双氧水-活性炭工艺对污水厂二级出水色度的降解

对比研究了双氧水工艺和双氧水-活性炭联合工艺对天津某污水厂二级出水色度的降解效果。结果表明,后者对色度能产生良好的协同去除效果;分子质量分布实验结果表明有色溶解性有机物(CDOM)对色度起到重要贡献,二级出水色度主要分布在表观分子质量>100 ku和<1 ku范围;双氧水将大分子的有色腐殖质降解为小分子有机物,而活性炭对有色的含苯环有机物去除效果明显。     

Fenton试剂氧化法去除染料废水的色度

对染料废水进行Fenton试剂氧化处理,探讨反应时间、过氧化氢用量、Fe SO4·7H2O用量、温度及pH值对染料废水色度去除率的影响。结果表明,100 m L色度为1 250度的染料废水,经Fenton试剂氧化处理50 min,色度去除率94.44%,剩余色度为69.5度,达到《纺织染整工业水污染物排放标准》(GB4287-2012)间接排放标准。     

An investigation of angle-dependent optical properties of multi-layer structure pigments formed by metal-oxide-coated mica

The angle-dependent pigments with mica/TiO₂/Fe₂O₃, mica/TiO₂/Cr₂O₃ and mica/TiO₂/Co₂O₃ three-layer structure and with mica/TiO₂/Cr₂O₃/Fe₂O₃, mica/TiO₂/SiO₂/Fe₂O₃ and mica/TiO₂/SiO₂/Co₂O₃ four-layer structure were both prepared by the conventional wet chemical method. The obtained pigments were formed by precipitating different ions, such as Cr³⁺, Fe³⁺, Co²⁺ and SiO₃²⁻ on the pretreated substrates, mica titanium. The comparative optical effects of three-layer and four-layer structure pigments are investigated in detail by using the five angles' spectrophotometer. The results show that the angle-dependent effect and reflection rate of the pigment were improved by the increasing coated layers from three to four-layer structure. The possible mechanism was also discussed in this paper.     

Influence of iron oxide pigments on the properties of concrete interlocking blocks

Concrete interlocking blocks (CIBs) are utilized in a variety of commercial, municipal, and industrial applications. Superior engineering properties, low maintenance, ease of placement and removal, reuse of original blocks, aesthetic appeal, and immediate availability are the primary reasons for choosing concrete block pavement over other paving surfaces. It is a common practice to pigment building materials, such as mortar, concrete pavers, concrete roof tiles, and prefabricated concrete products; CIBs are colored using iron oxide pigments. This article presents experimental results detailing the properties of CIBs dyed with pigments. The results of these experiments are as follows: Because the particles of iron oxide pigments are finer than those of brown iron oxide, interlocking blocks mixed with the former acquired higher color strength than with the latter. Additional analysis determined a definite relationship between the flexural strength and the absorption ratio of pigment-dyed blocks; the correlation coefficient (R²) of interlocking blocks at 91 days was .90. It is suggested that if iron oxide pigments are to be used to color CIBs, the pigment-to-cement ratio should be below 4%.     

Cost-efficient,vivid and stable red hybrid pigments derived from naturally available sepiolite and halloysite

A series of clay/Fe₂O₃ red hybrid pigments with vivid color, good stability and low cost was synthesized via a facile one-step reaction of Fe(III) solution with sepiolite (Sep) or halloysite (HNTs). Sep or HNTs plays key roles to promote the in-situ transformation of Fe(III) into red hybrid pigments, because only black product was formed from Fe(III) in the absence of them. The addition of Sep and HNTs avoids the usage of any chemical precipitants, which is greatly superior to the traditional process. The a* coordinate values of the sepiolite/Fe₂O₃ (Sep/Fe₂O₃) and halloysite/Fe₂O₃ (HNTs/Fe₂O₃) hybrid pigments are 25.1 and 34.4, respectively, which indicate they have well red color performance. The positive influence of Sep or HNTs on the crystallization process and dispersion of Fe₂O₃ particles is responsible for the good red color. In addition, the hybrid pigments exhibit excellent stability to resist external attacks such as light, acid, alkaline, organic solvents and high temperature, and can be facilely spray-coated onto various substrates, e.g., glass, wood plate, ceramic plate, stone plate, and polyester plate, etc. Therefore, they are potential to be used as promising low-cost environment-friendly colorants in many fields such as ceramic, painting, coating, and printing.     

