浅谈古瓷器釉面的修复

<正>古瓷器是由天然矿物质原材料经过高温熔化而成。出土的古瓷器大多是残损的。目前在古瓷器釉面的修复中常用的仿釉材料为硝基漆、丙烯酸油漆等无色透明的涂料,使用这类涂料用以模仿瓷器表面的釉质层。但常用的硝基漆以及丙烯酸类仿釉涂料的稀释剂对修复人员身体造成损伤。为了修复人员的身体健康,尝试使用毒性较小水性仿釉涂料与常用的硝基漆与丙烯酸油漆进行性能对比。观察水性仿釉材料是否可以用于古瓷器修复中。     

一种瓷器修复用新型仿釉基料的耐黄变性能分析

目前，耐黄变性能是评价仿釉基料性能的最关键参数，直接关系到瓷器类文物修复后的保存时效。近几年市场上出现一种名为“瓷器修复专用仿制釉”的进口材料，因其透明度高、固化快、釉质感强，已逐渐被瓷器修复工作者接纳，但目前未见主成分分析与耐黄变性能研究，无法确定其最佳使用范围。基于此，对该仿釉基料展开微观形貌及主成分分析，同时选择瓷器类文物修复中较常用的星皇漆（羟基丙烯酸共聚物）、紫荆花漆（硝基清漆），在不同人工加速老化条件下，通过对色差值ΔE的分析，对比研究该仿釉基料的耐黄变性能。结果表明：相较于常用的仿釉基料，该仿釉基料表现出较好的耐黄变性能，适用于修复后的瓷器类文物在博物馆内陈列展览。     

博物馆古陶瓷器修复的仿色工艺研究

修复古陶瓷器文物时,为了更好地还原其釉层质感和色泽,一般使用仿釉涂料对拼接或补配后的修复痕迹进行修饰遮盖。修复仿色工艺所使用的仿色工序与涂装方法,对稳定涂层的质量和修复效果的提高有着极大的影响。笔者以博物馆古陶瓷器修复的仿色为例,根据仿色工艺流程路线执行,可使修复操作专业化,管理制度规范化。     

改性聚四氟乙烯耐磨涂料

通过对涂料成膜情况的比较,筛选和确定了钛酸酯偶联剂、消泡剂、流平剂、成膜剂的品种和用量,得到改性聚四氟乙烯涂料配方.制得的改性聚四氟乙烯耐磨涂料具有良好的附着力、硬度、耐磨性等性能,具有很好的应用前景.     

溴化环氧对聚氨酯涂料的阻燃改性研究

通过使用溴化环氧树脂对聚氨酯涂料进行的阻燃改性,制得了具有阻燃功能的聚氨酯涂料。研究了溴化环氧及协同剂Sb2O3用量对聚氨酯涂料阻燃性能和涂膜硬度、光泽度的影响。结果表明当溴化环氧用量为10%,在3%的Sb2O3协同作用下,可将聚氨酯涂料的极限氧指数(LOI)从18提高到30,同时能保证聚氨酯涂料优良的物理机械性能。     

甲基丙烯酸甲酯与醇酸树脂的共聚改性

引　言涂料对物体和各种材料有保护、装饰和赋予特种功能的作用 ,用量很大 .其中醇酸树脂系列涂料具有价廉通用、易施工等优点 ,是应用最广的一种涂料 .然而醇酸树脂涂料存在涂膜干燥缓慢、硬度低、耐水性较差等缺点 ,因此对醇酸树脂进行改性以使其扬长避短 ,一直很受人们的关注[1] .醇酸树脂的改性包括聚氨酯、苯乙烯和丙烯酸等改性 ,关于丙烯酸改性醇酸树脂虽有不少文献报道[2 ,3 ] ,但其合成改性树脂的原料选择范围较窄 (使用含有共轭双键的植物油 ,如桐油或脱水蓖麻油等 ) ,树脂组分间相容性不好 ,其应用受到限制 .本文研究甲基丙烯酸甲…     

白水泥改善水性氟碳涂料性能的研究

以白色硅酸盐水泥(白水泥)为改性填料,利用白水泥产生的C-S-H凝胶等产物,对氟碳涂料进行改性,并探究白水泥的掺量和水化龄期对氟碳涂料性能的影响.实验结果表明:白水泥改性水性氟碳涂料时,白水泥需要水化3d以上才能达到良好的改性效果.白水泥水化产生的C-S-H凝胶等水化产物均匀分散在氟碳树脂分子网络中,使涂料硬度、耐碱性、耐热性等性能获得改善.掺入4％ ～ 8％白水泥能够获得较好的改性效果,当白水泥掺量达到10％时,涂膜开裂,涂料的各项性能劣化.白水泥改性水性氟碳涂料与水的接触角随水泥掺入量的增加明显降低.     

