小方坯连铸6流中间包结构优化水模型研究

针对小方坯连铸6流中间包,采用模型与原型1∶3的相似比,建立水模拟系统,对原型中间包内钢液的流场分布进行评估,并研究了不同多孔挡墙及湍流器对中间包内钢液流动特性的影响.结果表明,使用湍流器能显著降低钢液的湍流强度,减少对浇注区液面的冲刷.湍流器与改进多孔挡墙(Q)组合效果最佳,可以有效地改善中间包内流场分布,促进夹杂物上浮,提高钢水的洁净度.     

中间包钢流控制与净化新技术

中间包内钢水的流动特性对钢水的净化有重要作用,介绍了中间包流场控制新技术,如湍流控制器、气幕挡墙、中间包吹气技术和离心式中间包技术等,合理的中间包结构设计可以改善内部流场,降低湍动能,延长钢液停留时间,有利于夹杂物的去除和钢水成分、温度的均匀.     

连铸中间包内三维湍流流动的数值模拟

连铸中间包的操作条件决定了其内流动现象的复杂性，为此，本文选择两种不同的湍流模型ｋ－ε和ＬＥＳ（Ｌａｒｇｅｅｄｄｙｓｉｍｕｌａｔｉｏｎ），建立了描述连铸中间包内三维湍流流动的数学模型，并实施了数值计算和模型验证，对单流中间包内的流动现象进行了描述，考察了有，无流动控制情况下中间包内的流动特征和湍流模型的合理性，结果表明，合理的流动控制有利于中间包内非金属夹杂的上浮和吸附，用ｋ－ε模型基本上能够描述     

装备方形有檐旋流型湍流控制器的中间包流场数值模拟研究

为了进一步改善中间包流场,基于数学模型研究了方形有檐旋流型湍流抑制器对中间包流场的作用特点。结果表明,旋流型湍流抑制器与普通湍流抑制器相比较,湍动能降低明显,且自由表面钢液流动速度要更小。另外,从湍流抑制器侧壁上流出的钢液有向上运动的趋势,可有效减少中包内短路流的发生,促进夹杂物上浮。     

相似比对中间包模拟试验的影响

物理模拟试验和数值模拟是当前优化中间包流场和结构的主要手段,相似比的选取对于中间包模拟试验结果的准确性有较大影响。为了研究相似比对中间包模拟试验的影响,获得更能准确反映实际冶金反应器内流体流动行为的相似比,以80 t板坯连铸中间包为研究对象,采用经物理模拟验证后的Fluent模型模拟几何相似比分别为1∶1、1∶2、1∶4、1∶6、1∶8、1∶10的中间包内部流场流动行为,得到其速度和湍流动能的分布情况。结果表明,随着相似比减小,中间包内流场的平均速度整体呈减小趋势,湍动能无明显变化;相似比的改变对包内速度平缓变化的区域影响更加显著;当模型相似比小于1∶6时,与原型相比,模型速度的相对误差大于5%。因此,相似比的选用宜大于1∶6,以提高模拟的精度,准确还原实际流场。     

中间包双板多孔挡墙流动控制去除夹杂物效果的模拟研究

为净化钢液、提高夹杂物在中间包内的上浮率,提出一种新型中间包挡墙流动控制形式——双板多孔挡场流动控制通过数值模拟方法结合水模型实验,对中间包内流体流动及夹杂物的传输行为进行了分析研究．结果表明,采用多孔挡场流动控制可以有效地改变中间包内流场分布,促进夹杂物上浮,提高钢水清洁度     

中间包双板多孔挡墙流行控制去除夹杂物效果的模拟研究

为净化钢液、提高夹杂物在中间包内的上浮率,提出一种新型中间包挡墙流动控制形式－双板多孔挡墙流动控制。通过数值模拟方法结合水模型实验,对中间包内流体流动及夹杂物的传输行为进行了分析研究。结果表明,采用多孔挡墙流动控制可以有效地改变中间包内流场分布,促进夹杂物上浮,提高钢水清洁度。     

