粉煤灰-锂渣基发泡陶瓷的制备及性能研究

为制备低成本兼具高孔隙率与高压缩强度的发泡陶瓷,以粉煤灰、锂渣、长石、滑石和碳化硅为原料,经1 180、1 200、1 220、1 240℃分别保温10、20、40、60 min烧结制备发泡陶瓷试样。主要研究了锂渣的掺量(质量分数分别为0、10%、20%、30%)对试样物相组成、显微结构、孔隙率及压缩强度的影响。结果表明：1)随锂渣掺量的增加,发泡陶瓷的孔隙率增加,体积密度降低,压缩强度波动;2)锂渣中丰富的钙、硫成分,可发挥助熔剂和发泡剂作用,降低烧结温度,提高发泡陶瓷的孔隙率,改善气孔圆整度,提高压缩强度;3)当锂渣掺量为20%(w)时,经1 220℃保温20～40 min烧结所得发泡陶瓷的体积密度为0.32～0.40 g·cm^-3,孔隙率为84.4%～87.6%,压缩强度为1.51～2.35 MPa。     

固废循环利用制备发泡陶瓷工艺浅析

工业固废和矿山尾矿是生产发泡陶瓷的主要原料,生产配方中必须添加特殊的发泡剂产生发泡作用,再经过高温烧结,在烧结体内部形成大量均匀的闭口气孔结构,这类闭口硅酸盐陶瓷烧结材料和开口气孔技术的蜂窝陶瓷烧结材料结构完全不同。本文通过对工业固废的定义及分类、工业固废处理现状存在的主要问题、可用于生产发泡陶瓷的固体废弃物、发泡陶瓷产业发展现状的阐述,详细说明了发泡陶瓷的工艺制备现状。     

氧化铁和发泡剂对煤矸石闭孔发泡陶瓷的性能影响

以固体废弃物煤矸石为主要原料,采用粉料坯体发泡法制备闭孔发泡陶瓷,探讨了氧化铁和发泡剂掺量对发泡陶瓷性能的影响。结果表明:氧化铁掺量对发泡陶瓷容重、抗压强度和导热系数影响较大;发泡剂掺量对发泡陶瓷孔径大小、孔的均一性具有显著影响。在外加6 wt%氧化铁的前提下,发泡剂掺量为1.8~2.0 wt%时,可烧制出容重较低,孔径大小适中,保温隔热性能较好的发泡陶瓷。最终以煤矸石掺量为60 wt%的坯料烧结出容重为170~270 kg/m3,抗压强度为1.24~3.71 MPa,导热系数为0.06~0.09 W/(m·k)的发泡陶瓷。     

发泡剂在发泡陶瓷保温板中发泡原理的研究

本文通过研究发泡陶瓷保温板的TG-DSC曲线,分析SiC-MgCO_3-Li_2CO_3系发泡剂在烧结过程中的发泡原理,得出发泡剂主要是在高温时通过发生分解和氧化等化学反应放出大量气体,此时坯体产生部分液相,在气体的表面张力作用下形成均匀封闭的微细气孔,最终形成了具有低导热系数的发泡陶瓷保温材料。     

钼尾矿化学发泡法制备多孔陶瓷

为了资源化利用被废弃的钼尾矿,以陕南钼尾矿粉、石英粉、铝酸钙水泥为主要原料,双氧水为发泡剂,采用化学发泡-烧结法制备多孔陶瓷,主要研究了发泡剂添加量(外加,质量分数分别为1%、2%、3%、4%和5%)和烧结温度(分别为1 000、1 100℃)对多孔陶瓷显气孔率、体积密度、常温耐压强度和物相组成的影响。结果表明:1)随着双氧水添加量的增加,多孔陶瓷的显气孔率增大,体积密度和常温耐压强度减小。2)随着烧结温度的升高,多孔陶瓷的常温耐压强度明显增大。3)双氧水添加量为2%(w)、1 100℃煅烧制备的多孔陶瓷,其体积密度为0. 79 g·cm~(-3),显气孔率为69. 6%,耐压强度为0. 49 MPa;气孔大小一致,分布均匀,孔径300μm左右;主晶相为石英,次晶相为铝酸钙和氧化铝,并含少量钙长石。     

