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1.
Kaoru Nakazono 《Multimedia Systems》1998,6(5):359-366
The preservation of QoS for multimedia traffic through a data network is a difficult problem. We focus our attention on video
frame rate and study its influence on speech perception.
When sound and picture are discrepant (e.g., acoustic ‘ba’ combined with visual ‘ga’), subjects perceive a different sound
(such as ‘da’). This phenomenon is known as the McGurk effect. In this paper, the influence of degraded video frame rate on
speech perception is studied.
It is shown that, when frame rate decreases, correct hearing is improved for discrepant stimuli and is degraded for congruent
(voice and picture are the same) stimuli. Furthermore, we studied the case where lip closure was always captured by the synchronization
of sampling time and lip position. In this case, frame rate has little effect on mishearing for congruent stimuli. For discrepant
stimuli, mishearing is decreased with degraded frame rate. These results indicate that the stiff motion of lips resulting
from low frame rate cannot give enough labial information for speech perception. In addition, the effect of delaying the picture
to correct for low frame rate was studied. The results, however, were not as definitive as expected, because of compound effects
related to the synchronization of sound and picture. Finally, we inspected the still pictures of normal Japanese speech and
determined a lower limit of frame rate from the view point of assisting hearing. 相似文献
2.
This article offers a research update on a 3-year programme initiated by the Kamloops Art Gallery and the University College
of the Cariboo in Kamloops, British Columbia. The programme is supported by a ‘Community–University Research Alliance’ grant
from the Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada, and the collaboration focuses on the cultural future of
small cities – on how cultural and arts organisations work together (or fail to work together) in a small city setting. If
not by definition, then certainly by default, ‘culture’ is associated with big city life: big cities are equated commonly
with ‘big culture’; small cities with something less. The Cultural Future of Small Cities research group seeks to provide
a more nuanced view of what constitutes culture in a small Canadian city. In particular, the researchers are exploring notions
of social capital and community asset building: in this context, ‘visual and verbal representation’, ‘home’, ‘community’ and
the need to define a local ‘sense of place’ have emerged as important themes. As the Small Cities programme begins its second
year, a unique but key aspect has become the artist-as-researcher.
Correspondence and offprint requests to: L. Dubinsky, Kamloops Art Gallery, 101–465 Victoria Street, Kamloops, BC V2C 2A9 Canada. Tel.: 250-828-3543; Email: ldubinsky@museums.ca 相似文献
3.
Designing for continuous interaction requires designers to consider the way in which human users can perceive and evaluate
an artefact’s observable behaviour, in order to make inferences about its state, and plan and execute their own continuous
behaviour. Understanding the human point of view in continuous interaction requires an understanding of human causal reasoning,
of the way in which humans perceive and structure the world, and of human cognition. We present a framework for representing
human cognition, and show briefly how it relates to the analysis of structure in continuous interaction, and the ways in which
it may be applied in design.
Published online: 14 May 2002 相似文献
4.
Nine Steps to Move Forward from Error 总被引:3,自引:3,他引:0
Following celebrated failures stakeholders begin to ask questions about how to improve the systems and processes they operate,
manage or depend on. In this process it is easy to become stuck on the label ‘human error’ as if it were an explanation for
what happened and as if such a diagnosis specified steps to improve. To guide stakeholders when celebrated failure or other
developments create windows of opportunity for change and investment, this paper draws on generalizations from the research
base about how complex systems fail and about how people contribute to safety and risk to provide a set of Nine Steps forward
for constructive responses. The Nine Steps forward are described and explained in the form of series of maxims and corollaries
that summarize general patterns about error and expertise, complexity and learning. 相似文献
5.
Jean-Charles Pomerol 《Requirements Engineering》1998,3(3-4):174-181
In this paper, we address the question of how flesh and blood decision makers manage the combinatorial explosion in scenario
development for decision making under uncertainty. The first assumption is that the decision makers try to undertake ‘robust’
actions. For the decision maker a robust action is an action that has sufficiently good results whatever the events are. We
examine the psychological as well as the theoretical problems raised by the notion of robustness. Finally, we address the
false feeling of decision makers who talk of ‘risk control’. We argue that ‘risk control’ results from the thinking that one
can postpone action after nature moves. This ‘action postponement’ amounts to changing look-ahead reasoning into diagnosis.
We illustrate these ideas in the framework of software development and examine some possible implications for requirements
analysis. 相似文献
6.
