土壤有机质、pH值和表面活性剂对杀菌剂戊菌唑在土壤中吸附与解吸行为的影响

[目的]系统研究土壤有机质、土壤溶液pH值和表面活性剂对土壤中戊菌唑吸附与解吸的影响。[方法]通过标准批量平衡法试验,并采用Freundlich方程对吸附与解吸等温线进行拟合。[结果]有机质含量与戊菌唑在土壤上的吸附量呈正相关;土壤溶液pH值接近戊菌唑的p Ka(1.5)时,吸附量最大;Triton X-114浓度大于CMC时,显著抑制戊菌唑在土壤中的吸附,Triton X-114浓度小于CMC时,无显著影响。[结论]土壤有机质、土壤溶液pH值和表面活性剂对戊菌唑在土壤中吸附与解吸均有显著影响,且土壤有机质是主导因素。     

双水相胶束萃取苯酚

根据胶束的加溶原理和非离子表面活性剂系统在浊点温度以上自动分相的现象 ,采用TritonX - 10 0胶束系统萃取苯酚 .结果表明 :苯酚的比胶束加溶量与其在水相的平衡浓度成比例关系 .测定了比例系数 ,即加溶平衡常数 .由此建立了数学模型 ,讨论了表面活性剂浓度、溶质浓度、pH值等因素对萃取率的影响 .模型计算结果和实验结果都说明 ,调节pH值可以反萃取苯酚的原因是苯酚电离改变了加溶平衡常数     

反胶团萃取分离地木耳中藻蓝蛋白

采用阳离子表面活性剂十六烷基三甲基溴化铵(CTAB)反胶团萃取分离地木耳中藻蓝蛋白。分别考察水相pH值、离子强度和种类、有机相中有机溶剂配比、表面活性剂浓度和助溶剂浓度对萃取行为的影响;同时采用正交试验法,考察反萃取过程中反萃液种类、浓度和pH值对萃取液中藻蓝蛋白反萃取行为的影响,最终得到适宜的萃取分离工艺条件。结果表明:0.05mol/LCTAB/正己醇-正辛烷(体积比1∶4)的反胶团体系用于萃取pH=7的地木耳细胞破碎液,藻蓝蛋白萃取率可达98.1%,分配系数达到50.7;溶液中不同离子种类和强度对萃取率影响不同,萃取率随着离子强度增大而降低;采用pH=4.0、3mol/LKBr反萃液反萃藻蓝蛋白,反萃率可达98.5%,其纯度可达16.8。     

Box-Behnken设计优化浊点萃取-原子荧光法分析环境水样中无机砷形态

建立浊点萃取-原子荧光光谱法分析水样中无机砷形态的新方法。以派洛宁B为配合剂、Triton X-114为萃取剂,对As(Ⅲ)进行萃取。选择溶液pH值、派洛宁B用量、Triton X-114用量以及水浴温度为自变量,荧光值为响应值,采用单因素分析和Box-Behnken设计方法,研究各自变量及其交互作用对荧光值的影响。结果表明,各因素对荧光值的影响程度依次为:pH>派洛宁B用量>Triton X-114用量,且Triton X-114用量与pH、水浴温度存在交互作用。在最优条件下,As(Ⅲ)在0.4～4.0μg/L浓度范围内与荧光强度有良好的线性关系,方法检出限为0.025μg/L,相对标准偏差为1.37%(n=6),对于50 mL样品溶液,富集倍数为9.4倍。方法成功用于水样中无机砷形态分析,加标回收率为96.7%～105%,获得了满意的结果。     

表面活性剂水溶液池热核沸腾传热的试验研究

对表面活性剂SDS、CTAB、Triton X-114和Triton X-100水溶液物性及其池核沸腾传热进行了试验,重点探讨了表面活性剂分子结构参数和溶液物性对沸腾传热的影响。结果表明：表面活性剂溶液沸腾传热效果、表面活性剂相对分子质量对表面活性剂溶液沸腾传热的影响规律都与表面活性剂的电离特性密切相关,离子型表面活性剂SDS与CTAB溶液的沸腾传热系数比值与相对分子质量的比值成－0.22的指数关系,而非离子表面活性剂Triton X-114和Triton X-100溶液不存在指数关系。动态表面张力和热流密度相等时,SDS和CTAB溶液沸腾传热特性差异主要受相对分子质量和平衡接触角的影响,而Triton X-100和Triton X-114溶液则受质量分数、EO基团数、浊点和动力黏度的综合作用。     

