拉裂纹面所需的能量基本相同,形成单位面积的动力裂纹面所需的能量略大于静力裂纹面所需能量。混凝土动压、动拉的应力状态不同,导致其破坏程度不同,所形成的裂纹面积不同,所需的总能量也不同,最终导致测定的强度不同,应力状态不同是动压、动拉强度差异的根本原因。     

混凝土双轴拉-压综合随机损伤本构关系研究

实际工程中的混凝土结构大多处于复杂应力状态,该文考虑混凝土组成材料物理性能的差异及横向变形性等特点,基于混凝土单轴受拉弹簧-摩擦块细观单元,建立混凝土双轴拉-压随机损伤细观模型。在双轴拉-压荷载组合作用下,根据混凝土破坏过程中的能量守恒原理,分别建立超高强高性能混凝土、普通混凝土及高强混凝土综合随机损伤本构关系,并针对损伤本构函数进行多参数灵敏度分析。通过理论值与试验结果的比较,验证了提出的随机损伤本构关系的有效性。     

冲击压缩下准脆性材料含微裂纹损伤的本构模型

基于准脆性材料中翼型拉伸裂纹的成核准则,运用细观损伤理论推导了翼型裂纹损伤对材料弹性模量的弱化作用.考虑裂纹扩展对材料动态断裂的滞后效应,建立了动态裂纹扩展准则,并给出损伤演化方程,在此基础上建立了准脆性材料单轴冲击压缩下的动态损伤本构模型.结合氧化铝陶瓷材料独特的力学响应和破坏特性,讨论了模型中微裂纹成核参数、微裂纹尺寸对动态断裂强度的影响,并用该模型计算了单轴压缩下氧化铝陶瓷的应力应变曲线,数值结果与实验结果吻合良好.     

冲击荷载作用下混凝土动态本构模型的研究

基于混凝土冲击荷载作用下的实验研究,以修正Ottosen四参数破坏准则为屈服法则,引入损伤,构造了一个动态本构模型用于描述混凝土材料的冲击特性。宏观上,假设混凝土材料是一个均匀连续体;而从细观角度来看,混凝土材料内部存在大量随机分布的微裂纹损伤。假设微裂纹均匀分布,且符合理想微裂纹体系统条件,定义含裂纹材料中单位体积内微裂纹所占的比例来表征微裂纹损伤所引起的混凝土材料宏观力学性能的劣化,并给出了损伤的演化方程。通过模型计算模拟结果与实验结果比较发现,模拟曲线与实验曲线拟合良好,因而可以用该模型模拟混凝土材料在冲击荷载下的动态特性。     

Si3N4结合SiC耐火陶瓷裂纹萌生细观数值分析

将复合球模型导入损伤力学模型中,模拟了材料在高温环境下受拉和受压损伤时的细观演化过程;推导了材料损伤参数与界面相参数之间的函数关系。研究表明,当外加载荷小于材料损伤临界值、介于材料损伤临界值和最大承载值之间时,不论材料承受拉载还是压载,都存在无损伤演化的线弹性阶段和微裂纹扩展区逐渐增大的损伤强化阶段;若应力达到最大承载值后仍继续增大,材料损伤将过渡到损伤局部化阶段,损伤局部化的连续也就是材料宏观裂纹萌生的开始。     

