鼓泡塔中气泡尺寸分布和局部气含率研究

在内径为0.38 m的鼓泡塔中采用双电导探针法对不同通气速率下的气泡尺寸分布和局部气含率进行了实验研究,分析了气泡尺寸的概率密度分布。结果表明:气泡尺寸随轴向高度的增加而增大,随径向距离增加而减小;鼓泡塔中气液流动可分为过渡流域和充分发展流域,在过渡流域气含率随轴向高度增加而增大,在充分发展流域气含率趋于均值,径向局部气含率分布呈抛物线型下降。高气速下气泡尺寸概率密度分布比低气速下宽,且随轴向高度的增加分布变宽。     

采用电阻层析成像技术测量气液加压鼓泡塔局部气泡参数

在内径0.3 m,高6.6 m的加压气液鼓泡塔反应器中,采用电阻层析成像技术(ERT)研究了空气-水体系中气泡群平均上升速度、局部气含率及其径向分布。在表观气速0.119~0.312 m s 1,压力0.5~2.0 MPa,考察了表观气速、压力对气泡群上升速度、局部气含率及其径向分布的影响。实验结果表明,鼓泡塔中局部气含率随着表观气速与压力的增大而增大,其径向分布呈现出中心高边壁低的分布特征,但整个截面的分布并非严格对称,在r/R=0~0.3,气含率变化较小,且极大值出现在该范围内;气泡群的局部上升速度随着表观气速的增大而增大,但是随着压力的增大而减小。     

高气速下鼓泡塔中气含率分布的测定

在内径476 mm的鼓泡塔内用压差法测定全塔平均气含率与表观气速的关系,进一步利用响应特性良好的双电导探针,考察了不同气速下局部气含率的分布规律。实验结果表明,利用探针法计算得到的全塔平均气含率值与压差法测定值平均误差仅为4.5%,表明探针法测量局部气含率的可靠性良好。实验还表明在高气速下,除分布板影响区外,局部气含率均类似抛物线型分布;随着气速增加,气含率分布趋于陡峭。以实验为依据,拟合了不同气速下(0.05~1.0 m/s)鼓泡塔中局部气含率的关联式,认为塔内局部气含率与径向位置、表观气速和塔径等因素有关。     

浆态鼓泡床新型锐孔分布器气含率分布

在空气-水系统中,应用双头电导探针法,测量了采用新型锐孔分布器时浆态鼓泡床中气含率的轴向分布和径向分布规律,考察了表观气速、分隔板和液体循环等因索对床层气舍率分布的影响.结果表明,在实验范围内,气含率随轴向高度的增加而增加,表观气速较大时,主体区径向气含率分布比较均匀;气含率随表观气速的增加几乎成直线上升;加入分隔板,局部气含率增大且分布均匀.在主体区,对多组实验数据进行回归分析,得出了不同表观气速下气含率分布的关联式,关联式计算值与实验值吻合良好.     

连续内环流三相反应器局部流动特性

在φ200 mm×2500 mm连续内环流三相反应器内,考察了空气 水 玻璃珠体系反应器内局部流动参数随操作条件的变化规律。结果表明,导流筒内截面平均气含率随表观气速的增大而增大,较之气液两相流,在低固含率时,加入固体对气含率影响不明显,而在较高固含率下,气含率有明显降低,但固体再增加时对气含率变化影响不大。在较低表观气速下,进料浆速对导流筒内气含率轴向分布趋势有一定的影响,但在较高表观气速下影响不大,导流筒内的气含率大于环隙内的气含率且随气速增大差别更加明显,浆相连续有利于气相分散并增大环隙内的气含率。导流筒内循环浆速径向分布呈抛物状,中心高、近壁处低,受进料浆速和入口固含率影响都不大。浆相循环强度最低为20,高可达180。固含率轴、径向分布受表观气速和进料浆速的影响,固含率轴、径向分布基本均匀,随进料浆速增加,反应器内固含率降低。     