反胶束萃取精氨酸脱亚胺酶

报道了用反胶束体系萃取精氨酸脱亚胺酶(ADI)的研究结果,为精氨酸脱亚胺酶的分离纯化提供了一种方法。在反胶束体系中采用十六烷基三甲基溴化铵(CTAB)作为表面活性剂,正辛烷和丁醇作为溶剂及助溶剂。考察了水相pH、振荡时间、离子强度、表面活性剂浓度及精氨酸脱亚胺酶质量浓度等因素对精氨酸脱亚胺酶分离纯化效果的影响。实验结果表明,当c(CTAB)=0.01 mol/L,pH=7,振荡时间15 min,体系中用于反萃取的c(NaCl)=0.75 mol/L,且起始粗酶质量浓度控制在30 g/L时,通过辛烷/丁醇/CTAB反胶束体系的萃取和反萃取,ADI酶液萃取率E达到85%,比活达到1.107 U/mg,是起始酶液的4.52倍。     

TritonX-114残留量检测方法的建立及验证

目的建立测定生物制品中Triton X-114残留量的方法,并进行验证及初步应用。方法先对Triton X-114进行光谱扫描,用所得到的特异吸收峰来初步检测Triton X-114的残留量,再根据Triton X-114与苯酚发生反应并产生具有一定浊度的复合物,且浊度与Triton X-114的浓度成正比的原理,通过测定340 nm处吸光度值,建立测定Triton X-114残留量的方法,并对方法进行稳定性、准确性、精密性验证。考察核酸和蛋白对Triton X-114含量测定的影响,并分别采用紫外吸光法和建立的方法检测样品中的Triton X-114含量。结果 Triton X-114在280 nm左右有特异吸收峰,可通过测定280 nm处的吸光度值来初步测定Triton X-114的残留量;利用Triton X-114与苯酚发生反应后产物的A340值来测定Triton X-114含量的方法的线性范围为0.001%~0.007%,检测下限为0.001%;建立标准曲线后,每间隔5 min测定1次A340值,各浓度标准品A340值的变异系数(CV)均小于5%;低(0.001%)、中(0.003%)、高(0.006%)浓度Triton X-114溶液连续测定3次,每个浓度平行测定9组的CV值均<5%,回收率均>100%;核酸和蛋白对该方法测定Triton X-114的含量无影响;4份样品经两种方法检测的试验内CV值均<10%。结论可采用280 nm紫外吸收法初步测定Triton X-114的含量,但该法灵敏度低,易受干扰;而采用Triton X-114与苯酚反应后检测其产物浊度的方法来测定Triton X-114的残留量,稳定性、精密性良好,准确性高,可用于生物制品中Triton X-114残留量的检测。     

活性炭对对苯二酚的吸附试验研究

在静态条件下,采用活性炭对对苯二酚废水进行处理,比较了不同条件下活性炭对对苯二酚废水的吸附效果,确定了处理废水的pH值、活性炭用量、振荡时间、温度、废水中对苯二酚浓度、振荡速率以及电解质对吸附效果的影响。试验结果表明:在pH值为6.5、活性炭投加量为35g/L、振荡时间3.5h、温度35℃左右的条件下,对质量浓度为100mg/L的对苯二酚废水的处理效果最好,去除率可达99%。     

非离子表面活性剂在浊点萃取及光度分析中的应用研究

对浊点萃取以及光度分析中非离子型表面活性剂的增效作用进行研究,通过红外光谱、相对粘度和可见吸收吸分光光度法等方法对表面活性剂聚乙二醇叔辛基苯基醚(Triton X-114和Triton X-100)进行表征和研究。结果表明,在可见吸收分光光度法中,TX-114比TX-100具有更高的增效作用,能够有效提高有色金属络合物在水中的溶解度和灵敏度;对于浊点萃取过程的增效作用研究表明,TX-114与TX-100相比具有不同的相对粘度,对浊点萃取和光度分析具有显著的差异,相对粘度高的TX-114表现出更高的增效作用,能够提高分析方法中的灵敏度并降低检出下限。     

