Antioxidant Activities of Fractions of Polymeric Procyanidins from Stem Bark of Acacia confusa

The polymeric procyanidins extracted from Acacia confusa stem bark were fractionated with a step gradient of water, methanol and acetone on a Sephadex LH-20 column. The antioxidant activity of the collected fractions was investigated by the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging and ferric reducing/antioxidant power (FRAP) assays. All fractions possessed potent antioxidant activity with the highest activity observed for fraction F9. The matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) and reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) analyses suggested that the collected fractions consisted primarily of oligomeric and polymeric procyanidins, with different polymer ranges and most abundant polymer size. For each fraction, catechin and epicatechin were present as both terminal and extension units, and epicatechin was the major component in the extended chain. The mean degree of polymerization (mDP) of each fraction differed, ranging from 1.68 (fraction F2) to 17.31 (fraction F11). There was a relationship between antioxidant activity (IC50/DPPH and FRAP) and mDP (R(2) (DPPH) = 0.861, P = 0.006 and R(2) (FRAP) = 0.608, P = 0.038), respectively. However, the highest antioxidant activity of fraction (F9) was not coincident with the maximum mDP of fraction (F11).     

Chemical Composition and Antioxidant Activities of Three Polysaccharide Fractions from Pine Cones

The traditional method of gas chromatography-mass spectrometry for monosaccharide component analysis with pretreatment of acetylation is described with slight modifications and verified in detail in this paper. It was then successfully applied to the quantitative analysis of component monosaccharides in polysaccharides extracted from the pine cones. The results demonstrated that the three pine cone polysaccharides all consisted of ribose, rhamnose, arabinose, xylose, mannose, glucose and galactose in different molar ratios. According to the recovery experiment, the described method was proved accurate and practical for the analysis of pine cone polysaccharides, meeting the need in the field of chemical analysis of Pinus plants. Furthermore; the chemical characteristics, such as neutral sugar, uronic acids, amino acids, molecular weights, and antioxidant activities of the polysaccharides were investigated by chemical and instrumental methods. The results showed that the chemical compositions of the polysaccharides differed from each other, especially in the content of neutral sugar and uronic acid. In the antioxidant assays, the polysaccharide fractions exhibited effective scavenging activities on ABTS radical and hydroxyl radical, with their antioxidant capabilities decreasing in the order of PKP > PAP > PSP. Therefore, although the polysaccharide fractions had little effect on superoxide radical scavenging, they still have potential to be developed as natural antioxidant agents in functional foods or medicine.     

Characterisation and Antioxidant Activity of Crude Extract and Polyphenolic Rich Fractions from C. incanus Leaves

Cistus incanus (Cistaceae) is a Mediterranean evergreen shrub. Cistus incanus herbal teas have been used as a general remedy in traditional medicine since ancient times. Recent studies on the antioxidant properties of its aqueous extracts have indicated polyphenols to be the most active compounds. However, a whole chemical characterisation of polyphenolic compounds in leaves of Cistus incanus (C. incanus) is still lacking. Moreover, limited data is available on the contribution of different polyphenolic compounds towards the total antioxidant capacity of its extracts. The purpose of this study was to characterise the major polyphenolic compounds present in a crude ethanolic leaf extract (CEE) of C. incanus and develop a method for their fractionation. Superoxide anion, hydroxyl and DPPH (1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl) radical scavenging assays were also performed to evaluate the antioxidant properties of the obtained fractions. Three different polyphenolic enriched extracts, namely EAC (Ethyl Acetate Fraction), AF1 and AF2 (Aqueos Fractions), were obtained from CEE. Our results indicated that the EAC, enriched in flavonols, exhibited a higher antiradical activity compared to the tannin enriched fractions (AF1 and AF2). These findings provide new perspectives for the use of the EAC as a source of antioxidant compounds with potential uses in pharmaceutical preparations.     