发泡法制备镁铝尖晶石轻质耐火骨料

用发泡法制备镁铝尖晶石轻质耐火骨料,采用X射线衍射、阿基米德排水法、透射偏光显微镜分别研究了试样的晶相、气孔率和气孔形貌,并通过断面图法计算试样的孔径分布。试样气孔结构是由泡沫形成和泡沫稳定性所决定的。结果表明:以十二烷基苯磺酸纳为发泡剂,加入量为0.5%(质量分数),陶瓷料浆温度控制在10℃,可以制得气孔率为59.81%、气孔平均孔径为60μm且分布均匀的镁铝尖晶石轻质耐火骨料。     

花岗岩锯泥和大理石废石粉制备发泡陶瓷

为实现“双碳”目标，推动大宗固废的资源化利用，开发探究多种固废协同制备发泡陶瓷材料的方法理论，以花岗岩锯泥和大理石废石粉为主要原料，SiC为发泡剂，通过高温烧结制备高闭气孔率的发泡陶瓷，研究原材料配比、烧结温度以及发泡剂掺量对发泡陶瓷的孔结构及性能的影响。结果表明，大理石废石粉中的CaCO₃在高温下分解出的CaO是有效的助熔剂，能够破坏Si—O键，降低液相的黏度，促进发泡。同时CaO能够与SiO₂反应生成硅灰石，提高材料的机械强度。在烧结温度为1 130℃、大理石废石粉质量掺量为10%、SiC质量掺量为1.0%时，制备的发泡陶瓷孔结构均匀，综合性能最佳，闭口气孔率为79.16%,体积密度为583.42 kg/m³,抗压强度为3.86 MPa,吸水率为0.40%。本研究为花岗岩锯泥和大理石废石粉回收利用制备发泡陶瓷提供了理论基础。     

粉煤灰制备高强发泡陶瓷的研究

实验利用山西某地区产量较多的粉煤灰及其陶瓷厂产量较大的抛光渣作为主要原料,辅以钾钠砂、滑石来助融,加入膨润土增加料浆黏度,以碳化硅微粉作为发泡剂,在固定的耐火匣钵采用粉料堆积法制备高强发泡陶瓷。本研究在前期大量且品种各异废料制备发泡陶瓷的基础上,主要针对性的对粉煤灰、发泡剂的加入量。结果表明:粉煤灰加入量控制在50%,抛光渣15%,钾钠砂27%,膨润土5%,滑石3%,碳化硅微粉0.3%,烧成制度1180℃保温50min,制得性能优异的高强发泡陶瓷,体积密度为433kg/m3,抗压强度7.65MPa,孔隙率71.5%,表观孔径0.5mm-1mm。     

长石发泡陶瓷的制备及性能

以长石为原料、SiC为发泡剂,经混料、压制成型、高温发泡等工序制备了长石发泡陶瓷,研究了发泡剂含量与发泡温度对长石发泡陶瓷的体积膨胀率、体积密度、气孔率和力学性能的影响。结果表明,在1160～1200℃的发泡温度范围内,随着发泡剂含量的增加,长石发泡陶瓷的体积膨胀率和气孔率都呈现先增大后减小的趋势,而体积密度和抗折强度则先减小后增大;在发泡剂含量为7%,发泡温度为1180℃时,可获得各项性能优异的发泡陶瓷,其体积膨胀率为258%、体积密度为0.38 g/cm~3、气孔率为78.86%、抗折强度可达3.3±0.26MPa。     

花岗岩废料基闭孔发泡陶瓷的正交试验研究

以花岗岩废料为主要原料,采用正交试验方法,考察了烧成温度、保温时间、SiC用量和花岗岩废料用量对闭孔发泡陶瓷的影响,并综合分析得出了优化方案:烧成温度为1 200℃,保温时间为30 min,SiC用量为0.8wt％,花岗岩废料用量为90wt％.按照优化方案得到的闭孔发泡陶瓷闭口气孔率为73.27％,吸水率为1.74％,抗压强度为7.2 MPa,导热系数为0.12 W/(m·K).SEM结果显示,所制备的发泡陶瓷气孔大多呈封闭状态,孔壁内部封闭了许多互相孤立的微小气孔,这些微小气孔的存在进一步提升了闭口气孔率.     