结构尺寸对混凝土双轴动态破坏行为影响细观分析EI北大核心CSCD

为研究结构尺寸在不同动态双轴工况下对混凝土破坏行为的影响,建立了考虑混凝土材料非均质性的细观力学分析模型,对不同尺寸的立方体混凝土试件在不同应变率(10-5 s-1、10-2 s-1和1 s-1)和不同侧应力比(0、±0.25、±0.50、±0.75、±1.00和-∞)工况下进行了细观数值模拟。研究了混凝土的动态双轴压缩和压缩-拉伸力学行为以及应变率和侧应力比两个因素对混凝土动态双轴强度及其尺寸效应行为的影响规律,分析与讨论了不同工况下结构尺寸对混凝土动态双轴强度的影响机理。研究结果表明:动态双轴压缩工况下,结构尺寸对混凝土动态双轴压缩强度的影响随应变率增大逐渐被削弱,随侧应力比增大先被削弱而后增强;动态双轴压缩-拉伸工况下,随应变率增大,结构尺寸对混凝土动态主轴压缩强度和动态侧轴拉伸强度的影响均被削弱。随侧应力比增大,结构尺寸对混凝土动态主轴压缩强度的影响被增强,而对混凝土动态侧轴拉伸强度的影响被削弱;逐渐增大的应变率会削弱侧应力比对混凝土双轴强度尺寸效应的影响。     

钢纤维混凝土多轴损伤比强度准则EI北大核心CSCD

以损伤比强度理论为基础,建立了钢纤维混凝土真三轴损伤比强度准则,并根据钢纤维混凝土试验资料,推荐了钢纤维混凝土损伤比变量表达式中的6个经验参数。利用钢纤维混凝土在单轴、双轴和三轴受力状态下的应力-应变曲线试验结果验证了损伤比取值合理性,对比了单轴受拉、单轴受压和双轴等压等典型受力状态下钢纤维混凝土和普通混凝土损伤比变量取值的差异。通过与国内外共104组钢纤维体积率为0.5%~2.5%的钢纤维混凝土三轴强度试验资料的比较,表明六经验参数钢纤维混凝土损伤比强度准则的三维破坏包络面接近已有认识;通过与国内外强度准则比较,表明损伤比强度准则与钢纤维混凝土三轴试验数据有较高的吻合度。对于围压三轴受力状态,提出简化的钢纤维混凝土常规三轴强度准则,并与已有常规三轴强度准则进行比较分析。此外,对于材料处于二轴受力,推荐了简化的损伤比二轴强度准则中的经验参数取值。     

混凝土动态双轴压缩强度准则细观研究

由于物理试验设备和条件限制，目前对混凝土动态双轴压缩强度准则的研究仅停留在低应变率范围(10^-5 s^-1～10^-2 s^-1)。针对这些强度准则在更高应变率范围内是否适用，该研究建立了细观随机骨料模型，对边长100 mm的混凝土立方体试块开展了动态双轴压缩细观模拟分析。研究了应变率和侧应力比对混凝土动态双轴压缩破坏模式及压缩强度的影响，建立了适用于更高应变率的动态强度准则。研究结论：相同侧应力比下，随应变率增大，混凝土内部损伤区域增多，动态压缩强度增大；相同应变率下，随侧应力增大，混凝土破坏模式由柱状压裂变为片状劈裂，动态压缩强度先增大后减小。现有的混凝土动态双轴压缩强度准则在应变率为10^-5 s^-1～1 s^-1时很难适用，而该研究建议的强度准则适用于更高的应变率范围，并且得到了不同物理试验的初步验证。     

混凝土试样在静态载荷作用下断裂过程的数值模拟研究

提出了一个模拟混凝土断裂过程的细观力学模型,并应用该模型从混凝土的细观非均匀性结构出发,对混凝土试样在单轴和双轴静态载荷作用下的断裂过程进行了数值模拟,给出双轴载荷作用下混凝土的强度包络面。数值模型结果较好地模拟了混凝土试样从裂纹萌生、扩展到宏观裂纹形成的整个断裂过程,与实验结果表现出较好的一致性。     

Anisotropic damage behavior of SiC/SiC composite tubes: Multiaxial testing and damage characterization

The results of a large experimental campaign concerning the mechanical behavior of SiC/SiC composites tubes under uniaxial and biaxial loadings (both tension–torsion and tension-internal pressure) are presented. The anisotropy of the elastic moduli, damage onset and failure properties has been characterized. The orientation of matrix cracking was analyzed, based on surface observations, and its connection to the macroscopic stress–strain response provides important insight into the underlying deformation mechanisms. However, the macroscopic behavior still exhibits unexplained features, and mechanisms specific to the textile architecture are proposed.     

