微间隙焊缝磁光成像卡尔曼滤波跟踪算法

在激光对接焊过程中,实时控制激光束准确对中焊缝是保证焊接质量的前提。针对紧密对接激光焊,研究一种用于微间隙(不大于0.1 mm)焊缝位置识别及跟踪的磁光成像卡尔曼滤波算法。采用磁光传感器实时获取焊接区域的微间隙焊缝磁光图像序列,利用微间隙焊缝磁光图像的灰度梯度特征提取焊缝位置坐标。以焊缝位置及位移量构成状态矢量,建立描述焊缝位置的状态方程和测量方程。同时,假设系统动态噪声和测量噪声为零均值随机分布的高斯白噪声,建立噪声环境下的卡尔曼滤波跟踪算法,计算最小均方差条件下焊缝中心最优预测值,减小系统噪声和过程噪声对焊缝位置测量的影响。试验结果显示,该方法能有效实现激光对接焊微间隙焊缝位置的识别与跟踪。     

角点检测与光流跟踪的焊缝特征提取与定位研究

针对V型坡口中厚板对接焊焊缝特征点检测精度不高的问题,研究了一种基于激光视觉传感的角点检测与光流(LK)跟踪的焊缝特征快速提取与定位方法。根据三角测量原理,设计了能够实时检测焊缝特征图像的激光视觉传感器,并建立了由激光条纹特征点像素坐标到焊缝特征点三维坐标的数学模型;对焊缝图像进行了预处理,采用Shi-Tomasi角点检测提取了焊缝特征;最后使用光流法为后续帧匹配特征角点,实时计算出了图像中焊缝特征点的亚像素位置。研究结果表明:基于角点检测与光流法跟踪的焊缝特征提取与定位方法,其特征点检测精度较高,平均误差在±0.13 mm以内,可以实时、准确地识别焊缝特征。     

斜率表征与卡尔曼滤波的焊缝跟踪方法研究

针对V型坡口中厚板对接焊焊接过程中存在的系统噪声和测量噪声的问题,采用了斜率分析与卡尔曼滤波相结合的方法进行了焊缝跟踪。使用激光视觉传感系统采集了V型坡口的条纹图像,获取了测量系统内外标定参数,通过锯齿靶标建立了焊缝特征点坐标转换模型;提出了一种基于极值法的边界约束灰度平方加权重心法,提取出了激光条纹线的中心点,采用斜率分析法寻找到了激光条纹中心线拐点,对每一段条纹中心线通过最小二乘法拟合求交,提取出了焊缝特征点;利用卡尔曼滤波方法对系统噪声和测量噪声进行了优化;对V型坡口进行了厚板对接焊试验,焊炬能始终对准焊缝中心。研究结果表明:基于斜率分析法与卡尔曼滤波的焊缝跟踪方法能够减小系统噪声干扰的影响,实现了焊缝特征点的准确提取,提高了焊缝跟踪精度。     

激光焊接焊缝显微组织磁光成像研究

针对焊缝显微组织对焊件质量影响问题,对激光焊接焊件不同区域的焊缝显微组织特征进行研究,对不同焊接试验参数下的焊缝成形差异进行分析,提出了一种焊缝显微组织磁光成像检测方法,采用低碳钢平板对接焊,试验共分为4组,将焊缝显微组织磁光图像与扫描电镜图像相结合,分析恒定磁场下不同区域焊接接头的显微组织磁光成像差异和焊缝的晶粒组成及特征。研究结果表明,在磁光图像中焊件焊缝可以分为熔合区、热影响区和母材区,且这3个区域的晶粒组成、大小及形态有明显的差异,恒定磁场下焊缝磁光图的颜色、亮度及灰度值反映了焊缝的成形质量。     

基于结构光视觉的激光拼焊焊缝质量检测方法研究

在基于结构光视觉的激光拼焊焊缝表面质量检测系统中,需要准确获得焊缝结构光条纹中心线和特征点的位置.由于焊接过程中的各种噪声干扰,使得焊缝图像复杂多变,因此选择合理高效的图像处理算法是非常重要的.针对这一问题,对结构光视觉焊缝质量检测系统图像处理方法进行了深入研究.在图像预处理中,首先通过开窗处理来获得兴趣区域,采用中值滤波去除图像噪声.在结构光条纹中心线提取过程中,提出了一种新的模板法获得了条纹的边界并用几何中心法提取了条纹中心线;最后,使用斜率分析法提取了特征点.试验表明,该方法具有较高的特征点检测可靠性,并且运算速度快、抗干扰能力强,具有较高实用价值.     

