土工格栅纵横肋的加筋土力学特性仿真研究

为了研究土工格栅纵横肋布筋形式对加筋土力学特性的影响,采用非线性有限元软件ABAQUS建立模型,对不同工况下加筋土体的应力、位移以及土工格栅的拉应力进行仿真分析。研究结果表明:纵肋对加筋土力学性能的影响起主导作用,横肋起辅助作用。在逐级上覆荷载的作用下,完整格栅的加筋土结构稳定性较好;减少横肋时,加筋土结构力学特性变化不明显;减少纵肋时,加筋土体应力、位移增大,土工格栅拉应力增大,加筋土结构朝着整体破坏的方向发展,布筋时应避免这种情况。     

土工格栅加筋土直剪摩擦试验研究

通过直剪摩擦试验方法,对不同含水量的土工格栅粉煤灰加筋土和土工格栅二灰加筋土进行试验,得到不同填料土工格栅加筋土在不同法向应力作用下的抗剪强度,由此得到土工格栅加筋土界面相互作用特性指标:似摩擦系数和界面摩擦角.试验结果表明:土工格栅粉煤灰加筋土试验,当含水量由10%增大到18%时,随着含水量的增大,土工格栅粉煤灰加筋土的似摩擦系数和界面摩擦角逐渐增大,当含水量由18%增大到25%时,土工格栅粉煤灰加筋土的似摩擦系数和界面摩擦角逐渐减小;当含水量由25%增大到36.4%时,似摩擦系数和界面摩擦角逐渐增大,而且增加幅度明显提高.通过击实试验得到土工格栅二灰加筋土的最优含水量,并对土工格栅最优含水量二灰加筋土进行试验,得到的似摩擦系数和界面摩擦角均大于土工格栅粉煤灰加筋土指标.     

单向土工格栅加筋土的流变模型

在研究HDPE单向土工格栅的蠕变和应力松弛特性的基础上，建立了单向土工格栅的流变模型。将加筋土视为由筋、土组成的宏观均匀材料，建立单向土工格栅加筋土体的流变模型。分析表明，在承受长期荷载作用的加筋土的本构关系中，必须考虑由聚合物为原料制作的筋材所具有的明显时间相关的力学行为。     

不同土工合成材料下新型加筋土界面特性

土工合成材料对加筋土结构的界面直剪特性具有重要的影响。通过一系列大型直剪试验对不同筋材下的Sandwich型加筋土筋土界面的直剪特性进行研究,研究不同竖向应力下不同种类加筋材料对Sandwich型加筋土界面直剪特性的影响。试验结果表明:土工格栅的加筋效果最佳,两种格栅的加筋界面抗剪强度明显高于土工织物;随着竖向应力的增加,筋土界面抗剪强度提高。结合理论分析,对不同的土工格栅进行直剪试验,得出土工格栅横、纵肋对界面剪切强度的提高值分别为15.3%和4.1%。     

土工格栅拉拔试验影响因素分析

土工格栅以其良好的工程特性常用作加筋土结构筋材。本文从试验加载方式、拉拔箱侧壁边界效应和尺寸效应、填料厚度和压实度以及筋材夹持情况等几方面分析了影响拉拔试验的主要因素，目的是指导如何正确进行拉拔试验以分析土工格栅与填料的作用机理。     

塑料土工格栅在加筋土挡土墙的应用

塑料土工格栅是一种新兴的土工合成材料，近年来在加筋土挡土墙中得到广泛的应用。文中详细叙述了塑料土工格栅加筋土挡土墙的特点，塑料土工格栅与土相互作用的两种加筋机理：摩擦加筋理论和似粘聚力理论，总结了塑料土工格栅加筋土挡土墙的优越性。     

土工格栅拉拔试验影响因素分析

土工格栅以其良好的工程特性常用作加筋土结构筋材。本文从试验加载方式、拉拔箱侧壁边界效应和尺寸效应、填料厚度和压实度以及筋材夹持情况等几方面分析了影响拉拔试验的主要因素 ,目的是指导如何正确进行拉拔试验以分析土工格栅与填料的作用机理     

粘弹塑性土工格栅加筋尾矿流变模型研究

分析土工格栅工程力学特性对加筋尾矿结构变形和长期稳定的影响，基于四参数粘弹塑性模型表征土工格栅长期低应力作用下的力学特性，提出了土工格栅加筋尾矿的流变模型，把加筋复合体受力分析分为两个阶段，分别对应尾矿处于弹性状态和塑性状态，将尾矿产生塑性变形的时间（塑性到达时间）作为两个阶段分界点，并给出了两个阶段的加筋复合体本构关系表达式。研究表明：四参数粘弹塑性模型能够准确反映土工格栅的衰减型蠕变和应力松弛特征；第1阶段，筋材中的应力随时间减小，导致尾矿中的微观应力重新分布，直到尾矿达到屈服条件进入第2阶段，筋材的应力开始保持不变，加筋复合体整体应变由于筋材的蠕变而增加；加筋复合体受力快速由第1阶段过渡到第2阶段，第1阶段变形很小，复合体整体应变主要由第2阶段导致；塑性到达时间受到土工格栅模型参数中Kelvin系数和尾矿强度参数内摩擦角的影响显著。     