Energy dissipation capacity of fibre reinforced concrete under biaxial tension–compression load. Part I: Test equipment and work of fracture

The objective of this research was to analyse the differences in the dissipated energy under uniaxial tension and biaxial tension–compression load of fibre reinforced concretes using the Wedge Splitting Test. Under biaxial load the specimens were subjected to compressive stress ratios from 10% to 50% of the concrete compressive strength perpendicular to the direction of the tensile load.Under biaxial tension–compression load the energy dissipation capacity of the specimens decreases compared to the uniaxial tension load case on average 20–30%. It is believed that the decrease is a result of the damage mechanism of the concrete matrix and deterioration of the fibre–matrix and/or aggregate–cement paste interfaces in case the section is additionally loaded with compression stresses. This indicates that dimensioning of concrete elements under biaxial stress states using material parameters obtained from tests conducted on specimens under uniaxial tensile load is unsafe and could potentially lead to a non-conservative design.In the second part of this paper the extent of the fracture process zone under uniaxial tension and biaxial tension–compression load will be examined with the Acoustic Emission technique and the reasons for decrease of the energy dissipation capacity under biaxial load will be further discussed.     

Biaxiality Dependence of the Fracture Toughness for Glass in Plane Stress State

The fracture behaviour of glass in biaxial stress state has been investigated. Fracture toughness of disk specimen with a straight-through crack was measured under biaxial tension and uniaxial tension loads respectively. The difference between them and the reasons for the difference are discussed. The influence of the stress parallel to crack on fracture of brittle material was demonstrated in theory and experiments. The results show that plane stress fracture toughness of glass is not a material constant. and that the fracture toughness measured in biaxial tension state is higher than that measured under uniaxial tension. The conventional fracture criterion upon the stress intensity factor is questioned in the case of biaxial stress problem, and the strain dependence of crack growth is discussed.     

Stochastic microcrack nucleation in lamellar solids

Growth of a crack across an interface between two grains of an elastic lamellar material having different lamellar orientations is investigated for materials having a heterogeneous spectrum of individual lamellar toughnesses. Numerical analyses carried out using a cohesive zone model and the finite element method show that microcracking in the adjacent lamellae can preferentially occur at low-toughness lamellae spatially remote from the crack tip rather than at higher-toughness lamellae close to the crack tip. An analytic model based on linear elastic fracture mechanics and an initial microcrack is shown to predict the location and macroscopic toughness at which microcrack nucleation and growth occur in good agreement with the numerical analyses, using only the initial microcrack size as a single parameter. These results demonstrate that microcrack nucleation requires a sufficiently high stress over a sufficiently large region and thus that microcrack nucleation ahead of a main crack can be the dominant small-scale damage mechanism in such heterogeneous systems.     

脆性材料在双向应力下的断裂和失效研究

采用热力学方法对脆性薄片试样成功地进行了双向和单向平面拉伸试验,通过观察和记录试片中心的直通裂纹的扩展和断裂过程,测试出玻璃和陶瓷薄片的断裂韧性在双向和单向拉伸载荷时的差别．结果表明双向拉伸使裂纹阻力增强,平行于裂纹的应力对裂纹扩展有影响．该研究表明,对线弹性材料在双向载荷作用下,传统的应力强度因子准则不适用．裂纹张开的应变依赖性被证实在双向应力的断裂评价中．     