地肤子黄酮类提取物的抗氧化活性研究

研究了地肤子（Kochiascopana）中黄酮类化合物的提取及其抗氧化活性作用。通过对索氏提取方法来提取地肤子中的黄酮类化合物,确立了地肤子黄酮类化合物最佳提取工艺方案。研究结果表明：最佳提取条件是：提取试剂为75％乙醇,固液比为1：10,提取时间4h,提取温度55℃,提取液中黄酮类化合物产率为8．95％。所得到的地肤子黄酮类化合物在一定浓度范围内具有较强的清除自由基和抗氧化能力,这为地肤子黄酮类化合物的开发提供参考。     

玉米须中植物多酚的提取及其抗氧化性研究

研究了玉米须中植物多酚的提取工艺及抗氧化性。以玉米须为原料,采用有机溶剂法提取玉米须中植物多酚,单因素试验优化植物多酚提取工艺条件。结果表明:有机溶剂提取法的最佳条件为:在50℃下,60%甲醇溶液作为提取剂,料液比为1∶60,提取时间4 h;玉米须中植物多酚的浓度达到60 mg/m L对羟基自由基清除率为62.16%,超氧自由基清除率为65.67%。     

桑叶乙醇提取物的体外抗氧化与抑菌活性

采用索氏提取法对干桑叶进行提取,得到乙醇提取物,并对提取物的组分以及体外抗氧化活性和抑菌活性进行了测定。研究结果表明:桑叶乙醇提取物中含有多种有机物,主要包括酯类(82.85%)、烷烃类(6.31%)、芳烃类(1.62%)和醇类(0.21%)。桑叶乙醇提取物总还原力与浓度有显著的线性关系;对DPPH自由基和OH自由基都有良好的清除能力,半数抑制浓度(IC₅₀)分别为73.07和104.52 mg/L。桑叶乙醇提取物对枯草芽孢杆菌、金黄色葡萄球菌和大肠杆菌均具有一定的抑制作用,抑制效果为枯草芽孢杆菌>金黄色葡萄球菌>大肠杆菌,IC₅₀分别为4.824、6.806和14.382 g/L。桑叶乙醇提取物的抗氧化活性和抑菌活性随样品浓度的增大而增大。     

Antimicrobial, Antiproliferative and Proapoptotic Activities of Extract, Fractions and Isolated Compounds from the Stem of Erythroxylum caatingae Plowman

In the study, we have examined the antitumor and antimicrobial activities of the methanol extract, the fractions, a fraction of total alkaloids and two alkaloids isolated from the stem of Erythroxylum caatingae Plowman. All test fractions, except the hexane fractions, showed antimicrobial activity on gram-positive bacteria and fungi. The acetate: methanol (95:5), acetate, chloroform and hexane fractions show the highest cytotoxicity activity against the NCI-H292, HEp-2 and K562 cell lines using MTT. The absence of hemolysis in the erythrocytes of mice was observed in these fractions and 6β-Benzoyloxy-3α-(3,4,5- trimethoxybenzoyloxy) tropane (catuabine B). Staining with Annexin V-FITC and JC-1 was used to verify the mechanism of action of the compounds of E. caatingae that showed cytotoxicity less than 30 μg/mL in leukemic cells. After 48 h of incubation, we observed that the acetate: methanol (95:5), acetate, and chloroform fractions, as well as the catuabine B, increased in the number of cells in early apoptosis, from 53.0 to 74.8%. An analysis of the potential of the mitochondrial membrane by incorporation of JC-1 showed that most cells during incubation of the acetate: methanol (95:5) and acetate fractions (63.85 and 59.2%) were stained, suggesting the involvement of an intrinsic pathway of apoptosis.     

