固定化Neutrase中性蛋白酶的研究

以壳聚糖为载体、戊二醛为交联剂固定化Neutrase中性蛋白酶。通过单因素实验，分析了壳聚糖浓度、戊二醛浓度、交联时间对微球制备的影响及戊二醛加入量对酶固定的影响。由正交实验确定制备固定化酶的最佳工艺参数为：壳聚糖浓度为3％、戊二醛与葡胺糖残基摩尔比为1：2、制备微球交联时间为1h，微球与酶振荡吸附12h，再加入2．5％戊二醛交联，使戊二醛最终浓度达到0．9％，制备得固定化中性蛋白酶活力为112．69U／g。固定化蛋白酶的热稳定性和对酸碱的稳定性均较游离中性蛋白酶有所提高。     

聚乙烯醇-海藻酸钙固定化柚苷酶

利用聚乙烯醇(PVA)-海藻酸钙为载体,通过戊二醛交联,制备水不溶性的固定化柚苷酶凝胶颗粒.结果显示:添加戊二醛和延时包埋法制备的固定化酶凝珠活力较高.固定化酶的优化工艺为:以9.0g/100mL PVA与1.0g/lOOmL海藻酸钠为载体,固化剂CaCl2的质量浓度为1.0g/100mL,酶液质量浓度2.0mg/mL...     

壳聚糖—戊二醛固定化木聚糖酶的技术研究

采用壳聚糖微球一戊二醛交联的方法固定木聚糖酶,探讨壳聚糖浓度、戊二醛体积分数和交联时间对固定化酶相对酶活力的影响.以正交试验确定木聚糖酶的最佳固定化条件,比较固定化酶与其游离酶的最适反应pH值、pH值稳定性、最适反应温度及热稳定性.结果表明,在壳聚糖质量浓度0.1g/mL、戊二醛添加量3％、给酶量2000U/g载体、交联时间2.5h时,固定化酶的回收率较高,可达到65.38％,同时固定化和游离酶的最适温度分别为60℃、55℃,最适pH值分别为4.5、5.0,热稳定性有不同程度的提高,pH稳定性两者变化不大.木聚糖酶的固定化能有效地提高其作用性能,从而为木聚糖酶的工业化应用提供了一定的理论依据.     

壳聚糖固定瑞士乳杆菌蛋白酶的条件研究

以壳聚糖为载体,戊二醛为交联剂,采用交联-吸附法对瑞士乳杆菌蛋白酶的固定化条件进行研究。在单因素试验基础上,以固定化酶活力为主要指标,研究凝结液、壳聚糖质量浓度、酶用量、交联时间、戊二醛质量浓度对瑞士乳杆菌蛋白酶固定化的影响。运用响应面对固定化条件进行优化,确定瑞士乳杆菌蛋白酶的最优固定条件：凝结液为4g/100mL NaOH-甲醇(体积比3:1)、壳聚糖质量浓度2.89g/100mL、酶用量2.95mg、交联时间1h、戊二醛质量浓度0.40g/100mL,此时固定化酶活力为28.67U。     

漆酶最佳固定化条件研究

以聚乙烯醇(PVA)为载体,戊二醛为交联剂制备凝胶态PVA,继而以二甲基亚砜为溶剂,环氧氯丙烷为反应物制备环氧化PVA,利用该产物进一步与漆酶进行反应,从而实现漆酶的固定化.实验控制二甲基亚砜与环氧氯丙烷配比(体积比)为1∶1,固定化温度T=35℃,环氧化PVA载体(g)∶漆酶(mL)∶HAc-NaAc缓冲溶液(mL)=1∶1∶2的条件下对漆酶进行固定化,固定化时间为5h,可得到相对酶活较高的固定化漆酶.用该固定化漆酶深度处理草浆二沉池出水,在反应体系pH值4.0、反应时间为6h条件下,色度去除率可达62.9％,BOD浓度升高47.6％,但COD浓度下降不明显,该固定化漆酶在放置36 h后降解能力显著降低.     

