2020年国际碳市场评述与2021展望

以市场机制推动低碳发展、减少温室气体排放,成为国际社会应对全球气候变化、转变经济增长方式的趋势.目前全球约有31个正在或计划实行的区域、国家和地方层面的碳交易体系.这些碳市场在2020年经历了新冠疫情、经济重启和新一轮气候雄心的“洗礼”,最终以创纪录的市场交易量和交易额收官.本文将回顾和总结2020年国际上不同地区碳市...     

2021年国际碳市场分析与2022年展望 国际碳价上涨大幅增加我国出口成本 对经济发展构成挑战

2021年,世界经济复苏动力不足、极端天气事件频发,加之气候治理进程不断深化以及能源危机爆发,使国际碳市场经历了非同寻常的一年。全年国际主要碳市场交易活跃,碳价大幅上涨,交易量和交易额再创历史新高。本文回顾和分析了2021年全球主要碳市场交易活跃和碳价上涨的原因,以及碳市场遇到的问题和挑战,并展望2022年国际碳市场的发展。     

2012年欧盟碳市场评述

欧盟碳排放贸易体系(EU ETS)自2005年至今已运行了8年。在体系不断成熟的同时,也面临着一系列问题。本文总结了EU ETS2012年度的运行情况,回顾了年度主要政策,对存在的主要问题和经验进行了分析与总结,并为我国推进碳排放交易工作提出相关建议。     

碳市场及碳金融的现状与发展趋势

低碳经济的发展催生了碳交易市场以及相关的碳金融创新.简要回顾了碳市场及碳金融的形成机制,概述了全球碳市场现状及其发展趋势,简析了我国碳市场及碳金融发展的现状以及面临的机遇和挑战.     

碳市场的经济分析

世界各国实施《京都议定书》的减排目标使温室气体产生了价值,于是在气候变化领域正逐渐形成以温室气体为商品的碳市场,并正在创造21世纪的新财富。本文分析了国际碳市场的构成并对其经济特征进行研究。由于国际气候政策的不确定性、碳交易与自然环境和能源市场的复杂联系以及各种投机因素的影响,长期的全球碳市场仍将是高风险的商业领域。同时,国内的企业和商界应进一步利用《京都议定书》带来的机会,通过实施减排项目以及碳排放权金融衍生产品的交易,在保护环境的同时赢得更多的财富。     

双碳目标下我国碳市场发展分析及建议

目的  碳排放权交易（碳交易）在全球范围内正日益成为有效促进温室气体减排的市场机制或政策工具。面向“双碳”发展目标,适时开展碳排放权交易市场（碳市场）分析研究,对推动我国碳市场健康有序发展具有重要意义。 方法  梳理了欧美相对成熟碳市场的发展情况,总结了国内试点碳市场的建设经验,并对全国碳市场第一个履约期内的运行状况进行了分析。 结果  我国碳市场目前主要存在制度体系建设尚不健全、覆盖行业与交易结构较为单一、碳配额分配科学性及公平性有待提升、多市场联动效应较弱等不足。 结论  建议立足我国基本国情,未来重点围绕顶层设计、市场体系、调控机制、国际合作等方面开展工作。     

白色证书与碳市场关系研究及启示

本文分析了白色证书体系下的消费者行为,同时比较了白色证书与碳市场同时实施的经济学影响。在此基础上,根据中国同时实施碳交易与能效交易的实际情况,结合国际上实施白色证书的经验,分析了二者共同实施的合理性,给出了中国同时实施两种体系的政策建议,指出作为碳市场的有效补充,白色证书的引入对于节能是有效的市场工具。     

欧洲碳市场推动电力减排的作用机制分析

中国国家碳市场即将在"十四五"期间迎来里程碑式的发展,以发电行业为突破口上线交易并推广至更多行业,为中国实现2030年碳达峰和2060年碳中和目标作出贡献.欧洲碳市场(EU ETS)作为目前世界上最大的碳排放权交易体系,对欧洲电力行业近年来的绿色转型起到了相当积极的作用,这些经验对于中国碳市场下一步发展有一定的借鉴意义...     