气液固三相流化床局部相含率

在以焦末为固相、空气为气相、水为液相的三相流化床中研究了局部气含率和局部固含率径向分布。实验用流化床内径100 mm,高1.7 m,焦末粒度1.07 mm。分别采用电导探针法和光纤法测定局部气含率和局部固含率。结果表明:表观气速为0.35—0.71 cm/s,表观液速为2.12—3.54 cm/s时,局部气含率在流化床中沿径向r/R=0—0.8处分布较均匀,在靠壁面处下降至约0.5%,且随表观液速增加而减小,随表观气速增加而增大,且在距分布板轴向高度分别为370 mm和470 mm时趋势一致,大小沿轴向增加,在表观气速一定时,液速小于2.12 cm/s时,气含率沿径向减小的趋势较明显。局部固含率沿径向分布较均匀,基本不随表观气速变化而变化,随表观液速增大而增大,且在距分布板轴向高度分别为370 mm和470 mm时趋势一致,大小沿轴向减小。     

气液外环流反应器中气泡行为的实验研究

详细考察了气液外环流反应器中上升管、下降管的气泡行为随轴向、径向的变化规律. 由于外环流反应器的结构特点,发现在上升管底部存在偏流,并对分布板区气泡行为随角向的变化规律进行了研究. 分析实验结果得出,气含率和气泡速度均随表观气速的升高而升高;在上升管内,气含率和气泡速度自中心向边壁逐渐降低,而沿轴向变化很小;在分布板区,由于受分布器及下降管的影响,使气含率和气泡速度在不同角向存在不同的径向分布. 在下降管中,气含率自中心向边壁逐渐降低,而气泡速度则基本不变;且下降管中的气体循环率随表观气速的升高而升高.     

强制浆液外循环三相气升式内环流反应器的气含率特性

在有机玻璃制成的组合反应器(φ0.284×3.0 m)内,采用空气、水和玻璃微珠(密度为2420 kg/m3和平均粒径为5.92×10-4 m)的气液固三相体系考察了不同表观气速下环流反应器内不同流动区域的径向局部气含率和内、外环轴向平均气含率分布特性.局部气含率采用电导探针法测定,轴向平均气含率由局部气含率的截面积分得出.结果表明气含率均随表观气速的增大而增大;外环循环流入内环的气泡量少;在相同条件下外环的气含率远远低于内环的气含率.浆液外循环的引入和新型气体分布器的采用可以增大导流筒内气体与浆液两相的接触面积和湍动强度,从而使传递过程得到了强化.     

不同流型下组合约束型提升管出口段固含率分布

在一套组合约束型提升管冷态实验装置上,研究了气力输送和快速流态化两种流型下,出口段局部固含率分布规律及不同操作条件对固含率的影响。结果表明:局部固含率径向分布整体上呈中心小、边壁大的分布特征,并随分布器开孔率和表观气速的降低而增大,随上部流化床层压降和颗粒循环强度的降低而减小;在快速流态化操作下,局部固含率曲线分布形式与常规提升管类似,而在气力输送状态下,临近出口区域局部固含率最大值通常不出现在边壁处,其位置随表观气速和分布器开孔率增加以及颗粒循环强度和上部流化床层压降降低而远离边壁;两种流型下局部固含率径向分布的均匀性均随表观气速及分布器开孔率的增加而升高,随颗粒循环强度及流化床层压降的增加而降低。     

电导探针法测量高固含体系循环液速和气含率

基于电导探针和示踪法,开发了一种利用电导探针同时测量环流反应器中高固含体系下循环液速和局部气含率的方法. 利用2个单针电导探头测量脉冲注入KCl饱和溶液后两路电导信号的先后响应,测得两路液体的停留时间分布曲线. 通过对单路信号进行幅值分析可以得到气含率,与压差法相比测量值误差小于5%;通过对过滤气泡信号后的液体的停留时间分布曲线进行相关处理可得到循环液速,测量值与超声多普勒(UDV)的测量结果一致. 实验研究了外环流反应器中操作条件对气含率和循环液速的影响. 结果表明,低表观气速下气含率沿径向分布较均匀,高于0.1 m/s后逐渐呈抛物线型分布,整体随表观气速增加而增大;循环液速随表观气速增加近似线性增大,随固含率增加而减小.     