塑料土工格栅在加筋土档土墙的应用

塑料土工格栅是一种新兴的土工合成材料 ,近年来在加筋土挡土墙中得到广泛的应用。文中详细叙述了塑料土工格栅加筋土挡土墙的特点 ,塑料土工格栅与土相互作用的两种加筋机理 :摩擦加筋理论和似粘聚力理论 ,总结了塑料土工格栅加筋土挡土墙的优越性     

基于特种筋材蠕变试验预应变加筋法 应用研究及计算模型

 通过对目前广泛应用于加筋土工程的特种筋材——CE131土工网、SDL25土工格栅进行了不同应力水平作用下的长期荷载蠕变试验。为比较不同强度土工合成材料的蠕变特性，研究制作6个CE131土工网试样和4个SDL25土工格栅试样。通过大量的试验结果分析，得出特种筋材CE131土工网、SDL25土工格栅的长期强度为抗拉强度的30%～40%，并提出在长期强度条件下特种筋材的预应变值大小及其计算公式。这对施工中的预应变加筋法技术有重要的参考价值。     

土工格栅加筋挡土墙工作性能的非线性有限元数值分析

针对土工格栅加筋挡土墙发展了有限元数值分析方法,依此对某一足尺试验墙进行具体的有限元数值计算,将计算结果与试验实测结果进行了对比分析,验证了加筋挡土墙结构应力与变形有限元分析的可靠性,进而通过变动填土的强度特性和刚度特性以及加筋的刚度、长度和间距等参数,进行了数值计算,通过对比分析探讨了填土及加筋对土工格栅加筋挡土墙工作性能的影响程度,为加筋挡土墙的设计提供了参考依据。     

刚性与柔性顶部边界下筋土界面特性的细观数值研究

土工格栅拉拔试验被认为是研究土工格栅与土相互作用行为最直接有效的方法。在土工格栅拉拔试验中,常采用刚性或柔性顶部边界条件施加竖向荷载。为了研究刚性与柔性顶部边界条件对拉拔试验结果的影响,基于离散元数值模拟,从细观层面深入分析了刚性与柔性顶部边界条件下土工格栅与土的力学响应。研究结果表明:在拉拔位移较小的情况下,刚性与柔性顶部边界条件对拉拔试验结果几乎没有影响;随着拉拔位移的增大,顶部边界条件对拉拔试验结果的影响逐渐明显,刚性顶部边界条件下的最大拉拔阻力略大于柔性顶部边界条件下的最大拉拔阻力;土工格栅张力与试样内部土颗粒间接触力分布情况、试样内部土颗粒旋转情况以及顶部加载板颗粒的竖向位移分布规律直观地展现了顶部边界条件对拉拔试验结果的影响。本研究结果有望为规范土工格栅拉拔试验方法提供科学依据。     

Sand-geogrid interfacial shear response revisited through additive manufacturing

Though it is known that the geometric features of geogrids are crucial for deriving optimal interface shear strength, not much work is done to optimize the size and shape of the apertures relative to the particle size of the soils in contact. Most of the commercial geogrids have rectangular or square apertures, which are many times bigger than the soil particles. The present study explores the effects of aperture size and shape of geogrids relative to the size of the sand particles on their interface shear response through direct shear tests and digital image analysis. Geogrids of different aperture sizes and shapes were manufactured using a 3D printer. Shear tests were carried out on three sands of different grain sizes interfacing with geogrids of five different aperture sizes and three different aperture shapes. Through these tests, interface shear response with a wide range of aperture ratio and different shapes of geogrids is understood. Shear zone thickness of different sand-geogrid interfaces was computed through Particle image velocimetry (PIV). Based on the tests and analyses, triangular apertures are found to be more efficient compared to other apertures. The optimal range of aperture ratio is found to be 2–11.29.     