中国碳市场发展及电力行业参与策略分析

根据国家发改委下发的《关于切实做好全国碳排放权交易市场启动重点工作的通知》,我国正式启动全国碳市场。电力行业作为典型的能源密集型行业,将作为未来全国碳市场的重点管控对象参与其中。电力行业需要及早构建参与策略,保证相关工作的科学性。     

全国碳市场背景下电力行业碳价传导机制研究

电力行业作为典型的能源密集型行业,是全世界各地碳市场的重点管控对象。本文对国内外电力市场、碳市场及碳价传导的问题进行了研究,发现欧洲、美国的电力市场更趋近于买方市场,碳价对终端电价的影响较小。而由于中国电力体制的特殊性,电价由政府主管部门进行管控,因而在政府不通过行政手段调节碳成本传递机制的情况下,碳成本将无法向发电企业下游传导,使得发电企业暴露在碳成本波动的风险下。同时,在对碳成本传导机制研究的基础上给出了具体建议。     

Carbon markets and low-carbon investment in emerging economies: A synthesis of parallel workshops in Brazil and India

While policy experiments targeted at energy and innovation transitions have not been deployed consistently across all countries, market mechanisms such as carbon pricing have been tested over the past decade in disparate development contexts, and therefore provide some opportunities for analysis. This brief communication reports on two parallel workshops recently held in Sao Paulo, Brazil and New Delhi, India to address questions of how well these carbon pricing policies have worked in affecting corporate decisions to invest in low-carbon technology. Convening practitioners and scholars from multiple countries, the workshops elicited participants' perspectives on business investment decisions under international carbon markets in emerging economies across multiple energy-intensive sectors. We review the resulting perspectives on low-carbon policies and present guidance on a research agenda that could clarify how international and national policies could help encourage both energy transitions and energy innovations in emerging economies.     

国内外碳交易所的发展特征及对我国的启示

全球碳排放交易市场发展迅猛,碳交易所作为第三方平台为碳交易的发展提供了重要支撑。国际碳交易所已逐步形成较为完善的交易体系,主要以欧元计价,并呈现出一定的融合趋势。中国虽是碳资源大国,但碳交易所的发展刚刚起步,在国际上没有话语权。当前,北京环境交易所、上海环境能源交易所、天津排放权交易所作为我国碳排放交易所的先行者,正在积极探索我国碳减排量核定体系和定价机制,通过与国际碳市场所对接,提高我国在碳排放交易中的地位和竞争力。     

Downstream regulation of CO2 emissions in California's electricity sector

This paper examines the implications of alternative forms of cap-and-trade regulations on the California electricity market. Specific focus is given to the implementation of a downstream form of regulation known as the first-deliverer policy. Under this policy, importers (i.e., first-deliverers) of electricity into California are responsible for the emissions associated with the power plants from which the power originated, even if those plants are physically located outside of California. We find that, absent strict non-economic barriers to changing import patterns, such policies are extremely vulnerable to reshuffling of import resources. The net impact implies that the first-deliverer policies will be only marginally more effective than a conventional source-based regulation.     

Addressing competitiveness and leakage concerns in climate policy: An analysis of border adjustment measures in the US and the EU

The implementation of climate policies in the US and EU in light of uncertainties about future international climate policy has shifted attention to two interrelated concerns, namely competitiveness and carbon leakage. Although various policy measures are available to address these concerns, there has been much discussion about one such measure in particular: the use of offsetting measures at the border. This article compares policy discussions in the US and the EU on how to address competitiveness and carbon leakage concerns, with a focus on the role of import-related border adjustment measures. It analyses the kinds of measures that so far have been put forward with a view to addressing competitiveness and carbon leakage; compares the approaches to the problems in the US and the EU; and provides a preliminary discussion of international cooperation on border adjustment measures. It concludes that two kinds of cooperation are needed between the EU and the US – not only cooperation through formal international negotiations, but also cooperation through international learning processes, in which the EU and the US learn from each other about design and implementation issues as they develop their respective cap-and-trade systems.     

Voluntary Carbon Market in Turkey

Nowadays, global warming is a major environmental concern. Climate change is dominating the environmental agendas, especially in developed countries at first, but by now, around the world. Several initiatives have been undertaken to reduce the effect of increasing atmospheric GHGs （greenhouse gasses） concentrations. Emerging carbon emissions trade under the Kyoto Protocol serves to market the carbon quotas among the countries, thus, it helps to increase their level of GNP （gross national product）. Emissions trade is being performed in the voluntary and compliant markets. Increasing interest in emission trade emerged carbon and energy exchanges markets in the world. Turkey is located in the voluntary markets, and organizations buying carbon offset credits in order to achieve their voluntary emission reduction goals. GS （gold standard） and VCS （verified carbon standard） are mainly being used to finance renewable energy projects in Turkey. In the GS, there are 209 projects which are currently in the approval process or in the application, such as wind energy, hydroelectric power plant and biogas energy production. In addition to these, in the VCS, there are 61 projects which are mainly energy industries, in the approval process or in the application. Most environmental issues require long-term plans which include international cooperation, especially climate change. The Kyoto Protocol marks the beginning of a new era to combat global climate change. Voluntary markets are very popular and forty percent of the total global GS projects and around nine percent of VCS projects are implemented in Turkey. These projects are initial steps for future implementations of compliant markets in Turkey.     