无花果多糖体外抗氧化及抗肿瘤活性研究

从无花果中提取、分离和纯化得到了均一性无花果多糖FCPS-1、FCPS-2、FCPS-3,通过测定DPPH自由基清除率、超氧阴离子自由基清除率、羟基自由基清除率、还原能力研究了其体外抗氧化活性,采用MTT法研究了其体外抗肿瘤活性。结果表明:以上无花果多糖均表现出与浓度正相关的体外抗氧化活性,其中FCPS-3具有相对更强的体外抗氧化活性。FCPS-3对HepG-2细胞和7901细胞具有更强的体外抗肿瘤活性,在浓度为2.0mg·mL-1时,FCPS-3对HepG-2细胞和7901细胞的抑制率分别为57.30%和54.49%。表明无花果多糖可作为潜在的天然抗肿瘤药物。     

超声辅助离子液体提取荷叶黄酮及其抗氧化活性

优化超声辅助离子液体提取荷叶黄酮工艺，并评价其抗氧化活性。以荷叶提取物为原料，在单因素试验基础上，以离子液体浓度、超声功率、超声时间为影响因素，黄酮提取率为评价指标，响应面法优化提取工艺，测定黄酮对 DPPH、·OH自由基的清除作用。最佳条件为0.9 mol·L-1的1-己基-3-甲基咪唑四氟硼酸盐（[C6mim]BF4）溶液作为提取溶剂，固液比1:25 g·mL-1，超声功率186W，超声时间24min，提取温度70℃，提取率为4.65%。抗氧化活性研究表明，质量浓度为1.6 mg·mL-1时，荷叶黄酮对DPPH、·OH自由基清除率分别为63.2%和55.4%，IC50分别为0.8847mg·mL-1和1.1445mg·mL-1，还原力测定吸光度为0.72Abs。该方法稳定可靠，可用于超声辅助离子液体提取抗氧化活性较强的荷叶黄酮     

Optimization of Microwave Assisted Extraction of Antioxidant Extract from Garcinia pedunculata Robx.

The process of microwave assisted extraction of antioxidants extract from Garcinia pedunculata Robx. was optimized using response surface methodology. A Box-Behnkem design was used to investigate the effects of three independent variables, namely solvent concentration(%), solvent to sample ratio(v/w), and radiation time(min) on total antioxidant activity by DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging activity. Optimal conditions for extraction of antioxidants concluded that the solvent concentration be 70.79%, solvent to sample ratio be 20:1, and irradiation time at 4.73 minutes. However, the antioxidant activity of the extract was found to reach upto 85.98% DPPH radical scavenging activity and 19.23 mg-trolox equivalent/g dry weight. FTIR study revealed that, the extraction of antioxidant extract was higher with increase in irradiation time, but the antioxidant activity of the extract was lower with increase in time. The structural changes in plant material after extractions observed by light microscopy provided visual evidence of the disruption effect.     

Pharmacological Mechanisms Underlying Gastroprotective Activities of the Fractions Obtained from Polygonum minus in Sprague Dawley Rats

The leaves of Polygonum minus were fractionated using an eluting solvent to evaluate the pharmacological mechanisms underlying the anti-ulcerogenic activity of P. minus. Different P. minus fractions were obtained and evaluated for their ulcer preventing capabilities using the ethanol induction method. In this study, Sprague Dawley rats weighing 150-200 g were used. Different parameters were estimated to identify the active fraction underlying the mechanism of the gastroprotective action of P. minus: the gastric mucus barrier, as well as superoxide dismutase, total hexosamine, and prostaglandin synthesis. Amongst the five fractions from the ethanolic extract of P. minus, the ethyl acetate:methanol 1:1 v/v fraction (F2) significantly (p < 0.005) exhibited better inhibition of ulcer lesions in a dose-dependent manner. In addition, rats pre-treated with F2 showed a significant elevation in superoxide dismutase (SOD), hexosamine and PGE2 levels in the stomach wall mucosa in a dose-dependent matter. Based on these results, the ethyl acetate:methanol 1:1 v/v fraction was considered to be the best fraction for mucous protection in the ethanol induction model. The mechanisms underlying this protection were attributed to the synthesis of antioxidants and PGE2.     

