400 kV强流中子发生器的物理设计

对400 kV强流中子发生器进行了物理设计。采用Poisson/Superfish软件对中子发生器高压电极和加速管的电场分布进行了模拟,结果显示,各关键区域的空间电场最大值远低于击穿电场限值。以强流束旁轴包络方程为基本模型,发展了强流束传输系统束包络的计算机模拟程序IONB1.0,模拟了中子发生器传输系统中40 mA的D束流包络。结果显示,设计方案中所采取的两间隙高梯度加速结构有较强的聚焦性能,能有效抵消强流束空间电荷效应造成的束流发散,加速管出口处的束包络半径约3 cm,由加速管出口处的空间电荷透镜和三重四极磁透镜组成的传输系统能将束流聚焦在约140 cm处的靶上,且束斑直径小于2 cm。     

射频四极场加速器低能强束流传输注入系统的实验研究

对加速器驱动的次临界系统（ADS）的射频四极场（RFQ）加速器的低能强流束流传输系统进行实验研究,给出了在强流离子束束腰附近测量束流参数的方法,并测量了强流质子注入系统在RFQ入口处的束流参数。目前,该系统已成功地应用于强流射频四极场质子加速器中。     

Experimental verification of an APF linac for a proton therapy facility

Alternating phase focusing (APF) is known as a beam focusing method; it was applied to an interdigital H-mode structure and successfully accelerated high current proton beams up to the desired energy for a medical synchrotron injector. A high-current APF linac was achieved by the optimal design of the cavity and the drift tubes themselves, as well as drift tube arrangement based on the co-iteration of a precise electromagnetic field and space charge beam dynamics.A proton injector for a medical accelerator complex was fabricated with the newly developed APF linac. The injector consists of an electron cyclotron resonance ion source, a radio-frequency quadrupole linac and the APF linac. The experimental results showed that over 10 mA proton beams were accelerated up to 7.4 MeV.     

Design of an RFQ for direct plasma injection scheme

A high current radio frequency quadrupole (RFQ) is being studied at the Institute of Modern Physics,Chinese Academy of Sciences (IMP,CAS) for the direct plasma injection scheme (DPIS).Because of the strong space charge of beams from laser ion source,the beam dynamics design of the RFQ has been carried out with a new code,which can deal with space charge effectively.The design of the RFQ structure is performed with an electromagnetic simulation code and the determination of parameters of the structure has been done to maximize the shunt impedance when the frequency is kept fixed.The influences of dipole mode effect and flatness on beams were also discussed.     

Longitudinal and Transverse Space Charge Limitations on Transport of Maximum Power Beams

The maximum transportable beam power is a critical issue in selecting the most favorable approach to generating ignition pulses for inertial fusion with high energy accelerators. Maschke and Courant1 have put forward expressions for the limits on transport power for quadrupole and solenoidal channels. We have included in a more general way the self consistent effect of space charge defocusing on the power limit. The results show that no limits on transmitted power exist in principal. In general, quadrupole transport magnets appear superior to solenoids except for transport of very low energy and highly charged particles. Longitudinal space charge effects are very significant for transport of intense beams.     

65 nm工艺SRAM低能质子单粒子翻转实验研究

基于北京HI-13串列加速器质子源及技术改进工作,获得2～15 MeV低能质子束流。针对商业级65 nm工艺4M×18 bit大容量随机静态存储器（SRAM）,开展了质子单粒子翻转实验研究。实验结果表明,低能质子通过直接电离机制可在存储器中引起显著的单粒子翻转,其翻转截面较核反应机制引起的翻转截面大2～3个数量级。结合实验数据分析了质子翻转机制、LET值及射程、临界电荷及空间软错误率等,分析结果表明,实验器件翻转临界电荷约为0.97 fC,而低能质子超过高能质子成为质子软错误率的主要贡献因素。     

Theoretical study of magnetic lens with parallel beam matched

The magnetic lens(Zumbro lens) is a critical part in proton radiography. Traditionally the matched beam for Zumbro lens in proton radiography is a virtual point source beam, which is not suitable for some cases, such as cylindrical samples. In these cases, a parallel beam is more appropriate. In this paper, a method, which uses quadrupole beamline, is proposed for designing a magnetic lens with parallel beam matched. Theoretical analysis is given. The results show that the matched beam for this lens is indeed parallel beam, while the major merits of Zumbro lens are inherited. Following this method, a theoretical design based on the 11-Me V cyclotron is presented.     