Synthesis and optical properties of ZnSe micro-grasses and microspheres grown on graphene oxide sheets by the hydrothermal method

Zinc selenide (ZnSe) micro-grasses and microspheres have been successfully grown on graphene oxide sheets by the hydrothermal method. The morphologies, structures, chemical compositions and optical properties of the as-synthesized graphene oxide (GO)/ZnSe microstructures have been characterized by X-ray power diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscope (SEM), energy dispersive spectrometer (EDS), ultraviolet-visible (UV–vis) absorption spectroscopy and photoluminescence (PL) spectroscopy. By adjusting the concentration of NaOH and EDTA, needle-like, coral grass-like, orchid-like, and spherical ZnSe microstructures have been synthesized.     

改善高硅铸铁的性能

研究了孕育处理和过热保温对高硅铸铁性能的影响。结果表明 ,孕育处理和过热保温能显著改善高硅铸铁的性能 ,并得出改善高硅铸铁性能和无气孔致密铸件的工艺参数     

The structural evolution and optical properties of Mg1-xZnxAl1.8Cr0.2O4 pink ceramic pigments

In this work, pink ceramic pigments based on the composition of Mg_1-xZn_xAl_1.8Cr_0.2O₄(x = 0.0,0.3,0.5,0.7,1.0) were synthesized by using a gel polymerization method. We focused on studying the effect of A-site ion doping on the random cation distribution, microstructure and optical absorption performance. Field Scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and the Rietveld refinement method with a GSAS program were applied for micromorphology and cation distribution analyses. The optical performance of the pigments was studied by UV–vis and CIE L*a*b* spectrophotometry. All samples had a single spinel phase within the calcination temperature range of 800 °C–1400 °C and the primary grain size of the synthesized pigments were approximately 0.5–1 μm. The ion distribution in the tetrahedron and octahedron was largely dependent upon the calcining temperature and composition. The oxygen parameter, cell parameter, and T-O and M-O band lengths also varied with the cation distribution, leading to a change in the spinel structure and octahedron crystal field parameter and ultimately changing the optical absorption properties of the synthetic pigments. This study lays the foundation for subsequent studies of colour modification in ceramics.     

Structural investigation and optical properties of cobalt aluminate pigments derived from thermal decomposition of mixed-metal nitrate co-crystals

In this study, the coloration mechanism of cobalt aluminate spinel materials derived by thermal decomposition of the co-crystallized mixed-metal precursors has been reported. The structural alteration of cobalt aluminates, along with the origins of chroma values at the different calcination temperatures from 600 °C to 1200 °C were thoroughly investigated by combining XRF, XRD, XAS, UV-VIS DRS, FT-IR, and FT-Raman techniques. In-depth analyses of structural information and corresponding optical properties suggested that the coloration can be modified by controlling Co²⁺/Co³⁺ contents and their site occupancies in the spinel structure by adjusting calcination temperatures and selecting the counter ions with appropriate oxidizing power. The interplays among (1) the oxidation process at low temperatures, (2) the deoxidation process at high temperatures, (3) the reduction in the degree of spinel inversion (toward the emerging of normal-spinel CoAl₂O₄ structure), and (4) the existence of the minor Al₂O₃ domains are found to be key imperatives for tailoring the color appearances of cobalt aluminate powders in the broad range from black, dark-green, green, greenish-blue, dark-blue, towards bright-blue. Herein, we reveal the correlation between the synthetic parameters and the structural features of the obtained spinel-based materials, which could further exhibit the crucial procedure to control the coloration of inorganic pigments systematically.     