Phenolic Compounds from Halimodendron halodendron (Pall.) Voss and Their Antimicrobial and Antioxidant Activities

Halimodendron halodendron has been used as forage in northwestern China for a long time. Its young leaves and flowers are edible and favored by indigenous people. In this study, eleven phenolic compounds were bioassay-guided and isolated from the aerial parts of H. halodendron for the first time. They were identified by means of physicochemical and spectrometric analysis as quercetin (1), 3,5,7,8,4′-pentahydroxy-3′-methoxy flavone (2), 3-O-methylquercetin (3), 3,3′-di-O-methylquercetin (4), 3,3′-di-O-methylquercetin-7-O-β-d-glucopyranoside (5), isorhamentin-3-O-β-d-rutinoside (6), 8-O-methylretusin (7), 8-O-methylretusin-7-O-β-d-glucopyranoside (8), salicylic acid (9), p-hydroxybenzoic acid (ferulic acid) (10), and 4-hydroxy-3-methoxy cinnamic acid (11). They were sorted as flavonols (1–6), soflavones (7 and 8), and phenolic acids (9–11). Among the compounds, flanools 1–4 revealed a strong antibacterial activity with minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values of 50–150 μg/mL, and median inhibitory concentration (IC₅₀) values of 26.8–125.1 μg/mL. The two isoflavones (7 and 8) showed moderate inhibitory activity on the test bacteria. Three phenolic acids (9, 10 and 11) showed strong antibacterial activity with IC₅₀ values of 28.1–149.7 μg/mL. Antifungal activities of the compounds were similar to their antibacterial activities. All these phenolic compounds showed significant antimicrobial activity with a broad spectrum as well as antioxidant activity based on 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging and β-carotene-linoleic acid bleaching assays. In general, the flavonol aglycones with relatively low polarity exhibited stronger activities than the glycosides. The results suggest the potential of this plant as a source of functional food ingredients and provide support data for its utilization as forage as well.     

紫草提取物抗氧化作用研究

考察了紫草提取物在体外和体内的抗氧化活性。以合成天然抗氧化剂二叔丁基对甲酚(BHT)和天然抗氧化剂α-生育酚(α-tocopherol)为对照,用OSI方法测定了紫草石油醚提取物和氯仿提取物在猪油中的抗氧化作用,并首次考察了二者对小鼠血清中超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性和丙二醛(MDA)水平的影响。结果表明,添加质量分数为0.1%的紫草石油醚和氯仿提取物,可分别使猪油的氧化诱导期由4.5 h延长至52.4 h和52.2 h。小鼠灌服紫草石油醚和氯仿提取物21 d后,其血清中SOD活性均显著高于正常组(P<0.05或P<0.01),而MDA含量显著低于正常组(P<0.05或P<0.01),表现出体内抗氧化活性,证明紫草石油醚和氯仿提取物具有较强抗氧化活性,可显著抑制猪油氧化,并可明显提高小鼠体内SOD的活性,降低MDA含量。该研究内容的新颖性,已为教育部科技查新工作站(G05)2008年2月28日出具的的第DHU2008-019号《科技查新报告》所证实。     

马齿苋中总黄酮提取工艺优化及其抗氧化活性研究

采用直接回流法提取马齿苋中总黄酮,通过单因素实验与正交实验对提取工艺进行了优化;并以芦丁为对照品,采用分光光度法对马齿苋中的总黄酮含量进行了检测;同时研究了马齿苋总黄酮提取液对羟基自由基(·OH)和超氧阴离子自由基(·O-2)的清除效果,并与Vc的抗氧化活性进行了比较。确定马齿苋中总黄酮最优提取工艺为:提取时间50min、水浴温度90℃、提取溶剂为30%乙酸乙酯、固液比1∶50(g∶mL),在此条件下,马齿苋总黄酮提取率可达7.15mg·g-1。当马齿苋总黄酮浓度为0.18 mg·mL-1时,对·OH的清除率高达73.12%,对·O-2的清除率可达49.02%,相同浓度时,其抗氧化活性低于Vc。     

植物样品成分的体外抗氧化活性方法研究进展

综述了植物样品中成分的体外抗氧化活性评价方法,采用一种方法来评价具有多种功能多种类型的植物样品的抗氧化活性是不全面的,文中重点介绍了DPPH法、ABTs法、羟自由基（.OH）清除法、清除超氧阴离子自由基法和FRAP法等方法及采用这些方法取得的研究成果,以期为更好评价样品抗氧化活性提供理论依据。     