Evaluation of Extent of Damage to Geogrid Reinforced Soil Walls Subjected to Earthquakes

The aim of this study is to establish a simple method for evaluating the extent of damage to geogrid reinforced soil walls (GRSWs) subjected to earthquakes. Centrifuge tilting and shaking table tests were conducted to investigate the seismic behaviour of GRSWs, with special focus on the effects of the tensile stiffness of the geogrids, the pullout characteristics and the backfill materials. As a result, it was found that GRSWs showed large shear deformation in the reinforced area after shaking, that such deformation was influenced by the tensile stiffness of the geogrids, the pullout resistance and the deformation modulus of the backfill material, and that finally slip lines appeared. However, the GRSWs maintained adequate seismic stability owing to the pullout resistance of the geogrids, even after the formation of slip lines. It is considered that such slip lines appeared due to the failure of the backfill material. Since the maximum shear strain occurring in the backfill can be roughly estimated from the inclination of the facing panels, using a simple plastic theory, it is possible to evaluate whether the backfill has reached its peak state or not. The formation of slip lines observed in the centrifuge model tests could be well explained by this method. Finally, the method is proposed to estimate the failure sections in the GRSWs using a Two Wedge analysis.     

Quantifying the effects of geogrid reinforcement in unbound granular base

This study presents an effort to quantify the effects of geogrid reinforcement in the unbound granular base through laboratory testing. Two laboratory tests, the large-scale cyclic shear test and the repeated load triaxial test, were employed. The test protocol of the cyclic shear test was developed by modifying that for the triaxial test. The cyclic shear test was performed by applying a series of cyclic shear stresses to the geogrid-aggregate interface under different normal stresses. Two different types of geogrids were used as reinforcement in unbound granular material. Resilient modulus (M_R) from the repeated load triaxial test and a term named resilient interface shear modulus (G_i) from the cyclic shear test was used to characterize the effects of geogrid reinforcement in unbound granular base, respectively. The results of triaxial tests showed that the inclusion of geogrid had a negligible effect on the resilient modulus, indicating that the triaxial resilient modulus test may not be effective in evaluating the geogrid reinforcement in unbound granular materials. Compared to the triaxial resilient modulus test, the cyclic shear test showed great potential in identifying the effects of geogrid reinforcement, with an obvious improvement in the degree of interlocking between geogrids and aggregates.     

Geogrid reinforcement in landfill closures

This paper illustrates the use of geogrids in landfill closures from the perspective of both cover soil stability and subsidence-induced liner support. Both applications have as their objective the avoidance, or at least the minimization, of tensile stresses in the geomembrane. Case histories regarding each application are provided.

The important design consideration of long-term allowable strength of geogrids is also addressed. Factors such as geogrid creep, installation damage, chemical degradation, biological degradation and structural connections are discussed since all should be considered in arriving at a proper allowable design strength.     

Laboratory pull-out tests using bamboo and polymer geogrids including a case study

This study investigates the interaction between soil and geogrids by using both direct shear and pull-out tests and applied the results to a case study. A polymer geogrid and bamboo grids were used with clayey sand and weathered clay as backfill since these materials are readily available in Thailand. The results indicated that the interaction between soil and reinforcement consists of: (a) the adhesion between soil and reinforcement on the solid surface area of the geogrid; and (b) the bearing capacity of soil in front of all transverse members of the geogrids which behaved as a strip footing embedded in the soil. The proposed design procedure for pull-out resistance agreed fairly well with the laboratory pull-out test results. In addition, it was observed that bamboo grids have higher pull-out resistance per unit area than the polymer geogrids. Moreover, the cohesive fill proved to be quite effective when used with geogrid reinforcement. Finally, the proposed design procedure and test results were applied to a case study on an irrigation canal bank repaired by the Public Works Department of Thailand using cohesive backfill and Tensar SS2 geogrids resulting in much improved slope stability.     

柔性与硬性地工格网在砂土与风化泥岩围压下之力学特性

地工格网（以下称格网）用於加劲土壤时，除考虑无围压下的张力行为之外，围压下之力学性质更是设计考量的重点。实际工程应用而言，基於经济考虑，期以现地土壤作为回填材料。本研究分别以拉出、围压抗张与直剪三种试验来探讨格网放土壤中之力学行为；并利用凝聚性泥岩与非凝聚性细砂作为回填材料，评估两种回填材料对加劲成效之影响。结果显示，柔性格网之肋条在拉出过程中易扭曲，造成主应力面旋转的现象，以致拉出阻抗大放硬性格网；围压下格网抗张的应力-应变行为可分为三阶段，即束制阻抗期、张力发展期与破坏期。束制阻抗期大都於3％应变内即已完成；在低围压情况拉出阻抗达20％～60％之拉出强度（相同应变），在高围压下达150％。由直接剪力试验结果可以预测：（a）格网／泥岩加劲结构-低围压时，剪力破坏面应通过格网／泥岩之界面；而高围压时，剪力破坏面应通过泥岩上体。（b）格网／细砂加劲结构-低围压与高围压下剪力破坏面应通过格网／细砂之界面。