古今钧瓷之鉴别

钧瓷，产于著名的陶瓷传统产区禹州市。始于唐代，盛于北宋，是高温颜色釉瓷器中的校校者。被列为宋代五大名瓷之一，定为御用瓷器。到元代，各地群起仿烧。以禹州为中心，波及大河上下，长江南北，形成了一个庞大的钧窑系。明、清两朝仍有仿造。清末民初仿造比较成功。1950年以来又有新的发展。纵观古今钧瓷，可分为唐钧、宋钧、元钧、仿钧、古釉钧瓷和新釉钧瓷等六类。现将其主要特征分述如下，以供鉴别。1唐钧，即唐代钧窑瓷器迄今未见传世器物。近年来，文物考古工作者在禹州境内先后发现了三处唐代瓷窑址，一处是赵家外窑，再一处是某…     

水性环氧涂料改性研究进展

概述了水性环氧涂料的优缺点，分别从两方面介绍了近年来水性环氧涂料改性研究进展：一方面是利用功能性单体扩链法和自由基接枝改性法和一些其他方法对疏水性的环氧树脂改性进展，另一方面是亲水性的胺类固化剂的改性进展。通过对水性环氧涂料的改性，使得它的物理和化学性能得到很大改善，如耐腐蚀性增强，附着力提高，涂膜硬度、光泽等也得到明显改善。最后对水性环氧涂料的发展趋势和应用前景进行了展望。     

改性聚四氟乙烯耐磨涂料

通过对涂料成膜情况的比较，筛选和确定了钛酸酯偶联剂、消泡剂、流平剂、成膜剂的品种和用量，得到改性聚四氟乙烯涂料配方。制得的改性聚四氟乙烯耐磨涂料具有良好的附着力、硬度、耐磨性等性能，具有很好的应用前景。     

非VOC成膜助剂在水性丙烯酸木器涂料中的应用研究

研究了高沸点成膜助剂在水性丙烯酸木器涂料中的应用,并和二丙二醇丁醚DPnB比较,进行了涂料黏度稳定性、涂膜光泽、硬度建立、打磨性、抗黏连、铅笔硬度的测试.测试结果表明,该成膜助剂对于聚合物颗粒的溶胀作用比DPnB更强,不影响涂料的贮存稳定性,涂膜光泽高,随放置时间的加长,涂膜的摆杆硬度逐渐上升且涂膜硬度建立没有出现显著...     

Some Properties of Composite Panels Made from Wood Flour and Recycled Polyethylene

This study investigated the effect of board type (unmodified vs. MAPE modified) on the surface quality and thickness swelling-water absorption properties of recycled high density polyethylene (HDPE) based wood plastic composites. Additionally, two commercially available coatings (cellulosic coating and polyurethane lacquer coating) were also applied to composite surfaces and their adhesion strength, abrasion and scratch resistance, and gloss values were determined. This study showed that modification of the composites with MAPE coupling agent increased the surface smoothness and reduced the water absorption and thickness swelling of the panels. Abrasion resistance of the composites was also improved through MAPE modification. Regardless of board type, higher scratch resistance and gloss values were observed for polyurethane lacquer coated samples compared to those of cellulosic varnish coated ones. Improvement of adhesion strength was also seen on SEM micrographs.     

Development of polyetheramide based corrosion protective polyurethane coating from mahua oil

Mahua (Madhuca indica) is a widely grown tree in tropical regions of India. The estimated annual production of it is higher as compared to karanja oil and neem oil. In the present work mahua oil was reacted with diethanol amine resulting in the formation of mahua oil fatty amide (MFA) which was further reacted with bisphenol-A forming mahua polyetheramide resin (MPEA). The structures of the synthesized intermediate and polyetheramide resin were confirmed by spectroscopic methods and estimated physico-chemical properties like acid value, iodine value, saponification value, hydroxyl and acid value. The prepared MPEA resin was converted to polyurethane coatings by reacting with methylene diphenyl diisocyanate (MDI) and toluene diisocyanate (TDI) with 1.1:1 NCO/OH ratio. Thermal stability and coating properties of polyurethane coatings on steel panels and particle board panels were investigated. The coating performance of the resin was tested by measurement of gloss, mar resistance, flexibility, scratch, pencil hardness, adhesion and chemical resistance using standard methods. The results presented better physico-mechanical as well as corrosion resistance performance of the polyurethane coating obtained from mahua oil based polyetheramide resin.     