利用黄金尾矿制备发泡陶瓷的研究

中国黄金尾矿资源量大,作为二次资源在建筑材料领域的综合利用有着重要的经济价值和环境意义。以黄金尾矿为主要原料,SiC为发泡剂,通过高温制备发泡陶瓷,用激光共聚焦显微镜、XRD等手段,研究了烧结温度、黄金尾矿掺入量、原料粒度对材料的容重、真气孔率和孔径等性能的影响。研究表明:随着烧结温度的升高,发泡陶瓷材料的真气孔率和孔径增大,容重减小;材料的真气孔率和容重随着黄金尾矿掺入量的增大分别降低和提高,随着原料粒度的减小分别提高和降低,气孔孔径随着黄金尾矿掺量的增大和原料粒度的减小均呈下降趋势。优化后,在烧成温度1 050 ℃,黄金尾矿掺入量50%(质量分数),黄金尾矿平均粒度D(50)=5.6 μm,SiC平均粒度D(50)=3.0 μm的条件下可制备出性能良好的发泡陶瓷。     

In-situ growth of mullite whiskers and their effect on the microstructure and properties of porous mullite ceramics with an open/closed pore structure

Porous mullite ceramics with an open/closed pore structure were prepared by protein foaming method combined with fly ash hollow spheres. Both the open porosity and total porosity of samples were enhanced by increasing the hollow sphere content. Mullite whiskers with a diameter of 0.2–4 μm were grown in-situ in the porous mullite ceramics with an AlF₃ catalyst, conforming to a vapor-solid growth mechanism. The pore structure of the porous mullite ceramics was significantly affected by the mullite whiskers which increased the open porosity and total porosity. Moreover, the median pore size was reduced from 65.05 μm to 36.92 μm after the introduction of mullite whiskers. The flexural strength and the thermal conductivity of the samples decreased with increasing total porosity. The porosity dependence of the thermal conductivity was well described by the universal model, providing a reference for the prediction of thermal conductivity of porous ceramics with open/closed pores.     

以硼砂为助熔剂使用含钛高炉渣制备发泡陶瓷

以紫色页岩、含钛高炉渣为原料,硼砂为助熔剂,碳化硅为发泡剂制备发泡陶瓷,通过对气孔率、闭孔率、孔径分布、表观密度、抗压强度、导热系数进行测量,研究了原料配比和硼砂添加量对发泡陶瓷气孔结构和物理性能的影响。结果显示:当原料中含钛高炉渣比例增加时,试样的平均孔径增加,气孔均匀性下降;硼砂的加入会使试样抗压强度降低,孔隙率增大,导热系数变小。当发泡陶瓷原料配比(质量分数)为高炉渣30%,页岩70%,添加4%的硼砂和0.2%的碳化硅时,制备出的发泡陶瓷的表观密度为0.374 g·cm^-3,导热系数为0.121 W·m^-1·K^-1,抗压强度为2.59 MPa,满足建筑外墙保温发泡陶瓷的要求。发泡陶瓷主要晶相为斜长石,同时伴有部分透辉石、石英和少量的铁板钛矿。     

聚丙烯/碳纳米管微孔注塑发泡行为及力学性能

研究了不同含量单壁碳纳米管(CNT)的加入对聚丙烯(PP)流变、热稳定性及微孔注塑发泡行为和力学性能的影响。结果表明,随着CNT含量从不足1.0 %(质量分数,下同)逐渐增加,PP熔体黏度显著增大,热稳定性逐渐提升,即使CNT的加入量仅为0.15 %也会产生团聚现象,但团聚体尺寸较小且与基体结合紧密;微孔发泡注塑样品中泡孔分布不均匀,泡孔尺寸范围在10~70 μm,直径随着CNT含量增加呈现先减小后增大;PP/CNT复合材料微孔发泡成型后,弹性模量、屈服应力下降不大,但断裂伸长率平均提升了近400 %,不同组分发泡样品间力学性能指标变化不大。     

矾土基合成莫来石质多孔陶瓷的研制

采用发泡法与添加造孔剂相结合,以高铝矾土和高岭土为骨料,长石作熔剂,并添加适量的煤、MgSO4和CaSO4作发泡剂,煤为造孔剂,PVA为粘结剂,干压成型后于1500℃左右烧成制备了莫来石质多孔陶瓷。制得的多孔陶瓷莫来石生成量高达90%以上,其气孔分布均匀,孔径分布范围为100～300μm;气孔率高达52.3%（闭孔气孔率为38.7%,开孔气孔率为13.6%）;体积密度为0.9731g/cm3;抗压强度为25.1317MPa;导热系数为0.143W/（m.K）的多孔陶瓷。     

Preparation of high strength lamellar porous calcium silicate ceramics by directional freeze casting