In this paper, we present some of the results from our ongoing research work in the area of ‘agent support’ for electronic
commerce, particularly at the user interface level. Our goal is to provide intelligent agents to assist both the consumers
and the vendors in an electronic shopping environment. Users with a wide variety of different needs are expected to use the
electronic shopping application and their expectations about the interface could vary a lot. Traditional studies of user interface
technology have shown the existence of a ‘gap’ between what the user interface actually lets the users do and the users’ expectations.
Agent technology, in the form of personalized user interface agents, can help to narrow this gap. Such agents can be used
to give a personalized service to the user by knowing the user’s preferences. By doing so, they can assist in the various
stages of the users’ shopping process, provide tailored product recommendations by filtering information on behalf of their
users and reduce the information overload. From a vendor’s perspective, a software sales agent could be used for price negotiation
with the consumer. Such agents would give the flexibility offered by negotiation without the burden of having to provide human
presence to an online store to handle such negotiations.
Published online: 25 July 2001 相似文献
7.
Information systems (IS) and technology are used extensively throughout the National Health Service (NHS), and the 1998 national
information strategy, ‘Information for Health’, sets out how the NHS will be developing and implementing IS to support patient
care within the next decade. This new IS initiative is set against a mixed record of success of IS projects in the NHS, with
a number of high-profile failures. This paper highlights the need to consider the ‘organisational issues’ involved in systems
implementation to avoid failures. It goes on to advocate the use of a process-oriented and organisation studies-based model
for risk analysis and management for use in NHS IS projects. Two famous NHS case studies are used to validate the model. It
is concluded that there is a real need in the NHS for tools to better control the inherent risks involved in IS development
and implementation. Ultimately, the success of IS projects in the NHS is crucial if they want to best utilise clinical and
patient information, with the overall aim of improving the efficiency and standard of the nation’s health care. 相似文献
8.
Wearable Visual Robots 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
Research work reported in the literature in wearable visual computing has used exclusively static (or non-active) cameras,
making the imagery and image measurements dependent on the wearer’s posture and motions. It is assumed that the camera is
pointing in a good direction to view relevant parts of the scene at best by virtue of being mounted on the wearer’s head,
or at worst wholly by chance. Even when pointing in roughly the correct direction, any visual processing relying on feature
correspondence from a passive camera is made more difficult by the large, uncontrolled inter-image movements which occur when
the wearer moves, or even breathes. This paper presents a wearable active visual sensor which is able to achieve a level of
decoupling of camera movement from the wearer’s posture and motions by a combination of inertial and visual sensor feedback
and active control. The issues of sensor placement, robot kinematics and their relation to wearability are discussed. The
performance of the prototype robot is evaluated for some essential visual tasks. The paper also discusses potential applications
for this kind of wearable robot. 相似文献
9.
In this paper we argue that substitution-based function allocation methods (such as MABA-MABA, or Men-Are-Better-At/Machines-Are-Better-At
lists) cannot provide progress on human–automation co-ordination. Quantitative ‘who does what’ allocation does not work because
the real effects of automation are qualitative: it transforms human practice and forces people to adapt their skills and routines.
Rather than re-inventing or refining substitution-based methods, we propose that the more pressing question on human–automation
co-ordination is ‘How do we make them get along together?’
Correspondence and offprint requests to: S. W. A. Dekker, Department of Mechanical Engineering, IKP, Link?ping Institute of Technology, SE - 581 83 Link?ping, Sweden.
Tel.: +46 13 281646; fax +4613282579; email: sidde@ikp.liu.se 相似文献
10.
This paper presents an ethnographically informed investigation into the use of an organisational memory, focusing in particular
on how information was used in the performance of work. We argue that understanding how people make use of distributed knowledge
is crucial to the design of an organisational memory. However, we take the perspective that an ‘organisational memory’ is
not technology dependent, but is an emergent property of group interaction. In this sense, the technology does not form the
organisational memory, but provides a novel means of augmenting the co-ordination of collaborative action. The study examines
the generation, development and maintenance of knowledge repositories and archives. The knowledge and information captured
in the organisational memory enabled the team members to establish a common understanding of the design and to gain an appreciation
of the issues and concerns of the other disciplines. The study demonstrates why technology should not be thought of in isolation
from its contexts of use, but also how designers can make use of the creative flexibility that people employ in their everyday
activities. The findings of the study are therefore of direct relevance to both the design of knowledge archives and to the
management of this information within organisations. 相似文献
11.
Display Design of Process Systems Based on Functional Modelling 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
The prevalent way to present information in industrial computer displays is by using piping and instrumentation diagrams.