电解氧化处理模拟含酚废水的实验

实验研究了模拟含酚废水(300mg·L~(-1))在二维电解槽中的电化学氧化过程.通过静态实验考察了支持电解质浓度、电解电压、曝气量以及初始pH值对对苯二酚去除效果的影响.结果表明:对苯二酚去除率随电解质浓度增大而先增大后减小;随施加电压的增加,对苯二酚的去除率有所提高;弱酸、中性、弱碱条件下有利于对苯二酚的去除;在弱碱条件下,对苯二酚去除率最高.当电解质Na_2SO_4浓度为0.04 mol·L~(-1),电压值为5 V,曝气量为50 L·h~(-1),pH值为8.5时,对苯二酚去除率为85.80%.     

An economic and sensitive method for extracting chromium speciation in airborne inhalable dust,using a green sample treatment coupled with electrothermal atomic absorption

ABSTRACT

A new approach of cloud point extraction CPE procedure is optimized for hexavalent chromium determination in airborne dusts. Triton X-114 is used as a surfactant and 1-(2-pyridylazo)-2-naphthol as a specific complexing agent for the trivalent chromium’s removal from the aqueous phase to isolate hexavalent chromium compounds. The parameters influencing the extraction protocol (pH, surfactant concentration, and temperature are optimized. The obtained detection and quantification limits are 0.1 and 0.4 μg/L, respectively. The linearity is verified, with a regression coefficient close to 0.999 and the extraction recovery exceeds 99%. The method was successfully applied to analyze airborne samples collected from workplaces.     

Cloud Point Extraction of Four Triphenylmethane Dyes by Triton X-114 as Nonionic Surfactant

A method for removing four triphenylmethane dyes from wastewater by cloud point extraction with the nonionic surfactant Triton X-114 (TX-114) was developed. The triphenylmethane dyes were crystal violet, ethyl violet, malachite green and brilliant green. The cloud point of TX-114 generally increased in the presence of any of the four dyes. In the cloud point system, these dyes were solubilized into a coacervate phase that left a color-free dilute phase. The extraction efficiency of the dyes increased with the temperature, TX-114 concentration, and salt (NaCl and CaCl₂) concentration. More than 97% TX-114 in the dilute phase was recovered by adjusting the volume ratio of dichloromethane to the dilute phase. The Langmuir-type adsorption isotherm was used to describe the dye solubilization. The Langmuir constants m and n were calculated as functions of temperature. The results showed that the solubilization of the triphenylmethane dyes in the cloud point system was related to the partition coefficient and their molecular structures.     

Emulsion liquid membrane for selective extraction of bismuth from nitrate medium

The novelty of this work is the selective extraction of bismuth ions from nitrate medium by emulsion liquid membrane. Di(2-ethylhexyl)phosphoric acid was used as extractant of bismuth ions from nitrate medium by emulsion liquid membrane, and Triton X-100 was used as the biodegradable surfactant in n-pantanol n-pentanol bulk membrane. The extraction of bismuth ions was evaluated by the yield of extraction. The experimental parameters were evaluated and were optimized. They included the ratio of di(2-ethylhexyl)phosphoric acid concentration to the concentration of /Triton X-100 concentration (1.0: 0.5% w/w), nature of diluents (n-pentanol), nature and concentration of the stripping solution (sulfuric acid, 0.5M), stirring speed (1,800 rpm) and equilibrium time of extraction (20min), initial feed solution of bismuth (350 ppm) and the volume ratio of the internal stripping phase to the membrane phase (14 times). The experimental parameters of kinetic extraction revealed that the bismuth ions were extracted at 100% 97%.     

Partitioning equilibria in multicomponent surfactant systems for design of surfactant-based extraction processes

Aqueous biphasic systems based on nonionic surfactants have perspective applications in extraction processes, in particular, cloud point extraction of hazardous compounds or high valued products, especially biomolecules. Additives (e.g., ionic surfactants, salts) and variations in pH can significantly affect the surfactant-based separation processes, representing an additional degree of freedom for their optimization. However, there are few systematic studies of phase and partition behavior for these multicomponent surfactant systems.In this study we examined the clouding, phase compositions and partitioning equilibria for aqueous mixed surfactant systems of a nonionic surfactant (Triton X-114), ionic surfactants (cetyltrimethylammonium bromide or sodium dodecyl sulfate) and NaCl, in order to improve the extraction efficiency. Vanillin was used as a model substance at three different pH values, specifically in (partly) dissociated or non-dissociated states. The partition coefficients obtained in the batch experiments were compared to the predictions by the thermodynamic model COSMO-RS. Based on this knowledge a continuous multistep extraction process was carried out.To the best of our knowledge this is the first demonstration of using a mixed surfactant system for continuous countercurrent cloud point extraction.     