Understanding barriers to commercial-scale carbon capture and sequestration in the United States: An empirical assessment

Although a potentially useful climate change mitigation tool, carbon capture and sequestration (CCS) efforts in the United States remain mired in demonstration and development. Prior studies suggest numerous reasons for this stagnation. This article empirically assesses those claims. Using an anonymous opinion survey completed by 229 CCS experts, we identified four primary barriers to CCS commercialization: (1) cost and cost recovery, (2) lack of a price signal or financial incentive, (3) long-term liability risks, and (4) lack of a comprehensive regulatory regime. These results give empirical weight to previous studies suggesting that CCS cost (and cost recovery) and liability risks are primary barriers to the technology. However, the need for comprehensive rather than piecemeal CCS regulation represents an emerging concern not previously singled out in the literature. Our results clearly show that the CCS community sees fragmented regulation as one of the most significant barriers to CCS deployment. Specifically, industry is united in its preference for a federal regulatory floor that is subject to state-level administration and sensitive to local conditions. Likewise, CCS experts share broad confidence in the technology's readiness, despite continued calls for commercial-scale demonstration projects before CCS is widely deployed.     

全球气候变化风险下的企业竞争战略

本文分析了气候变化对企业带来的四种主要风险:监管风险、物理风险、声誉风险和法律风险。并提出了企业应对气候变化的四阶段战略及合规及声誉风险管理、运营效率战略、价值链重构战略和商业模式再造战略。     

Implications of carbon cap-and-trade for US voluntary renewable energy markets

Many consumers today are purchasing renewable energy in large part for the greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions benefits that they provide. Emerging carbon regulation in the US has the potential to affect existing markets for renewable energy. Carbon cap-and-trade programs are now under development in the Northeast under the Regional Greenhouse Gas Initiative (RGGI) and in early stages of development in the West and Midwest. There is increasing discussion about carbon regulation at the national level as well. While renewable energy will likely benefit from carbon cap-and-trade programs because compliance with the cap will increase the costs of fossil fuel generation, cap-and-trade programs can also impact the ability of renewable energy generation to affect overall CO₂ emissions levels and obtain value for those emissions benefits. This paper summarizes key issues for renewable energy markets that are emerging with carbon regulation, such as the implications for emissions benefits claims and voluntary market demand and the use of renewable energy certificates (RECs) in multiple markets. It also explores policy options under consideration for designing carbon policies to enable carbon markets and renewable energy markets to work together.     

Grandfathering,auctioning and Carbon Leakage: Assessing the inconsistencies of the new ETS Directive

The new ETS Directive defines three different allocation rules, granting exemption from auctioning to those sectors exposed to the risk of Carbon Leakage. This article analyses the inconsistencies that characterize this new allocation rule and it concludes that the methodology designed to assess the risk of Carbon Leakage is more politically driven than economically grounded. The results of the Carbon Leakage risk assessment reveal that grandfathering is going to be the dominant allocation rule during the third phase also. However, not only the exemption from auctioning is unlikely to mitigate Carbon Leakage, instead of improving the allocation transparency and granting harmonization of higher rules but also the new ETS allocation rule is likely to increase the distortions of competition, worsening rather than improving the harmonization within the ETS.     

Global trading versus linking: Architectures for international emissions trading

International emissions trading is widely seen as an indispensable policy pillar of climate change mitigation [Stern, N., 2007. The Economics of Climate Change. The Stern Review. Cambridge University Press, New York]. This article analyzes five different types of trading architectures, classified into two top–down (UNFCCC driven) and three bottom–up (driven by individual countries or regions) approaches. The two types of approaches are characterized by a trade-off between environmental effectiveness and political feasibility, respectively, whereas their relative cost-effectiveness depends on implementation details. Bottom–up architectures constitute imperfect substitutes for top–down architectures in terms of environmental effectiveness, and thus remain mere fallback options. However, especially the ‘formal linking’ architecture can act as complement in terms of cost-effectiveness.