板坯连铸IF钢中间包控流装置优化水模型研究

以相似原理为基础,用水模拟钢液研究中间包内的钢水流动特征,通过测定模型中间包内停留时间分布曲线,计算其平均停留时间及死区,活塞区和混合区的体积.得出了最有利于改善中间包钢液流动的控流装置组合为下挡墙+湍流控制器,并得出了其具体位置.优化后的中间包比原中间包死区体积下降了4.1%,活塞流增加了8.7%.     

中间包吹气的水力学研究

以相似原理为基础,用水力学模型研究吹气对一流板坯中间包过程的影响.实验结果表明,吹气显著地改变了中间包内流体的流动特征;当不吹气时,流体在中间包内的平均停留时间较短,死区体积较大,不利于夹杂物的去除;吹气以后,气流上升形成气幕挡墙,增加了平均停留时间,缩小了中间包的死区体积,有利于夹杂物的去除.在3号位置使用A型透气砖,吹气量在150NL/h时,中间包内的流场最佳.     

中间包流场控制技术的进展

合理控制中间包的流场有利于促进钢液中夹杂物上浮、均匀钢液成分和温度。水模型试验和数值模拟是两种主要的中间包流场研究方法,各有优缺点应相互补充。数值模拟成本低廉速度快,但受限于边界条件的不确定性和湍流模型的局限性难以完全真实反映中间包内的流场。水模型试验能够较为准确地模拟中间包内流场,但无法准确模拟温度场、水口结瘤、覆盖剂和吹气等对中间包流场的影响。研究表明,湍流控制器对降低长水口钢液射流的湍动能、均匀钢液温度和成分、聚拢射流让其转向向上流动降低死区体积分数、延长平均停留时间和优化流场结构具有很好的作用。湍流控制器、堰、坝和导流挡墙合理组合,协同发挥的控流效果,优于单一控流装置的效果。合理调节堰与包底距离、挡坝高度、堰与挡坝距离、堰与出流口距离、挡坝开孔的个数、尺寸和角度,可以优化中间包流场,促进夹杂物去除。气幕挡墙对钢液进行气洗可以提高钢液洁净度。环形气幕挡墙解决了条形气幕挡墙夹杂物去除率低、且不稳定的问题,提高了夹杂物去除率。最后,中间包流场数学模型精细化,并考虑连铸过程中更多工艺与边界条件的影响是未来发展的趋势。对于中间包流场研究的特定问题,针对性设定优化指标,会使得优化研究工作事半功倍。水模型试验作为中间包控流技术的另一种重要研究手段,同样越趋精确化,不断有研究者以提高试验精度为目的在试验方法和测量原理上进行探索和创新。     

Effects of Post-weld Heat Treatment on Microstructure,Mechanical Properties and the Role of Weld Reinforcement in 2219 Aluminum Alloy TIG-Welded Joints

In as-welded state, each region of 2219 aluminum alloy TIG-welded joint shows diff erent microstructure and microhardness due to the diff erent welding heat cycles and the resulting evolution of second phases. After the post-weld heat treatment, both the amount and the size of the eutectic structure or θ phases decreased. Correspondingly, both the Cu content in α-Al matrix and the microhardness increased to a similar level in each region of the joint, and the tensile strength of the entire joint was greatly improved. Post-weld heat treatment played the role of solid solution strengthening and aging strengthening. After the post-weld heat treatment, the weld performance became similar to other regions, but weld reinforcements lost their reinforcing eff ect on the weld and their existence was more of an adverse eff ect. The joint without weld reinforcements after the post-weld heat treatment had the optimal tensile properties, and the specimens randomly crack in the weld zone.     