基于结构光视觉的激光拼焊焊缝质量检测方法研究

焊缝质量自动检测是实现焊接自动化的关键技术。文中在分析结构光视觉检测原理的基础上,建立了基于结构光视觉的激光拼焊焊缝质量检测系统并对检测系统的图像处理方法进行了研究。对原始图像进行了开窗处理和中值滤波,并使用迭代阈值法获得了结构光光纹。提出了一种简化的模板获得了光纹的边界点并使用几何中心法提取了光纹中心线。使用平均斜率法识别出光纹中心线的特征点。分析了激光拼焊焊缝截面轮廓的特点并建立了截面轮廓几何参数计算方法。实验结果表明该检测系统可以完成焊缝截面轮廓相关参数的计算。     

基于结构光的螺旋钢管埋弧焊焊缝跟踪系统研究

介绍了基于结构光的螺旋钢管焊缝跟踪系统,利用LOG滤波和二值化法消除图像中的噪声并把光带图像从背景中提取出来.采用边界取平均值法抽取光带的中心线,用斜率分析法检测出特征点.该图像处理方法处理速度快,能够满足跟踪系统的要求.     

焊缝缺陷检测现状与展望综述

针对焊缝表面成形缺陷检测存在的技术问题,对现有焊缝缺陷检测技术即磁粉检测、超声检测、涡流检测、渗透检测、磁光成像检测、红外检测以及结构光视觉检测法进行了深入研究。对检测原理、系统基本结构、各自的适用范围以及研究现状进行了论述;并分析总结了基于结构光视觉检测法的激光条纹图像采集、图像处理、特征提取和焊缝缺陷分类识别等技术相关的理论与算法;研究结果表明:为了满足焊缝缺陷全方位检测要求,可融合多检测技术,优势互补;随着人工智能技术的不断发展和焊件质量要求的提高,实现焊缝缺陷检测技术可视化、自动化是未来的发展趋势;人工智能技术是焊缝缺陷检测的关键技术,实现真正智能化检测需进一步研究。     

基于图像处理的爬壁机器人焊缝识别与跟踪

基于爬壁机器人移动平台和单目相机的图像采集系统,设计了一种焊后焊缝图像处理方法,将改进的自适应中值滤波算法与灰度形态学方法结合,实现从信噪比较高的图像中提取特征。采用基于边缘检测和Hough变换的焊缝位置提取算法,经测试识别准确率达70%,且单幅图像平均处理时间为200ms,能满足管道爬壁机器人行进过程中的实时焊缝跟踪,并提供了一种引导机器人沿焊缝前进的自主定向方案。     

基于结构光视觉的激光拼焊焊缝背面质量检测方法研究

在激光拼焊中,背面焊缝成形质量直接影响焊件的机械性能.文中在分析结构光视觉检测原理的基础上,建立了基于结构光视觉传感的焊后焊缝背面质量检测系统并对焊缝背面质量检测系统图像处理方法进行了深入研究.在图像处理过程中,首先通过开窗处理来获得兴趣区域,采用中值滤波去除图像噪声;其次使用迭代自动阈值法分割出结构光;在结构光条纹中心线提取过程中,提出了一种新的模板法获得了条纹的边界并用几何中心法提取了条纹中心线;然后,将斜率分析法引入到条纹中心线特征点检测中并获得了中心线上的一系列特征点.最后通过背面焊缝的图像序列,计算获得了背面焊缝不同位置处的几何参数及缺陷值.试验表明,该焊缝背面质量检测系统图像处理方法可靠性高、运算速度快、抗干扰能力强,具有较高实用价值.     

Minimal Realization of Linear Graph Models for Multi-physics Systems

An engineering system may consist of several different types of components,belonging to such physical"domains"as mechanical,electrical,fluid,and thermal.It is t...     

INTEGRAL EQUATION METHOD＇S APPLICATION IN HOLE-EDGE STRESS OF COMPOSITE MATERIAL PLATE WITH DIFFERENT SHAPED HOLES

The strength of composite plate with different hole-shapes is always one of the most important but complicated issues in the application of the composite material. The holes will lead to mutations and discontinuity to the structure. So the hole-edge stress concentration is always a serious phenomenon. And the phenomenon makes the structure strength decrease very quickly to form dangerous weak points. Most partial damage begins from these weak points. According to the complex variable functions theory, the accurate boundary condition of composite plate with different hole-shapes is founded by conformal mapping method to settle the boundary condition problem of complex hole-shapes. Composite plate with commonly hole-shapes in engineering is studied by several complex variable stress fimction. The boundary integral equations are founded based on exact boundary conditions. Then the exact hole-edge stress analytic solution of composite plate with rectangle holes and wing manholes is resolved. Both of offset axis loadings and its influences on the stress concentration coefficient of the hole-edge are discussed. And comparisons of different loads along various offset axis on the hole-edge stress distribution of orthotropic plate with rectangle hole or wing manhole are made. It can be concluded that hole-edge with continuous variable curvatures might help to decrease the stress concentration coefficient; and smaller angle of outer load and fiber can decrease the stress peak value.     