Such interfaces have sometimes resulted in difficulties for operators because they are not sufficient to fulfil their needs.
A systematic way that supports interface design therefore has to be considered. In the new design framework, two questions
must be answered. Firstly, a modelling method is required to describe a process system. Such a modelling method can define
the information content that must be displayed in interfaces. Secondly, how to communicate this information to operators efficiently
must be considered. This will provide a basis for determining the visual forms that the information should take. This study
discusses interface design of human–machine systems from these two points of view. Based on other scholars’ work, a comprehensive
set of functional primitives is summarised as a basis to build a functional model of process systems. A library of geometrical
presentations for these primitives is then developed. To support effective interface design, the concept of ‘functional macro’
is introduced and a way to map functional model to interface display is illustrated by applying several principles. To make
our ideas clear, a central heating system is taken as an example and its functional model is constructed. Based on the functional
model, the information to be displayed is determined. Several functional macros are then found in the model and their corresponding
displays are constructed. Finally, by using the library of geometrical presentations for functional primitives and functional
macros, the display hierarchy of the central heating system is developed. Reusability of functional primitives makes it possible
to use the methodology to support interface design of different process systems. 相似文献
12.
Industrial processes are becoming more complex owing to technological developments and new opportunities. Technological developments,
hardware and software, have become more reliable and system configurations more robust. However, the reliability of operator
control actions has not improved at the same pace. Consequently human reliability has become the relatively weakest aspect
of automated, operator-supervised systems. Hence, understanding how the human operator experiences increasing complexity may
play an important role in task allocation and human–machine system design. In this paper the perceived complexity is studied
within four typical operational environments in supervisory control. Mathematical formulations for these four operational
environments are proposed, and their properties are analysed. A laboratory system is used to investigate the perceived complexity
under various operational environments. The experimental results show a significantly different perceived complexity for the
coupled and uncoupled operation environments. Extrapolation of the results revealed that the operator would have perceived
the system as extremely complex if he/she would have to operate more than eight strongly interconnected subsystems extensively
in 30 minutes. Implications of this study are also addressed. 相似文献
13.
Stefan Klink Thomas Kieninger 《International Journal on Document Analysis and Recognition》2001,4(1):18-26
Document image processing is a crucial process in office automation and begins at the ‘OCR’ phase with difficulties in document
‘analysis’ and ‘understanding’. This paper presents a hybrid and comprehensive approach to document structure analysis. Hybrid
in the sense that it makes use of layout (geometrical) as well as textual features of a given document. These features are
the base for potential conditions which in turn are used to express fuzzy matched rules of an underlying rule base. Rules
can be formulated based on features which might be observed within one specific layout object. However, rules can also express
dependencies between different layout objects. In addition to its rule driven analysis, which allows an easy adaptation to
specific domains with their specific logical objects, the system contains domain-independent markup algorithms for common
objects (e.g., lists).
Received June 19, 2000 / Revised November 8, 2000 相似文献
14.
The elicitation or communication of user requirements comprises an early and critical but highly error-prone stage in system
development. Socially oriented methodologies provide more support for user involvement in design than the rigidity of more
traditional methods, facilitating the degree of user–designer communication and the ‘capture’ of requirements. A more emergent
and collaborative view of requirements elicitation and communication is required to encompass the user, contextual and organisational
factors. From this accompanying literature in communication issues in requirements elicitation, a four-dimensional framework
is outlined and used to appraise comparatively four different methodologies seeking to promote a closer working relationship
between users and designers. The facilitation of communication between users and designers is subject to discussion of the
ways in which communicative activities can be ‘optimised’ for successful requirements gathering, by making recommendations
based on the four dimensions to provide fruitful considerations for system designers. 相似文献
15.
J. Rogalski 《Cognition, Technology & Work》1999,1(4):247-256
Managing dynamic environments often requires decision making under uncertainty and risk. Two types of uncertainty are involved:
uncertainty about the state and the evolution of the situation, and ‘openness’ of the possible actions to face possible consequences.
In an experimental study on risk management in dynamic situations, two contrasted ‘ecological’ scenarios – transposed from
effective situations of emergency management – were compared in order to identify the impact of their ‘openness’ in the subjects’
strategies for decision making. The ‘Lost Child’ scenario presented qualitative and irreversible consequences (child’s death)
and high uncertainty; it exerted high demands both in risk assessment (risk representation) and action elaboration and choice.