高光高透CPP薄膜的制备及性能研究

采用物理共混法及多层流延工艺,通过高光高透专用母粒与聚丙烯(PP)共混,制备高光泽透明流延聚丙烯(CPP)薄膜,结合光电雾度仪、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)及偏光镜(POM)等技术,分析专用母粒对CPP薄膜综合性能的影响规律。结果表明,由于高光高透专用母粒的异相成核作用,一定程度地改善了CPP薄膜光学及力学性能;当专用母粒质量分数为20%时,雾度与光泽度较理想,分别为1.31%、145;同时,有利于改善CPP薄膜的微观结构及结晶晶体结构,具有明显的增强增韧作用。     

Impact of bismuth oxide on the structure,optical features and ligand field parameters of borosilicate glasses doped with nickel oxide

Understanding the impact of bismuth cations on the optical properties of borosilicate glass is significant for manipulating borate glass applications. In this paper, the influence of bismuth cations on both structural and optical properties of borosilicate glass doped with NiO was investigated. Different glass samples, containing different amounts of Bi₂O₃ and a constant amount of NiO, were prepared and studied. Infrared (IR) analysis was carried out to study the internal structure within the investigated glass samples. Optical absorption studies were performed to investigate the impact of Bi₂O₃ content on optical properties of the BiBaNiB-glasses. Astonishingly, with Bi₂O₃ addition, an absorption band at 380 nm has appeared. Moreover, this band is overlapped with the Urbach edge; which regularly produced an artificial edge-like feature at ~450 nm. A detailed deconvolution protocol has been implemented for an appropriate understanding of these spectra and unraveling the hidden Urbach edge. Optical band gap energy, linear and nonlinear refractive index for each BiBaNiB sample were calculated. Furthermore, the metallization criterion was calculated to examine the metallic or insulating nature of the BiBaNiB-glasses. The values of the nonlinear third-order susceptibility and nonlinear refractive index were increased with Bi₂O₃ doping. The BiBaNiB-glasses exhibited outstanding stability and optical band gap than the pristine glass sample, which makes it possible for practical applications.     

High temperature air separation by perovskite-type oxide sorbents-Heat effect minimization

Oxygen sorption on perovskite-type oxides can be advantageously used for air separation at high temperature. The large heat of oxygen sorption on these oxide sorbents presents a major challenge for the heat management of the high sorption separation process in practical applications. This paper reports a method to minimize the heat effects by taking advantage of an endothermic process of oxygen vacancy order-disorder phase transition accompanying the oxygen sorption process on perovskite-type oxide sorbents. The oxygen sorption isotherms, phase diagram, exothermic heat of oxygen sorption, and endothermic heat of the order-disorder phase transition for La_0.1Sr_0.9Co_0.9Fe_0.1O_3-δ were measured by simultaneous TGA/DSC and XRD. The conditions for zero apparent heat of sorption are determined. If the oxygen partial pressure change and adsorption temperature are controlled such that they give an oxygen adsorption amount, which is numerically equal to the ratio of heat of phase transition to heat of oxygen sorption, the net heat released from the oxygen sorption step can be minimized or controlled to be negligible. This strategy for heat effect minimization is demonstrated with the results of TGA/DSC measurements at different operating conditions and air separation by a fixed-bed packed with the perovskite-type oxide sorbent.     

Transient simulation of an autothermal reformer

For the safe and trouble-free operation of an autothermal reformer there is a need of knowledge about the interactions between the reactions and the fluid dynamic. To answer technological questions about the reactors operating response a model was developed that allows the simulation of different consecutive states like load changes and start up procedures. The presented model was created to support the research work performed with the High Pressure Partial Oxidation test plant (HP-POX) at the Institute for Energy Process Engineering and Chemical Engineering (IEC) of the Technical University Bergakademie Freiberg (Freiberg, Germany), a joint venture with the Lurgi AG.     