Non-monotonic material contrast in scanning ion and scanning electron images

30 keV Ga⁺ focused ion beam induced secondary electron (iSE) imaging was used to determine the relative contrast between several materials. The iSE signal compared from C, Si, Al, Ti, Cr, Ni, Cu, Mo, Ag, and W metal layers does not decrease with an increase in target atomic number Z₂, and shows a non-monotonic relationship between contrast and Z₂. The non-monotonic relationship is attributed to periodic fluctuations of the stopping power and sputter yield inherent to the ion–solid interactions. In addition, material contrast from electron-induced secondary electron (eSE) and backscattered electron (BSE) images using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) also shows non-monotonic contrast as a function of Z₂, following the periodic behavior of the stopping power for electron–solid interactions. A comparison of the iSE and eSE results shows similar relative contrast between the metal layers, and not complementary contrast as conventionally understood. These similarities in the contrast behavior can be attributed to similarities in the periodic and non-monotonic function defined by incident particle–solid interaction theory.     

Application of Feature Extraction through Convolution Neural Networks and SVM Classifier for Robust Grading of Apples

This paper proposes a novel grading method of apples,in an automated grading device that uses convolutional neural networks to extract the size,color,texture,an...     

分布动态载荷识别的抗噪处理

针对正交多项式频域法在用多种响应对矩形薄板进行载荷识别中抗噪性较差的问题,综合运用平均法、矩阵预处理和奇异值截断法等方法对之进行改善,并引入空间映射的思想,将该方法的应用范围拓展为复杂的模型.利用仿真算例,证实了该方法具有较好的抗噪性.     

Short-Term Relay Quality Prediction Algorithm Based on Long and Short-Term Memory

The fraction defective of semi-finished products is predicted to optimize the process of relay production lines, by which production quality and productivity ar...     

End-to-End Multiview Gesture Recognition for Autonomous Car Parking System

The use of hand gestures can be the most intuitive human-machine interaction medium.The early approaches for hand gesture recognition used device-based methods....     

基于MELTAC-N平台的核电厂安全级DCS环网研究与测试

针对工程实践中环网通讯相关问题的处理缺乏理论基础及国产化安全级DCS平台的开发缺乏成熟经验借鉴问题,对基于MELTAC-N平台核电厂安全级DCS环网的软硬件实现进行了研究。提出了安全级DCS环网双环网冗余设计、光切换开关设计等硬件设计方法,以及以RPR协议为基础,采用全数据收发策略的软件设计方法。在CPR1000安全级DCS平台上对安全级DCS环网的可靠性及实时性进行了评价,并进行了容错能力、响应时间及响应时间稳定性测试验证实验。结果表明,基于MELTAC-N平台安全级DCS环网软硬件设计具有较好的容错能力及响应时间稳定性。     

The laboratory simulation of abrasive wear

Abrasive wear has long been recognised as one of the most potentially serious tribological problems facing the operators of many types of plant and machinery; several industrial surveys have indicated that wear by abrasion can be responsible for more than 50% of unscheduled machine and plant stoppages. Locating the operating point of a tribological contact in an appropriate operational ‚map’︁ can provide a useful guide to the likely nature and origins of the surface degradation experienced in use, though care must be exercised in choosing the most suitable parameters for the axes of the plot. Laboratory testing of materials and simulations of machine contacts are carried out for a number of purposes; at one level for the very practical aims of ranking candidate materials or surface hardening treatments in order of their wear resistance, or in an attempt to predict wear lives under field conditions. More fundamentally, tests may be aimed at elucidating the essential physical mechanisms of surface damage and loss, with the longer term aim of building an analytical and predictive model of the wear process itself. In many cases, component surface damage is brought about by the ingress of hard, particulate matter into machine bearing or sealing clearances. These may be running dry although, more usually, a lubricant or service fluid is present at the interface. A number of standardised wear test geometries and procedures have been established for both two- and three-body wear situations, and these are briefly described. Although abrasive wear is often modelled as following an ‚Archard’︁ equation (i.e. a linear increase in material loss with both load and time, and an inverse dependence on specimen hardness) both industrial experience and laboratory tests of particularly lubricated contacts show that this is not always the case: increasing the hardness differential in an abrasively contaminated lubricated pair may not always reduce the rate of damage to the harder surface.     

ANGULAR DISTORTION ALLOWABLE VALUE AND ASSESS METHOD OF WELD ON COKE TOWER

A graph as the new engineering method for estimate the safety of bulging deformation of coke tower is proposed. Through stresses analysis of circumferential weld of coke tower and comparing the stresses produced by pressure with heat stress of steady state, residual stress, bending stress produced by both itself weight and wind loads, it showed that the stresses produced by pressure on the angle distortion are the main factor of equivalent stress of the combined stress. After comparing four kinds of stress controlling conditions, the relation to stress with depth of angular distortion, grade of curvature of angular distortion and half of region of angular distortion has been inferred. Graph of deformation allowable value of coke tower for different condition by angular distortion and half of region of angular distortion has been plotted. The five steps for its engineering use have been explained. The lighter the grade of curvature is, the larger of bulge allowance, may be, and the bigger of depth of angular distortion may pose too. For the coke tower with a popular structure of Dg 5 400 mm×28 mm, the result by graph is nearly more than the result of two formulas formed by other research, the error is less than 7.0%. But, the graph can be easily applied to different size of angular distortion.