Microemulsion Extraction of Monascus Pigments from Nonionic Surfactant using High Polarity of Diethyl Ether as Excess Oil Phase

Stripping of organic compound from nonionic surfactant micelle aqueous solution is indispensable for many industrial processes. In this paper, a relatively high polarity diethyl ether was screened for forming Winsor I microemulsion, which was used for stripping of organic compound from nonionic surfactant. Setting up extractive fermentation of Monascus pigments in Triton X-100 aqueous solution as a model, cloud point extraction of Monascus pigments from fermentation broth, and back-extraction of Monascus pigments from the coacervate phase of cloud point system by Winsor I microemulsion were conducted. Monascus pigments were successfully separated from nonionic surfactant into the excess diethyl ether phase.     

Triton X-114萃取法去除脑膜炎球菌荚膜多糖中的内毒素

目的采用Triton X-114萃取法去除A群脑膜炎球菌荚膜多糖中的内毒素。方法1% Triton X-114与多糖溶液在0℃混合均匀,分别加热至25、37和56℃,观察分层情况。离心后收集上层水相,对其中残余萃取剂Triton X-114进行去除方法的选择。比较多糖浓度对萃取的影响及二次萃取的效果,并对终产物进行全面检定。对W135群和Y群脑膜炎球菌多糖进行萃取效果比较。结果最终选择56℃10min作为升温条件,3000r/min离心10min后,上清中多糖的内毒率含量均减少85%以上,多糖回收率不低于80%。残余的Triton X-114选择透析法去除。多糖浓度越低,越易于萃取。二次萃取多糖回收率大于85%。内毒素含量可降低至0.706EU/μg多糖。经检测,终产物多糖的相对分子质量未发生改变,免疫原性与萃取前差异无显著意义,异常毒性、多糖及内毒素含量合格。蛋白含量稍有增加,核酸含量降低。W135群和Y群脑膜炎球菌多糖的萃取结果与A群多糖相似。结论Triton X-114萃取法可以用于去除脑膜炎球菌多糖中的内毒素。     

Surface activity of separated phases of the surfactant/water/corn oil system

Aqueous solutions of octyl phenoxy polyethoxy ethanol (Triton X-114) show phase separation on standing and also in the presence of corn oil. The surface tension of varying concentrations of the upper phase of these systems decreases markedly at lower concentrations, tending to become constant at higher concentrations. The surface activity of this phase as observed from surface tension/ concentration curves may be greater, less than or about the same as that of the corresponding upper phase concentration of the control which is a surfactant solution without the oil. Results of this study indicate that the surface activity of the upper phase of Triton X-114 solutions is not affected so much by the solubilization of corn oil but by the limit to which solubilization has occurred. The surface activity of this phase is much less than that of the lower phase of corresponding systems. However, the surface activity of the lower phase is not influenced by the solubilizate or solubilization of the oil.     

Emulsion liquid membrane for selective extraction of Bi(III)

Di(2-ethylhexyl)phosphoric acid was used as extractant of bismuth ions from nitrate medium by emulsion liquid membrane, with Triton X-100 as the biodegradable surfactant in n-pentanol bulk membrane. The novelties and innovative points of this work are the application of emulsion liquid membrane for selective and efficient extraction of bismuth ions as wel as the relevant optimization procedures. The extraction of bismuth ions was evaluated by the yield of extraction. The experimental parameters were evaluated and optimized, including the ratio of di(2-ethylhexyl)phosphoric acid mass concentration to Triton X-100 (1.0%:0.5%), nature of diluent (n-pentanol), nature and concentration of stripping solution (sulfuric acid, 0.5 mol·L?1), stirring speed (1800 r·min?1) and equilibrium time of extraction (20 min), initial feed solution of bismuth (350 mg·L?1) and the volume ratio of internal stripping phase to membrane phase (14). The experimental parameters of kinetic extraction reveal that the bismuth ions can be extracted by 100%.