高强度易拆胶的光学用胶粘剂的研制

透明型光学用胶粘剂可用作透明光学材料如光学镜头的粘接。它应具有良好的光学性能，粘接强度高并且容易拆胶返修不合格粘合件。目前市场上光学胶品种很多，也基本上能满足使用要求；但高粘接强度和易拆胶性这两个方面一致难以同时满足。国内光学仪器厂有的采用很麻烦的拆胶方法，有的使用进口胶种，有的对难拆开的元件只好忍痛丢弃，造成浪费。为获得能满足上述要求的胶粘剂，我们选定以不饱和聚酯树脂为主体来制备。因为该体系树脂具有粘度低、光学性能好、固化速度易调节且有较高的粘接力等特点。但通用型不饱和聚酯树脂性脆易裂，柔韧性…     

Iron minerals and their influence on the optical properties of two Indian kaolins

Kaolin is mostly associated with minor quantities of ancillary minerals containing transition elements such as iron and titanium. These ions impart color to the white kaolin which adversely affects its application in paper and paint industries. Hence their removal is of prime importance in the optimum utilization of kaolin. The coloring effect as well as the mode of removal of these impurities depends on the “species” of the ion and/or the type of mineral. The present paper deals with the investigation on two Indian kaolins of different geological origin, one from Gujarat state at the western part of India and the other from Kerala State at the southern most part. Detailed physical, chemical and mineralogical characterization of the samples was carried out. The product clays after beneficiation by size classification, high gradient magnetic separation and chemical leaching were found to be of acceptable grade for paper industry with respect to optical properties and particle size. The impurity minerals were concentrated by different methods so that their identification was easier. Attempts were made to study the Fe species by correlating the XRD, chemical assay, DCB treatment and EPR spectral information of the clay samples before and after beneficiation. Iron stained anatase was found to be the major impurity in the Gujarat clay whereas iron was present as oxide/hydroxide in the Kerala sample. The beneficiated products from the Kerala clay were found to have better optical properties.     

High sensitive Ln3+/Tm3+/Yb3+ (Ln3+ = Ho3+, Er3+) tri-doped Ba3Y4O9 upconverting optical thermometric materials based on diverse thermal response from non-thermally coupled energy levels

Upconversion (UC) optical thermometers using the fluorescence intensity ratio (FIR) technique arising from the thermally coupled energy levels (TCLs) are still suffering from low sensitivity owing to the restriction of small energy gap. In the present study, a strategy to strive for superior temperature sensitivity and signal discriminability is employed with the help of non-thermally coupled energy levels (NTCLs). A novel tri-doped Ba₃Y₄O₉: Ho³⁺/Tm³⁺/Yb³⁺ phosphor with rhombohedral symmetry was successfully prepared via a solid-state reaction method, and the temperature sensing performance was evaluated by analyzing temperature-dependent upconversion emission spectra. The emission intensities of both Ho³⁺ and Tm³⁺ activators can be almost completely restored to their original values when the temperature of the sample is cooled to room temperature. The temperature-dependent FIR between NTCLs can be fitted well by a derived three-term equation with the correlation coefficient above 99.6%, and the FIR of NTCLs exhibits high temperature sensitivity over a wide temperature range owing to the different temperature responses of the NTCLs. The maximum absolute sensitivity S_A and relative sensitivity S_R values reaches as high as 0.0552?K^?1 and 1.49% K^?1, respectively, which are much higher than those of the previously reported bulk UC optical temperature sensing materials. Moreover, the emission bands of NTCLs are well separated, which endows the material a good signal discriminability for temperature detection. Excellent temperature sensing performance is also demonstrated in Er³⁺/Tm³⁺/Yb³⁺ tri-doped Ba₃Y₄O₉, evidencing the validity of this strategy. These results indicate that the present UC materials can be potential candidates for optical temperature sensors, and the present strategy will provide a thought for developing other innovative UC temperature sensing materials.     

Synthesis,optical and electrochemical properties of ZnO nanowires/graphene oxide heterostructures

Large-scale vertically aligned ZnO nanowires with high crystal qualities were fabricated on thin graphene oxide films via a low temperature hydrothermal method. Room temperature photoluminescence results show that the ultraviolet emission of nanowires grown on graphene oxide films was greatly enhanced and the defect-related visible emission was suppressed, which can be attributed to the improved crystal quality and possible electron transfer between ZnO and graphene oxide. Electrochemical property measurement results demonstrated that the ZnO nanowires/graphene oxide have large integral area of cyclic voltammetry loop, indicating that such heterostructure is promising for application in supercapacitors.     