静磁场对黑胡椒提取物抗氧化活性的影响

将不同强度的静磁场分别作用于浸提、黑胡椒提取物预处理及抗氧化活性测定过程,研究磁场作用于不同过程对黑胡椒提取物抗氧化活性的影响.通过测定黑胡椒提取物体外条件下对1,1-二苯基-2-三硝基苯肼(DPPH)自由基的清除能力和对铁氰化钾的还原能力来评价黑胡椒提取物的抗氧化活性.结果表明,静磁场能够改变黑胡椒提取物清除DPPH自由基的能力和还原能力,但磁场作用于不同过程,其影响结果不同.静磁场作用于浸提和预处理过程时,黑胡椒提取物的抗氧化活性会受到抑制;静磁场作用于抗氧化活性测定过程时,黑胡椒提取物清除DPPH自由基的能力受到抑制,但其还原能力明显增强.     

丹皮总黄酮的提取及抗氧化活性研究

以丹皮为原料提取丹皮总黄酮,并测得其在丹皮中的含量为1.6304%。以常用的化学合成抗氧化剂2,6-二叔丁基-4-甲基苯酚(BHT)和叔丁基对苯二酚(TBHQ)为对照,通过4种方法评价了丹皮总黄酮的抗氧化活性。结果表明,在相同浓度条件下,丹皮总黄酮对羟基自由基(·OH)清除率对DPPH自由基(·DPPH)清除率对超氧阴离子自由基(·O-2)清除率对小鼠肝组织脂质过氧化的抑制率;丹皮总黄酮具有较强的抗氧化能力,其抗氧化活性略低于或等于TBHQ的抗氧化活性,远远大于BHT的抗氧化活性,在较低浓度下即具有对多种氧化反应的抑制作用。表明,丹皮总黄酮是一种很有发展前景的天然抗氧化剂。     

Phytochemical Screening and Polyphenolic Antioxidant Activity of Aqueous Crude Leaf Extract of Helichrysum pedunculatum

We evaluated the in vitro antioxidant property and phytochemical constituents of the aqueous crude leaf extract of Helichrysum pedunculatum. The scavenging activity on superoxide anions, DPPH, H₂O₂, NO and ABTS; and the reducing power were determined, as well as the flavonoid, proanthocyanidin and phenolic contents of the extract. The extract exhibited scavenging activity towards all radicals tested due to the presence of relatively high total phenol and flavonoids contents. Our findings suggest that H. pedunculatum is endowed with antioxidant phytochemicals and could serve as a base for future drugs.     

柚类黄酮抗氧化作用的研究

对柚子不同部位进行类黄酮的提取,同时对柚子类黄酮提取液的抗氧化活性进行了研究。结果表明：柚果皮中类黄酮的含量较柚果肉中类黄酮的含量要高。柚类黄酮提取液具有明显的清除羟自由基和超氧阴离子自由基作用,清除率与浓度之间存在着量效关系。柚类黄酮抗氧自由基的能力强于VC,证明了柚类黄酮是一种很强的抗氧化剂。     

向日葵盘精油的化学成分及抗氧化活性

为明晰采收后向日葵盘精油的成分及其体外抗氧化活性,应用水蒸气蒸馏法提取采收后向日葵盘精油,利用气相色谱-质谱联用法（GC-MS）分析其化学成分,通过DPPH自由基和ABTS自由基清除法对精油的体外抗氧化活性进行测定。结果显示：从向日葵盘精油中共鉴定出49种化学成分（占精油总量91.16%）,其中α-蒎烯（28.22%）、柠檬烯（6.55%）、α-蛇麻烯（4.99%）、反式-β-金合欢烯（3.58%）和莰烯（3.39%）为其主要成分。向日葵盘精油具有一定的体外抗氧化活性,其清除DPPH自由基、ABTS自由基的半数有效浓度（EC₅₀）值分别为0.47、0.30 g/L,明显高于阳性对照BHT的EC₅₀值（分别为8.21和6.16 mg/L）。