The First Phase of the SRIF Industrialized Base in ＂West Area＂ Has Been Put into Operation

After nearly two years＇ tense construction, the first phase of industrialized base of Shenyang Research Institute of Foundry （SRIF）, located at the Tiexi Casting and Forging Industrial Park in the west of Tiexi District, has now been completed and formally put into operation.     

Thermodynamics Study on the Decomposition of Chromite with KOH

Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China, has proposed a method for oxidative leaching of chromite with potassium hydroxide. Understanding the mechanism of chromite decomposition, especially in the potassium hydroxide fusion, is important for the optimization of the operating parameters of the oxidative leaching process. A traditional thermodynamic method is proposed and the thermal decomposition and the reaction decomposition during the oxidative leaching of chromite with KOH and oxygen is discussed, which suggests that chromite is mainly destroyed by reactions with KOH and oxygen. Meanwhile, equilibrium of the main reactions of the above process was calculated at different temperatures and oxygen partial pressures. The stable zones of productions, namely, K2CrO4 and Fe2O3, increase with the decrease of temperature, which indicates that higher temperature is not beneficial to thermodynamic reactions. In addition, a comparison of the general alkali methods is carried out, and it is concluded that the KOH leaching process is thermodynamically superior to the conventional chromate production process.     

Influence of Heat Treatment on Damping Behaviour of the Magnesium Wrought Alloy AZ61

The effect of isochronal heat treatments for 1h on variation of damping, hardness and microstructural change of the magnesium wrought alloy AZ61 was investigated. Damping and hardness behaviour could be attributed to the evolution of precipitation process. The influence of precipitation on damping behaviour was explained in the framework of the dislocation string model of Granato and Lücke.     

Effect of Rare Earth Doping on Impedance,Modulus and Conductivity Properties of Multiferroic Composites:0.5(BiLa_xFe_(1-x)O_3)–0.5(PbTiO_3)

The Lanthanum-doped bismuth ferrite–lead titanate compositions of 0.5(Bi LaxFe1-xO3)–0.5(Pb Ti O3)(x = 0.05,0.10,0.15,0.20)(BLxF1-x-PT) were prepared by mixed oxide method.Structural characterization was performed by X-ray diffraction and shows a tetragonal structure at room temperature.The lattice parameter c/a ratio decreases with increasing of La(x = 0.05–0.20) concentration of the composites.The effect of charge carrier/ion hopping mechanism,conductivity,relaxation process and impedance parameters was studied using an impedance analyzer in a wide frequency range(102–106Hz) at different temperatures.The nature of Nyquist plot confirms the presence of bulk effects only,and non-Debye type of relaxation processes occurs in the composites.The electrical modulus exhibits an important role of the hopping mechanism in the electrical transport process of the materials.The ac conductivity and dc conductivity of the materials were studied,and the activation energy found to be 0.81,0.77,0.76 and 0.74 e V for all compositions of x = 0.05–0.20 at different temperatures(200–300 °C).     

Quantitative Analysis of the Crystallographic Orientation Relationship Between the Martensite and Austenite in Quenching–Partitioning–Tempering Steels

The orientation relationships(ORs)between the martensite and the retained austenite in low-and medium-carbon steels after quenching–partitioning–tempering process were studied in this work.The ORs in the studied steels are identified by selected-area electron diffraction(SAED)as either K–S or N–W ORs.Meanwhile,the ORs were also studied based on numerical fitting of electron backscatter diffraction data method suggested by Miyamoto.The simulated K–S and N–W ORs in the low-index directions generally do not well coincide with the experimental pole figure,which may be attributed to both the orientation spread from the ideal variant orientations and high symmetry of the low-index directions.However,the simulated results coincide well with experimental pole figures in the high-index directions{123}_(bcc).A modified method with simplicity based on Miyamoto’s work was proposed.The results indicate that the ORs determined by modified method are similar to those determined by Miyamoto’method,that is,the OR is near K–S OR for the low-carbon Q–P–T steel,and with the increase of carbon content,the OR is closer to N–W OR in medium-carbon Q–P–T steel.     