Composite magnetic particles: 2. Encapsulation of iron oxide by surfactant-free emulsion polymerization

This is a second paper in the series concerning the synthesis and characterization of composite polymeric particles with encapsulated magnetic iron oxide and bearing reactive β-diketone groups on the surface. Composite particles have been prepared by two-step method in which first step requires preparation of the iron oxide nano-particles and during second step iron oxide was encapsulated into formed poly(styrene/acetoacetoxyethyl methacrylate) (PS-AAEM) particles directly during polymerization process. It has been found that the modification of the iron oxide nano-particle surface with sodium oleate improves significantly the encapsulation during polymerization process. This procedure gives a possibility to obtain composite particles with raspberry morphology and both the particle size and iron oxide content can be varied. Change of monomer to iron oxide ratio gives a possibility to change effectively the morphology of hybrid particles, however, polydispersity of composite particles increases at higher content of magnetic particles in the system. Variation of AAEM concentration in reaction mixture at constant iron oxide particles concentration gives a possibility to control the particle size of formed hybrid microspheres. Composite particles were characterized by dynamic light scattering and electron microscopy (SEM) with respect to their particle size and morphology of the surface layer. X-ray diffraction (XRD) and magnetization measurements indicate presence of maghemite (γ-Fe₂O₃) in composite particles.     

The research on syntheses and properties of novel epoxy/polymercaptan curing optical resins with high refractive indices

A novel thioether glycidyl resin bis[3-(2,3-Epoxypropylthio)phenyl]-sulfone (BEPTPhS) with high refractive index was synthesized by condensation of bis(3-mercaptophenyl)sulfone (BMPS) with epichlorohydrin. It's structure was characterized by FTIR, MS and NMR. It was the first time that trimercaptothioethylamine (TMTEA) was used as curing agent to cure epoxy resins. Optical resins possessing high refractive index were prepared by curing diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A (DGEBA) with the mixture of TMTEA and ethylendiamine (EDA) and by curing BEPTPhS/DGEBA with TMTEA. The research on the optical properties of resins of DGEBA cured by the mixtures of TMTEA and EDA indicated that these resins possess higher refractive index (n_d>1.60), lower dispersity (ν_d>34), high impact strength (IPS>30 kJ m⁻²) and higher transmittance. The n_d, ν_d and density of these resins varied linearly with the EDA content in the curing agent mixtures. The optimum ratio of the EDA content to that of TMTEA is 20:80 (molar ratio), at this ratio the cured resin has the optimum optical properties (n_d²⁰=1.61, v_d=35.4). The cured resins of BEPTPhS/TMTEA have a high refractive index (the highest is n_d=1.67). The optical, physical and thermal properties of the cured optical resins of BEPTPhS/TMTEA were discussed in this paper.     

Influence of DC magnetron sputtering reaction gas on structural and optical characteristics of Ce-oxide thin films

The influence of the reaction gas composition during the DC magnetron sputtering process on the structural, chemical and optical properties of Ce-oxide thin films was investigated. X-ray diffraction (XRD) studies confirmed that all thin films exhibited a polycrystalline character with cubic fluorite structure for cerium dioxide. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analyses revealed that cerium is present in two oxidation states, namely as CeO₂ and Ce₂O₃, at the surface of the films prepared at oxygen/argon flow ratios between 0% and 7%, whereas the films are completely oxidized into CeO₂ as the aforementioned ratio increases beyond 14%. Various optical parameters for the thin films (including an optical band gap in the range of 2.25–3.1?eV) were derived from the UV–Vis reflectance. A significant change in the band gap was observed as oxygen/argon flow ratio was raised from 7% to 14% and this finding is consistent with the high-resolution XPS analysis of Ce 3d that reports a mixture of Ce₂O₃ and CeO₂ in the films. Density functional theory (DFT+U) implemented in the Cambridge Serial Total Energy Package (CASTEP) was carried out to simulate the optical constants of CeO₂ clusters at ground state. The computed electronic density of states (DOSs) of the optimized unit cell of CeO₂ yields a band gap that agrees well with the experimentally measured optical band gap. The simulated and measured absorption coefficient (α) exhibited a similar trend and, to some extent, have similar values in the wavelength range from 100 to 2500?nm. The combined results of this study demonstrate good correlation between the theoretical and experimental findings.