Coatings prepared from waterborne polyurethane dispersions obtained with polycarbonates of 1,6-hexanediol of different molecular weights

Waterborne polyurethane dispersions (PUDs) were synthesized with polycarbonates of 1,6-hexanediol of different molecular weight (500–3000 Da) and their properties, adhesion (Hatch adhesion) and coatings on stainless steel properties (Pencil hardness, Persoz hardness, gloss at 60°, chemical resistance, yellowness index) were characterized. The hatch adhesion of the polyurethane coatings to stainless steel was very good and decreased slightly by increasing the molecular weight of the polycarbonate of 1,6-hexanediol. Both the Pencil and Persoz hardness values of the coatings increased by increasing the hard segments content in the polyurethane, i.e. by decreasing the molecular weight of the polycarbonate of 1,6-hexanediol, whereas the gloss and the yellowness index were lower for the coatings obtained with the polycarbonate of 1,6-hexanediol of molecular weight of 500 Da. Very good chemical resistance against ethanol for all polyurethane coatings on stainless steel plates was obtained but for long time of ethanol in contact with the coating surface the chemical resistance decreased, more markedly for the polyurethane coating obtained with the polycarbonate of 1,6-hexanediol of higher molecular weight. In summary, the segmented structure of the waterborne polyurethane dispersion determined the properties of the polyurethane coatings obtained from them.     

Preparation and properties of polyurethane coatings based on acrylic polyols and trimer of isophorone diisocyanate

This paper presents a study on the effect of NCO/OH ratio and an increase in hydroxyl content of acrylic polyols on the properties of polyurethane (PU) coatings. Coating properties studied are gloss, scratch resistance, flexibility and adhesion, mechanical properties include tensile strength, modulus, percent elongation and Shore hardness, while physicochemical properties include chemical resistance and solvent absorption of coated PU samples. A series of acrylic polyols (copolymers) based on butyl acrylate (BA), methyl methacrylate (MMA), styrene and 2-hydroxy ethylacrylate (HEA) were prepared by selecting different percentage of hydroxyl content. Trimer of isophorone diisocyanate (IPDI) was also synthesized in the laboratory. This trimer has trifunctionality. Isocyanurate ring of trimer increases thermal properties of PU. Polyurethanes from these acrylic polyols (containing different percent hydroxyl) and trimer of IPDI were prepared with two different NCO/OH ratios viz, 1.1:1 and 1.2:1. Polyurethanes were coated on substrates for measuring coating properties. Mechanical properties were measured on cast films of the PUs. The experimental results revealed that all polyurethane coatings based on acrylic polyols and IPDI trimer showed good gloss, scratch resistance and excellent adhesion. Thermal stability of these PU samples was found to be better. Physicochemical properties reflected that these PU have excellent chemical and solvent resistance.     

Acrylic-ester-polyol based novel two-component polyurethane clear coat: Evaluation of performance characteristics

In the current study, a combination of acrylic polyol (AP) and ester polyol (EP) were synthesized and reacted at variable ratios with hexamethylene diisocyanates and isophorone diisocyanates to prepare a transparent two-component polyurethane (PU) coating formulation. The formations of the polyol system, isocyanate system, and the PU systems were confirmed by ¹H nuclear magnetic resonance and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy. Transparency of the coatings was examined using haze, and gloss measurement, which showed acrylic-ester-polyurethane (aePU-5 and aePU-6) have 91.5% and 91.8% transparency and gloss of 90.3 and 90.7 GU respectively. The thermal properties like T_g and the thermal stability of the coatings were verified using differential scanning calorimetry, and thermogravimetric analysis respectively which was found to increase with increasing EP content and decreasing AP content which may be ascribed to improved compatibility of copolymers, and homogeneity in PU along with enhanced crosslinking density. The degree of adhesion of coating with the substrate was validated from lap-shear, and cross-cut tape test which showed improved performance at AP:EP ratio of 60:40. The coatings were found to exhibit resistance toward pencil hardness with aePU-5 and aePU-6 having the optimum resistance of 9H. The surface morphology and topography were observed under scanning electron microscopy, and atomic force microscopy, respectively. The outcome confirms the higher smoothness of the surfaces subjected to the increase in EP content. The PU system with 40 wt% AP content and 60 wt% EP designated as aePU-5 was found to exhibit optimum performance.     