Using Finite Element and Contour Method to Evaluate Residual Stress in Thick Ti-6Al-4V Alloy Welded by Electron Beam Welding

This work was to reveal the residual stress profile in electron beam welded Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates(50 mm thick) by using finite element and contour measurement methods.A three-dimensional finite element model of 50-mmthick titanium component was proposed,in which a column–cone combined heat source model was used to simulate the temperature field and a thermo-elastic–plastic model to analyze residual stress in a weld joint based on ABAQUS software.Considering the uncertainty of welding simulation,the computation was calibrated by experimental data of contour measurement method.Both test and simulated results show that residual stresses on the surface and inside the weld zone are significantly different and present a narrow and large gradient feature in the weld joint.The peak tensile stress exceeds the yield strength of base materials inside weld,which are distinctly different from residual stress of the thin Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates presented in references before.     

Microstructures and Tensile Properties of Ultrafine-Grained Ni–(1–3.5) wt% SiC_(NP) Composites Prepared by a Powder Metallurgy Route

Silicon carbide nanoparticle-reinforced nickel-based composites(Ni–Si CNP),with a Si CNPcontent ranged from1 to 3.5 wt%,were prepared using mechanical alloying and spark plasma sintering.In addition,unreinforced pure nickel samples were also prepared for comparative purposes.To characterize the microstructural properties of both the unreinforced pure nickel and the Ni–Si CNPcomposites transmission electron microscopy(TEM) was used,while their mechanical behavior was investigated using the Vickers pyramid method for hardness measurements and a universal tensile testing machine for tensile tests.TEM results showed an array of dislocation lines decorated in the sintered pure nickel sample,whereas,for the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the presence of nano-dispersed Si CNPand twinning crystals was observed.These homogeneously distributed Si CNPwere found located either within the matrix,between twins or on grain boundaries.For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,coerced coarsening of the Si CNPassembly occurred with increasing Si CNPcontent.Furthermore,the grain sizes of the Ni–Si CNPcomposites were much finer than that of the unreinforced pure nickel,which was considered to be due to the composite ball milling process.In all cases,the Ni–Si CNPcomposites showed higher strengths and hardness values than the unreinforced pure nickel,likely due to a combination of dispersion strengthening(Orowan effects) and particle strengthening(Hall–Petch effects).For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the strength increased initially and then decreased as a function of Si CNPcontent,whereas their elongation percentages decreased linearly.Compared to all materials tested,the Ni–Si CNPcomposite containing 1.5% Si C was found more superior considering both their strength and plastic properties.     

Directional Growth of Tin Crystals Controlled by Combined Solute Concentration Gradient Field and Static Magnetic Field

A new method was introduced to achieve directional growth of Sn crystals. Microstructures in liquid(Pb)/liquid(Sn) diffusion couples were investigated under various static magnetic fields. Results show that the β-Sn crystals mainly reveal an irregular dendritic morphology without or with a relatively low static magnetic field(B0.3 T). When the magnetic field is increased to 0.5 T, the β-Sn dendrites close to the final stage of growth begin to show some directional character. With a further increase in the magnetic field to a higher level(0.8–5 T), the β-Sn dendrites have an enhanced directional growth character, but the dendrites show a certain deflection. As the magnetic field is increased to 12 T, the directional growth of the β-Sn dendrites in the center of the couple is severely destroyed. The mechanism of the directional growth of the β-Sn crystals and the deflection of the β-Sn crystals with the application of static magnetic field was tentatively discussed.     

电化学噪声数据处理方法概述

综述了常见的电化学噪声数据处理方法,介绍了直流趋势剔除、统计分析、快速傅立叶变换(FFT)法计算功率谱密度(PSD)以及小波变换处理电化学噪声信号的基本过程,并阐释了各种数学处理及所得参数的物理意义。