Hydrodynamics and simulation of air–water homogeneous bubble column under elevated pressure

A gas–liquid Eulerian computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model coupled with a population balance equation (PBE) was presented to investigate hydrodynamics of an air–water bubble column (1.8 m in height and 0.1 m in inner diameter) under elevated pressure in terms of pressure drop, gas holdup, mean bubble size, and bubble surface area. The CFD-PBE model was modified with three pressure correction factors to predict both the total gas holdup and the mean bubble size in the homogeneous bubbly flow regime. The three correction factors were optimized compared to experimental data. Increasing the pressure led to increasing the density, reducing the bubble size, and increasing the gas holdup. The bubble size distribution moved toward a smaller bubble size, as the pressure increased. The modified CFD-PBE model validated with experimental data and empirical models represented well hydrodynamics of the bubble column at P = 0.1, 1.5, and 3.5 MPa.     

Pressure fluctuations and bubble size in viscous three-phase circulation fluidized bed bioreactors

Characteristics of pressure fluctuations and bubble size were investigated in the riser of a three-phase circulation fluidized bed bioreactor with viscous liquid medium, whose diameter is 0.102 m (ID) and 3.5 m in height. Effects of gas (0.01–0.07 m/s) and liquid (0.17–0.23 m/s) velocities and liquid viscosity (0.96–38 mPa·s) on the bubble size in the riser were examined. The bubbling phenomena in the bioreactor with viscous liquid medium were interpreted effectively by measuring and analyzing the pressure fluctuations by adopting chaos theory. The bubble size increased with increasing gas velocity or liquid viscosity, but decreased with increasing liquid velocity. The bubbling phenomena became more complicated and bubble size distribution tended to broad, with increasing gas velocity or liquid viscosity. The bubble size was well correlated in terms of correlation dimension of pressure fluctuations as well as dimensionless groups within these experimental conditions.     

Bubble drift velocity from the bed collapse technique in three-phase fluidized beds

Transient behavior of a bed collapsing after cut-off of gas supply into a three-phase fluidized bed was determined in a 0.21 m-diameter half-tube acrylic column having a test section 1.8 m high. The transient behavior of the bed collapse after cut-off of the gas supply to the beds was monitored by a video camera (30 frames/s). A theory was developed to account for the dynamic behavior of the bed collapse after the gas supply shut-off to three-phase fluidized beds. The bubble drift velocity was theoretically calculated by gas and liquid phase holdups at steady state condition. At a liquid velocity of 0.103 m/s and gas velocity of 0–0.023 m/s, bubble size was uniform in the dispersed bubble flow regime. However, as the gas velocity increased above 0.023 m/s, the discrete or coalesced bubble flow regime could be observed. The agreement between the predicted and experimental values is acceptable in the dispersed bubble flow regime, but the agreement becomes poorer with increasing gas velocity.     

筛板结构对多级鼓泡塔中流体力学参数的影响

在外径0.3 m的多级鼓泡塔中采用双探针电导探头考察了筛板结构对鼓泡塔中筛板上下两处流体力学参数的影响,并与无筛板鼓泡塔中流体力学参数进行了对比。研究结果表明:带筛板的鼓泡塔中气含率径向分布规律和无筛板的鼓泡塔相类似,筛板上下二侧的平均气含率随表观气速的增加而增加;在鼓泡塔轴向位置上,筛板下侧的气含率普遍比筛板上侧气含率要高;筛板的孔分布方式对于气含率径向分布有着一定影响,但孔径大小对此影响较小。     

Hydrodynamic studies with foaming and non-newtonian solutions in bubble columns

Experiments were conducted in 0.05 m ID and 0.23 m ID by 3 m tall bubble columns to study the effect of surfactants and viscosity of liquid medium on gas hold-up and Sauter mean bubble diameter. The addition of n-butanol (0.5 and 1 wt.%) to water leads to the formation of foam and consequently produces higher gas hold-ups. The foam could be eliminated completely with the addition of a sufficient quantity (0.5 wt.%) of carboxymethyl cellulose to the aqueous alcohol solution. In the absence of foam, gas hold-ups were similar to those obtained with pure liquids. Sauter mean bubble diameters, obtained using the dynamic gas disengagement technique, increase with viscosity of liquid medium.     