In this study, porous calcium silicate (CS) ceramics with oriented arrangement of lamellar macropore structure were prepared by directional freeze casting method. The lamellar macropores were connected by the micropores on the pore wall, which had good pore interconnectivity. The effects of solid loading of the slurry, freezing temperature, sintering additive content, and sintering temperature on the microstructures and compressive strength of the synthesized porous materials were investigated systematically. The results showed that with the increase of solid loading (≤20 vol%) and sintering additive content, the sizes of lamellar pores and pore walls increased gradually, the open porosity decreased and the compressive strength increased. The sintering temperature had little effect on the pore size of the ceramics, but increasing the sintering temperature (≤1050 °C) promoted the densification of the pore wall, reduced the porosity, and improved the strength. The decrease of freezing temperature had little effect on porosity, but it reduced the size of lamellar pore and pore wall, so as to improve the strength. Finally, porous CS ceramics with lamellar macropores of about 300–600 μm and 2–10 μm micropores on the pore wall were obtained. The porous CS ceramics had high pore interconnectivity, an open porosity of 66.25% and a compressive strength of 5.47 MPa, which was expected to be used in bone tissue engineering.     

黄姜废渣发泡陶瓷的制备及其性能研究

发泡陶瓷作为一种新型建筑墙体材料,具有轻质保温的优良特性,有利于实现建筑节能.以黄姜废渣为主要坯料,掺加适量麻城石粉优化坯料组分,并以SiC为发泡剂,通过混料、压片、烧结等工艺实现了一种新型闭孔发泡陶瓷的制备.主要研究了烧成制度、成型压力、发泡剂掺量、石粉掺量对黄姜废渣发泡陶瓷宏观性能及其微观特征的影响.试验结果表明,...     

Foaming mechanism of polishing porcelain stoneware tile residues via adding C,Al and Si powder

Polishing porcelain stoneware tile residues (PPR) is used to prepare foamed ceramic to solve the problem of solid waste discharge in ceramic industry. In this study, C, Al and Si powder were added to the simulated PPR to control foaming, and the mechanism of silicon carbide foaming in the PPR was discussed in detail. After these powders were introduced into the simulated PPR, the phenomenon of alumina crystallization on the pore wall of the foamed ceramic and the diffusion of gas in the foamed ceramic were discovered to be exciting. The foaming mechanism of PPR is detailed as follows: the diffusion rate of oxygen in silicate liquid is faster than that of CO during sintering, so the CO generated by incomplete oxidation of silicon carbide in PPR accumulates in the liquid, which makes the volume of ceramics expand and causes foaming.     

Mechanical and dielectric properties of porous magnesium aluminate (MgAl2O4) spinel ceramics fabricated by direct foaming-gelcasting

Porous ceramic materials have been broadly applied in various fields due to their multifunctional properties. Optimization of their microstructural characteristics, such as pore morphology, total porosity, and pore size distribution, which determine various properties of the final products, is crucial to improve their performances and thus extend their applications. In this study, single-phase porous MgAl₂O₄ materials were fabricated by direct foaming–gelcasting. With an increase in the foam volume from 260 to 350 mL, the total porosity and pore size of the porous ceramic increased, and its microstructure varied from mostly closed cells to open cells containing interconnected large pores (40–155 μm) and small circular windows (10–40 μm) in the ceramic skeleton. The total porosity could be tailored from 84.91% to 76.08% by modulating the sintering temperature and foam volume and the corresponding compressive strengths were in the range of 2.8–15.0 MPa. The compressive strength exhibited a power-law relationship with the relative density with indices of approximately 3.409 and 3.439, respectively. Porous MgAl₂O₄ ceramics exhibited low dielectric constants in the range of 1.618–1.910 at room temperature, which are well matched with theoretical calculations on account of a modified Bruggeman model. The porous MgAl₂O₄ ceramics with good mechanical and dielectric properties controlled easily by various sintering temperatures and foam volumes are promising for practical applications.     

Preparation of high–strength closed–pore foamed ceramics from desalted sea sand at temperatures below 1000 °C

Based on high–temperature sintering with SiC as the foaming agent, the technical potential of preparing foamed ceramics (FCs) from desalted sea sand at temperatures below 1000 °C was studied. Rapid melting of the ceramic bodies at elevated temperatures helped to seal more foaming gas, resulting in a large foaming volume for the FCs. If the interior of the ceramic bodies melted quickly during sintering, the foaming gas was trapped in situ, resulting in a homogenous FC pore structure. By coordinating the borax content and sintering temperature of the green bodies, the melting characteristics of the ceramic bodies could be optimised during sintering, usually producing a large foaming volume and a homogeneous FC pore structure. The FCs sintered from the green bodies with 25–35 wt% of borax at 900–1000 °C obtained high total/closed porosities of (68–75)%/(65–72)%, a relatively dense surface, a homogenous pore structure, and a relatively high compressive strength of 8.1–11.2 MPa.