准周期聚焦-加速耦合系统的‘均温’设计方法(英文)

强流质子直线加速器要求严格控制束流损失和束流发射度增长。理论已经证明,强的空间电荷作用在不同自由度之间的耦合,会因为其间的‘温度’差异,通过束流的相干不稳定性,使束流发射度增长。因此,有必要按照‘均温’的原则设计强流加速器。但是,由于质子直线加速器的各种加速结构均为准周期耦合系统,使得‘均温’设计十分繁琐而难以达到完全‘均温’。利用国际上通用的束流动力学软件TRACE3-D,给它补充了‘均温’设计功能,通过与PARMILA程序的配合使用,可以方便地在加速器设计中实现‘均温’条件。介绍了对TRAcE3-D的修改补充,并以强流质子直线加速器设计实例,说明均温设计的必要性。     

加速器驱动次临界核能系统高功率质子直线加速器概念研究(英文)

加速器驱动次临界核能系统(ADS)是下一代能源的首选方向。它能有效地利用铀和钍资源,嬗变长寿命高放射性废物和提高核安全水平。ADS加速器应能提供几十兆瓦质子束。超导直线加速器(SCL)效率高,束流损失少,是ADS加速器的最佳选择。作者介绍的ADD加速器由5 MV射频四极加速器,100 MV独立调相超导腔加速器和1 GV椭圆超导腔加速器组成。确定了加速结构和主要参数,考虑了研究和发展计划。     

Research on Quadrupoles Along Injection Line for CRM Cyclotron of CYCIAE-100

在强流加速器及其传输线上空间电荷效应对束流会产生重要影响。随着加速器计算物理的发展和计算机运算能力的迅速提升，PIC（Particle—In—Cell）方法已广泛应用于数值模拟强流束在加速器及传输线中运动规律。     

Nonlinear processes of probe formation of a beam with inhomogeneous phase density at nuclear microprobe

The work describes nonlinear processes of probe formation on the target with allowance for an inhomogeneous density of ion distribution in phase space in the object collimator plane taken from experimental data. The chromatic aberrations, intrinsic aberrations of the 3rd order and parasitic aberrations caused by sextupole and octupole components of the magnetic quadrupole lens field have been taken into account in the object-target phase coordinate transformation. The criterion of obtaining the optimal resolution was defined as the minimum spot size (FWHM) for a fixed ratio I_FWHM/I₀ of beam current in this spot to the total beam current. The conditions for which the initial density of ion distribution in phase space is matched with the ion-optical characteristics of the probe-forming system were considered. The influence of axial brightness and parasitic sextupole and octupole field components on the beam current distribution at the target has been determined.     

Rearranging a nanoprobe: Line foci,grid shadow patterns and performance tests

After a major modification of the target chamber at the Leipzig high energy ion nanoprobe the probe forming lens system, consisting of two separated quadrupole doublets, had been carefully realigned. This was done by adjusting the line foci position of each individual quadrupole on the centre position defined by the unfocused beam. Using a high magnification microscope the alignment process is very effective and precise. The lens system could be precisely realigned except an intrinsic rotational misalignment which is essentially reduced by a correction lens.Grid shadow patterns have been taken and analysed in order to assess the characteristics of the system. The dominant aberrations are spherical with an additional parasitic octupole.The grid shadow method is also very useful to determine the best position of the aperture diaphragms which minimizes the influence of the aberrations onto the beam spot size.The rearrangement allowed larger aperture diaphragms for higher beam currents at a moderate increase in beam spot sizes. Performance tests yielded proton microbeam currents and half-widths of 4.5 nA at 1.5 μm, 8.3 nA at 1.5 μm and 17.2 nA at 2 μm. For high resolution work the expected beam spots around 0.3 μm at 100 pA were not achieved. The reason is very likely interference on the beam scanner, correlated in x- and y-direction, which results from the insufficiently rectified power supply voltage of the transconductance amplifier.     

Primary Stabilization of a 1 MeV Electron Accelerator

Chromatic aberration is a major obstacle in the attempt to achieve near atomic resolution in electron microscopes. In analogy to dispersion of colors in a glass lens, nonuniform velocities of the illuminating electrons will reduce the resolution of an electron microscope lens. Instability of the accelerating potential is an important cause of these nonuniformities. To achieve resolution on the order of 1 to 5 ?, accelerating voltage must be stable to approximately 3 parts per million. To achieve these resolutions, a highly stabilized 1 MeV linear electron accelerator was developed. One of its two 15 in. (38 cm) accelerating tubes will provide a velocity stabilized electron beam source for a high resolution electron microscope. Electron acceleration occurs through a constant potential divider. A Van de Graaff type charge carrying pellet string provides the accelerating voltage. The primary or coarse control system for the linear electron accelerator compares the high voltage terminal voltage as detected with an accurate voltage divider to a reference cell voltage. Error signals are amplified to control the voltage on a capacitive liner. Control is accomplished by a voltage control of the cylindrical capacitive liner surrounding the high voltage terminal. The low frequency fluctuations in accelerator voltage maintained by this primary loop are less than 0.1% to permit utilization of a fine control loop with a spectrometer beam analysis control to achieve fine voltage stability of 3 parts per million.     