A less open situation (‘Hydrocarbon Fire’) required a main choice between two contrasted actions, with quantitative computable
consequences. The strategies of ‘experimental subjects’ (university students) and ‘operative subjects’ (professional fire-fighter
officers) were compared in order to evaluate the ecological validity of experimental research in this field, from the point
of view of the subjects themselves. The two scenarios appeared to be independent, so that quite different models of decision
making have to be hypothesised, differing by the importance of assessing risk and defining possible actions on the one hand,
and by the process of choice on the other. ‘Experimental’ subjects dramatically differed from ‘operative’ subjects when confronted
with the same scenario, particularly for the less technical but more demanding scenario. It is hypothesised that three components
might account for the effect of the situations and for the differences between and within groups of subjects: importance of
situation assessment, spatial abilities, and global orientation of activity in managing dynamic risk. 相似文献
16.
We present a novel approach to the robust classification of arbitrary object classes in complex, natural scenes. Starting
from a re-appraisal of Marr's ‘primal sketch’, we develop an algorithm that (1) employs local orientations as the fundamental
picture primitives, rather than the more usual edge locations, (2) retains and exploits the local spatial arrangement of features
of different complexity in an image and (3) is hierarchically arranged so that the level of feature abstraction increases
at each processing stage. The resulting, simple technique is based on the accumulation of evidence in binary channels, followed
by a weighted, non-linear sum of the evidence accumulators. The steps involved in designing a template for recognizing a simple
object are explained. The practical application of the algorithm is illustrated, with examples taken from a broad range of
object classification problems. We discuss the performance of the algorithm and describe a hardware implementation. First
successful attempts to train the algorithm, automatically, are presented. Finally, we compare our algorithm with other object
classification algorithms described in the literature. 相似文献
17.
In the light of the developing discourse on the relative merits of ‘hard’ and ‘soft’ approaches to information systems development,
we present a case study application of a methodology which attempts to dissolve such dualities. Personal Construct Psychology
(PCP) offers, as a unity, the construing person who is both biology and culture. PCP argues that both the world and the person’s
construct system are phenomenologically real and that the viability of any particular construct system depends only on its
usefulness to the construing person. In this study, we used PCP to explore the organisational context of information use and
distribution in a large hospital. We used repertory grids, a PCP technique, to elicit from 16 members of staff their personal
construals of information from different sources in the hospital. The results highlight the relationship between meaningful
information and meaningfully active relationships, a theme which we discuss in terms of the development of the hospital information
system and in terms of the value of PCP in dissolving hard–soft dichotomies. 相似文献
18.
Christopher J. Atkinson 《Requirements Engineering》2000,5(2):67-73
The contributors to this special issue focus on socio-technical and soft approaches to information requirements elicitation
and systems development. They represent a growing body of research and practice in this field. This review presents an overview
and analysis of the salient themes within the papers encompassing their common underlying framework, the methodologies and
tools and techniques presented, the organisational situations in which they are deployed and the issues they seek to address.
It will be argued in the review that the contributions to this special edition exemplify the ‘post-methodological era’ and
the ‘contingency approaches’ from which it is formed. 相似文献
19.
Features of Decision-Making in Process Control Tasks: The Relevance of the Work Context 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
This paper is centred on evaluating some significant features of decision-making in process control tasks. The study was
carried out in a petrol refinery, specifically, with distillation console operators. Operator verbalisations were recorded
during the completion of two specific tasks and later categorised by raters using a list of cognitive categories. The inter-rater
reliability was calculated together with qualitative evaluations of the main overlaps among the categories. From the raters’
evaluations, flow diagrams were drawn that represented the plans and tactics developed by operators and the implied cognitive
processes (evaluation, prediction, action, etc.). We found that the operators began the tasks with a primary global situation
assessment that determined the choice of whether to cope with the task ‘step by step’ or ‘globally’. The results showed two
patterns of decision sequences made in normal adjustment performance or in problem situations. Other findings are related
to the importance of characteristics such as prediction, anticipation, feedback and the role of the alarms selected by a situation
assessment and individual characteristics. 相似文献
20.
This paper presents an overview of some of the key issues which have emerged in recent years surrounding the growth and application
of e-commerce in the global information infrastructure (GII). Increased access to the Internet, the Internet as a strategic
resource for business, trust and security issues surrounding e-commerce, and calls for a regulatory and legal framework to
protect buyers and sellers, are four critical areas that need to be addressed by industry, government and the individual.
In attempting to synthesise some of the contemporary key issues in e-commerce, we conclude by suggesting that research into
this subject must embrace both external and internal factors as this will engender a deeper understanding of the role of e-commerce
in the so-called ‘knowledge-driven economy’. 相似文献