加压鼓泡塔反应器中气液两相流CFD数值模拟

对加压气液鼓泡塔反应器内的气液两相流进行了二维数值模拟,模拟的压力为0.5～2.0 MPa,表观气速为0.120～0.312 m/s;模拟采用了Euler-Euler模型,并耦合了气泡群平衡模型（PBM）预测气泡尺寸,该模型考虑了气泡聚并与破碎对气泡的影响。液相湍流采用标准k-ε模型,两相间的作用力只考虑曳力。模拟获得了局部气含率、局部气/液相时均轴向速度及其径向分布等数据,并与实验结果进行比较。结果表明,局部气含率、局部气相速度模拟结果与实验结果吻合较好,局部液相速度径向分布特征模拟结果与文献结果相符。     

Experimental and numerical investigations of scale-up effects on the hydrodynamics of slurry bubble columns

Experiments and simulations were conducted for bubble columns with diameter of 0.2 m(180 mm i.d.), 0.5 m(476 mm i.d.) and 0.8 m(760 mm i.d.) at high superficial gas velocities(0.12–0.62 m·s-1) and high solid concentrations(0–30 vol%). Radial profiles of time-averaged gas holdup, axial liquid velocity, and turbulent kinetic energy were measured by using in-house developed conductivity probes and Pavlov tubes. Effects of column diameter, superficial gas velocity, and solid concentration were investigated in a wide range of operating conditions. Experimental results indicated that the average gas holdup remarkably increases with superficial gas velocity, and the radial profiles of investigated flow properties become steeper at high superficial gas velocities. The axial liquid velocities significantly increase with the growth of the column size, whereas the gas holdup was slightly affected. The presence of solid in bubble columns would inhibit the breakage of bubbles, which results in an increase in bubble rise velocity and a decrease in gas holdup, but time-averaged axial liquid velocities remain almost the same as that of the hollow column. Furthermore, a 2-D axisymmetric k–ε model was used to simulate heterogeneous bubbly flow using commercial code FLUENT 6.2. The lateral lift force and the turbulent diffusion force were introduced for the determination of gas holdup profiles and the effects of solid concentration were considered as the variation of average bubble diameter in the model. Results predicted by the CFD simulation showed good agreement with experimental data.     

Effect of pressure fluctuations on the heat transfer characteristics in a pressurized slurry bubble column

The hydrodynamics and heat transfer characteristics were investigated in a slurry bubble column reactor whose diameter was 0.0508 m (ID) and 1.5 m in height. Effects of gas velocity (0.025–0.1 m/s), pressure (0.1–0.7MPa), solid concentration (0–20 vol%) and liquid viscosity (1.0–38.0 mPa s) on the hydrodynamics and heat transfer characteristics were examined. The pressure difference fluctuations were analyzed by means of attractor trajectories and correlation dimension to characterize the hydrodynamic behavior in the column. The gas holdup increased with increasing gas velocity or pressure, but decreased with increasing solid concentration or liquid viscosity. It was found that the attractor trajectories and correlation dimension of pressure fluctuations were effective tools to describe the hydrodynamic behaviors in the slurry bubble column. The heat transfer coefficient increased with increasing pressure or gas velocity, but decreased with increasing solid concentration or viscosity of slurry phase in the slurry bubble column. The heat transfer coefficient value was well correlated in terms of operating variables and correlation dimension of pressure fluctuations in the slurry bubble column.     

A structured catalytic bubble column reactor: hydrodynamics and mixing studies

This paper reports the results of a comprehensive experimental study of the hydrodynamics and mixing in two bubble column reactors of 0.1 and 0.24 m in diameter with KATAPAK-S^® as packing material. Total gas hold up and axial dispersion coefficients were measured in the structured bubble columns and the values were compared with experimental results obtained in the same work with empty bubble columns. The results reveal that the gas hold up in structured bubble columns is practically the same as in empty bubble columns when compared at the same superficial gas velocity based on open area available for gas–liquid dispersion. The presence of the structured elements in the bubble column reactor reduces the liquid phase backmixing by one order of magnitude.