Nanosecond pulsed proton microbeam

We show the preparation of a pulsed 20 MeV proton beam at the Munich tandem accelerator which offers a fluence of more than 1 × 10⁹ protons/cm² being deposited in a beam spot smaller than 100 μm in diameter and within a time span of 0.9 ns fwhm. Such a beam is produced by an ECR type proton source using charge exchange in cesium vapor to obtain a beam of negative hydrogen of high brightness that is bunched, chopped, accelerated and then focused by the superconducting multipole lens of the microprobe SNAKE. Single beam pulses are generated in order to irradiate cell samples or tissue and to measure their biological effect in comparison to continuous proton or X-ray irradiation.     

Transport characteristics of space charge-dominated multi-species deuterium beam in electrostatic low-energy beam line

The transport characteristics of a space chargedominated multi-species deuterium beam consisting of D_1~+,D_2~+, and D_3~+ particles in an electrostatic low-energy beam line are studied. First, the envelope equations of the primary D_1~+ beam are derived considering the space charge effects caused by all particles. Second, the evolution of the envelope of the multi-species deuterium beam is simulated using the PIC code TRACK, with the results showing a significant effect of the unwanted beam on the transport of the primary beam. Finally, different injected beam parameters are used to study beam matching, and a new beam extraction system for the existing duoplasmatron source is designed to obtain the ideal injected beam parameters that allow a D_1~+ beam of up to 50 m A to pass unobstructed through the electrostatic low-energy beam transport line in the presence of an unwanted(D_2~+, D_3~+)beam of 20 m A; at the same time, distortions of the beam emittance and particle distributions are observed.     

Limitations of Heavy Ion Synchrotron Acceleration for Inertial Fusion

The potential benefits from heavy ion inertial fusion motivate the rapid development of a program to test the principle.1,2,3 To define the program, accelerator parameters which have not hitherto been commonly considered must be studied interactively with basic questions of space charge limitations and charge exchange. Beam lifetime and power output efficiency may ultimately lead to a linear accelerator as the choice for an ignition device. For proof of principle, however, at power levels way beyond present inertial fusion experience, synchrotrons may have applicability at lower cost. The power and energy which can be delivered by the accelerating system to the reaction chamber are limited by space charge defocussing and intra beam charge exchange scattering, both of which are beam density dependent. These put constraints on linac injector energy, synchrotron aperture, synchrotron magnetic rigidity, acceleration time, ion species and charge to mass ratio. The accelerator system considered is classical. A linear accelerator injects into a synchrotron which accelerates the ion beam to the full energy delivered to the target. The maximum energy deliverable by a synchrotron is treated in section I. The targetting parameters and the energy gained through synchrotron acceleration completely determine the synchrotron aperture. These are discussed in sections II and III. The ion range in material is treated in section IV. The problem of intrabeam scattering is considered in section V. Finally, in section VI is a discussion of examples to meet specified goals.     

The Unilac Ion Source and Injection System

The design of the UNILAC injector was particularly governed by aspects of maintenance and reliable performance. Thus an open air 254 kV high gradient single gap acceleration was chosen for Uranium 11+ particles, corresponding to an injection energy of 11.7 keV/amu and a charge-to-mass ratio of 0.046. This allows fast ion source changes because only a short time for tube conditioning is required and takes into account the lifetime of present sources for multiply-charged heavy ions. Two independent Faraday-rooms, symmetrically arranged to the axis of the main accelerator, are housing each a 300 kV oil-insulated Cockcroft-Walton generator, a duoplasmatron and a Penning source with the associated equipment. Hereby a fast switch over to the stand-by source in case of an ion source failure is provided. Magnetic quadrupole lenses focus and match the beam through a magnetic deflection system, a 50 Hz chopper and a double drift buncher into the linac.     

Progress of the RF negative hydrogen ion source for fusion at HUST

Huazhong University of Science and Technology has developed an experimental setup of a radio frequency (RF) driven negative hydrogen ion source, to investigate the physics of production and extraction of the H− ions for neutral beam injection in nuclear fusion reactors. The main design parameters of the ion source are: RF power ≤40 kW; extraction voltage ≤10 kV; accelerator voltage ≤20 kV. This paper gives an overview of the progress of the ion source with particular emphasis on some issues. The RF driver and source plasma are analyzed and optimized in terms of impedance matching, plasma characteristics and power coupling. In regard to the simulation analysis, a plasma model based on the particle-in-cell method and a beam trajectory model considering beam stripping loss are developed to investigate the plasma and negative ions transport inside the ion source. Furthermore, a collisional radiative model of H and H2 is built for plasma optical diagnosis.     

First results of negative ion extraction with Cs for CRAFT prototype negative beam source

In order to understand the physics and pre-study the engineering issues for radio frequency(RF)negative beam source, a prototype source with a single driver and three-electrode accelerator was developed. Recently, the beam source was tested on the RF source test facility with RF plasma generation, negative ion production and extraction. A magnetic filter system and a Cs injection system were employed to enhance the negative ion production. As a result, a long pulse of 105 s negative ion beam with current density of 153 A m-2 was repeatedly extracted successfully. The source pressure is 0.6 Pa and the ratio of co-extracted electron and negative ion current is around0.3. The details of design and experimental results of beam source were shown in this letter.