超细尼龙粉改性水性PU漆的机械性能与外观

在水性PU漆中添加超细尼龙12(PA12,商品名为Orgasol),可以改善水性PU漆的耐磨、耐擦划和耐污性。添加不同粒径的Orgasol可以获得柔和的砂纹效果,同时也可以改善涂膜的光泽、附着力和颜色。     

Studies on Performance of Cured Water-Borne Melamine–Acrylic Emulsion Coatings

In this study, water-borne coating formulations which could be cured quickly were prepared using acrylic emulsion as the major coating constituent and highly reactive melamine resin as curing agent, and further incorporating a variety of additives. Melamine and acrylic types, melamine/acrylic mass ratio in coating formulation, and curing temperature were found to influence the performance of cured coatings. When melamine resin etherified slightly with methanol was used as curing agent, melamine/acrylic mass ratio was 0.45 and the coating formulation was baked at 170°C for 30 s, it was observed that performance of cured coating was the best. FTIR was used to study molecular structural changes of coatings after curing, and to analyze the cure mechanism of the coating. DSC was used to study the range of temperature in which curing occurred. The water-borne coating prepared in this study could be cured quickly when it was applied on decorative paper surface and baked at high temperature. Performance properties of cured coatings were tested according to standard methods, it was observed that dry heat resistance, wet heat resistance, adhesion, pencil hardness, and stain resistance all met standard requirements.     

多臂腰果酚基光敏树脂的合成及其性能研究

设计合成了一种新型多臂腰果酚基光敏树脂。首先,以羟乙基腰果酚醚（ HCE）和高甲醚化三聚氰胺甲醛树脂（ HMMM）为原料,利用醚交换反应合成了一种具有“硬核软臂”结构的预聚体（HF）。采用一步法反应对 HF进行了丙烯酸化,合成了多臂腰果酚基光敏丙烯酸树脂（ AHF）。采用傅里叶变换红外光谱仪（ FT-IR）、核磁共振谱仪（ NMR）对 HF和 AHF结构进行了表征,结果表明：光敏树脂被成功合成。此后,利用所合成的树脂 AHF制备了光固化涂料,研究了附着力促进剂含量等对涂层摆杆硬度、附着力、铅笔硬度和耐冲击性等性能的影响,并与商品化丙烯酸树脂 -双酚 A环氧丙烯酸酯（ RY1104）、氨基丙烯酸酯（ P170A）、聚氨酯丙烯酸酯（ 6001）、大豆油环氧丙烯酸酯（ AESO）进行了对比,结果表明：相比于几种商品化的树脂,以 AHF为基体树脂并添加 5%附着力促进剂制备的光固化涂料,铅笔硬度可达 3H,光泽、附着力和耐冲击性优异,且具有较强的拉伸强度及较高的断裂伸长率。     

Novel high‐solids pigmented coatings prepared from a new‐synthesized isophthalate‐based oligoester,a melamine resin,and various fillers

A new‐synthesized hydroxyl‐terminated isophthalate‐based liquid oligoester (L‐311), an hexakis(methoxymethylol)melamine resin, and various inert pigments (fillers) such as either kaolins (Al₂O₃ · 2SiO₂ · 2H₂O) of different particle sizes (1.50 and 4.80 μm) or calcium metalsilicate (CaSiO₃) were used to prepare high‐solids pigmented coatings (PA and PW series, respectively). The physical, chemical, and mechanical properties (pencil hardness, Knoop hardness, flexibility, impact resistance, adhesion, gloss, solvent, and mar resistance) of the new‐formulated pigmented coatings were correlated to the chemical species of the filler, the filler's load and particle size, the quantity of the crosslinker, and the introduction of large particle size colloidal silica into the coating. For measuring the mar resistance of the pigmented coatings, the Taber abrasion method was applied and the inverse wear index, F [=I^?1, cycles/cg (wear index l, weight loss (cg) per number of cycles)], was directly related to the mar resistance. Either when kaolins or calcium metalsilicates were used as fillers, the Knoop hardness, the impact, and mar resistance of the films were affected from the filler's load, whereas the quantity of melamine resin (crosslinker) affected the knoop hardness, the gloss, and the mar resistance. The fillers' particle size and the introduction of large particle colloidal silica affected mainly the mar resistance and the gloss, respectively. The pencil hardness of the PW‐pigmented coatings series (F‐2H) was higher than that of the PA‐series (B‐HB). The chemical composition of the inert pigment proved to be a very important parameter in the preparation of pigmented coatings with specific properties that aim to meet modern and particular demands for various end‐up uses. All the new‐formulated high‐solids (nonvolatiles by weight ～ 70%) pigmented coatings (PA and PW series) presented excellent adhesion (5B), flexibility (> 32%), methyl ethyl ketone (MEK) resistance (>200 rubs), high pencil hardness, good knoop hardness, and very good impact resistance (from 100 up to 160 in.‐lb), independently of the species of the filler (kaolins or calcium metalsilicate). © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 84: 576–590, 2002; DOI 10.1002/app.10309