On the role of stress fluctuations in brittle fracture

Cracks in random stress fields are assumed to be originated in regions with high local tension. As a legacy of this special location, additional local tractions opening the crack in its centre are developed even in self-equilibrating stress fields. As the crack becomes a mesocrack it will deviate its path to meet the regions with higher possible local tension. The necessary statistical properties of the microcrack-generated random stress field can be calculated using the dipole asymptotics to approximate the stresses generated by each microcrack. The microcracks are assumed to be noninteracting and surrounded by nonintersecting excluded volumes. For the case of spherical excluded volumes the correlation radius is found to be less than the microcrack radius, which suggests that the stresses acting on each microcrack can be assumed to be statistically independent. In brittle fracture under uniaxial tension the effect of the stress fluctuations is shown to be able to significantly reduce the macroscopic strength. In fracture of brittle materials under uniaxial compression wing cracks are developed which, in real 3-D situations, cannot grow extensively and therefore cannot themselves cause failure. Instead, they induce stress fluctuations which generate mesocracks growing towards compression in such a way as to avoid the wing cracks. Hence, only stresses outside excluded volumes around the wing cracks will affect the mesocrack growth. These stresses have positive mean even if the full stress field is self-equilibrating. This results in a background tension acting perpendicular to the compression axis, amplifying the mesocrack growth and eventually causing failure. The growth and opening of mesocracks results in a specific dependence between dilatancy, i.e. inelastic increase of the sample volume, and the applied compressive stress. This dependence has a universal nature independent of the particular model of wing cracks. It corresponds well to the data of uniaxial compressive tests on 4 samples of Oshima granite (Sano et al. 1981) despite markedly different loading rates and resulted strengths. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Influence of ductile damage on the bending behaviour of aluminium alloy thin sheets

Sheet metal forming involves planar stress states, in the sheet plane, like in tension and simple shear, or stress states characterized by a gradient in the thickness, like in bending. In this latter case, material limit prediction derived from an instability criterion is no longer valid. In this work, a criterion based on a critical void volume fraction, identified from macroscopic tests, is applied to the case of bending of square samples of aluminium alloy AA6016-T4. Mechanical tests are performed at two aging times to quantify its influence on the mechanical behaviour and only the hardening law is modified to take it into account. It is shown that a good correlation is obtained between the critical void volume fraction obtained from tension on notched samples and biaxial expansion, and the onset of crack development in the bent zone. Moreover, macroscopic load recorded during bending is sensitive to ductile damage, which makes this test particularly interesting for damage investigation.     

Biaxial fragmentation of thin silicon oxide coatings on poly(ethylene terephthalate)

Crack patterns of 53 nm and 103 nm thick silicon oxide coatings on poly(ethylene terephthalate) films are analyzed under equibiaxial stress loading, by means of a bulging cell mounted under an optical microscope with stepwise pressurization of film specimens. The biaxial stress and strain are modeled from classical elastic membrane equations, and an excellent agreement is obtained with a finite element method. In the large pressure range, the derivation of the biaxial strain from force equilibrium considerations are found to reproduce accurately the measured data up to 25% strain. The examination of the fragmentation process of the coating under increasing pressure levels reveals that the crack onset strain of the oxide coating is similar to that measured under uniaxial tension. The fragmentation of the coating under biaxial tension is also characterized by complex dynamic phenomena which image the peculiarities of the stress field, resulting in considerable broadening of the fragment size distribution. The evolution of the average fragment area as a function of biaxial stress in the early stages of the fragmentation process is analyzed using Weibull statistics to describe the coating strength.     

Progressive damage analysis and strength prediction of 2D plain weave composites

A two-step, multi-scale progressive damage analysis is implemented to study the damage and failure behaviors of 2D plain weave composites under various uniaxial and biaxial loadings. In the progressive damage mode (PDM), a formal-unified 3D Hashin-type criterion is formed to facilitate analysis work and engineering application, with shear nonlinearity considered in the stiffness matrix of yarn. The periodic boundary conditions are developed for the off-axis loading simulations. The simulated stress–strain curves under on-axis uniaxial tension and compression show good agreements with experimental results. The influences of different 3D Hashin-type criteria are subsequently discussed. Moreover, the strength decrease at different off-axis angles and the failure envelopes under on-axis and 45° off-axis biaxial loadings are obtained, with the discussion of different failure characteristics under each loading condition.