壳聚糖微球固定化β-半乳糖苷酶

以壳聚糖为载体、戊二醛为交联剂固定化β-半乳糖苷酶,通过单因素和正交实验探讨了固定化载体和固定化条件对酶固定化的影响。结果表明,固定化载体壳聚糖(脱乙酰度90%以上)的最适分子质量和体积分数分别为3×105和2%,制备的壳聚糖载体具有良好的成球性和机械强度。采用交联方式将β-半乳糖苷酶固定在壳聚糖微球上,在单因素试验的基础上,进行正交试验确定固定化条件为:交联剂戊二醛浓度和交联时间分别为10 g/L和1.0 h,酶浓度和固定化时间分别为1.5 mg/m L和12 h,最终制备的固定化酶的活力回收率达到70.5%。同时该固定化酶具有良好的储存稳定性和操作稳定性,具有一定的应用价值。     

纳米SiO2改性壳聚糖载体的制备及固定化壳聚糖酶的研究

利用壳聚糖与硅酸乙酯(TEOS)形成的溶胶-凝胶制备杂化载体,经戊二醛交联后固定化壳聚糖酶,结合扫描电镜观察、X射线衍射及红外光谱分析对杂化载体进行了表征,初步比较了固定化酶与游离酶的酶学特性。结果表明,以5%的戊二醛浓度交联载体时,固定化酶的活性最高;最大结合酶量为2mL(U=2.5);固定化酶的最适pH7.0,酶活曲线向碱性偏移;固定化酶的最适酶促反应温度比游离酶升高5℃,在更宽的温度范围内具有活性。通过Lineweaver-Burk作图得出固定化酶的K’m为10.64g/L,较游离酶1.29g/L有所升高。该固定化酶具有较强的热稳定性,重复使用10次后,酶活力损失小于30%;在4℃低温条件下,稳定性较好,半衰期约为28d。     

磁性壳聚糖微球固定化糖化酶的研究

以磁性壳聚糖微球为载体,采用吸附一交联法固定化糖化酶。对给酶量、戊二醛添加量、交联温度、交联时间等因素进行了考察;并对固定化酶的酶学性质进行了研究。结果表明,固定化的最佳条件为：浓度为0．5mg／mL酶液8mL、1％戊二醛溶液4mL、交联温度45℃、交联时间4h;固定化酶的热稳定性和pH稳定性都优于游离酶;固定化酶连续使用5次,酶活仍保持了58％。     

脱乙酰壳聚糖固定碱性蛋白酶的研究

以脱乙酰壳聚糖为载体，戊二醛为交联剂制备固定化碱性蛋白酶。研究了戊二醛的浓度、给酶量、固定化温度、时间、pH对固定碱性蛋白酶的影响。结果表明：碱性蛋白酶最佳固定化条件是戊二醛浓度为0．2％：给酶量11000U／g；pH为10；在温度为50℃交联时间12h。     

磁性壳聚糖微球固定化脂肪酶研究

以磁性壳聚糖微球为载体,通过戊二醛交联进行脂肪酶固定化,对影响脂肪酶固定化各种因素进行考察,确定最佳条件,并比较游离酶与固定化酶pH和热稳定性。结果表明,固定化适宜条件为:脂肪酶加入量5.0 mg/100 mg载体、温度40℃、时间5 h、pH 8.04、戊二醛浓度10%、最高固载率可达90.56%,酶活4034 U/g载体;与游离酶相比,固定化酶pH和热稳定性都有较宽适用范围。     

Reliable identification of grapevine rootstock varieties using RAPD PCR on woody samples

Since grapevine ( Vitis spp .) rootstock material is being traded increasingly as disbudded woody material a lack of distinctive morphological features on such material necessitates an alternative and reliable means of identification. Methods described here were developed for rapid and efficient extraction of DNA from woody samples rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides, and for subsequent identification of varieties by RAPD PCR. Using these methods, and with the application of only one selected RAPD primer, we were able to differentiate sixteen rootstock varieties, including the seven varieties most commonly used in Germany. Problems commonly encountered with reproducibility of RAPD patterns were avoided by choosing primers with a dinucleotide sequence and a high G/C content that allowed a rather high annealing temperature of 45°C. Methods described here should also be useful for other horticultural crops, especially those with woody tissues rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides.     

An internet compendium of analytical methods and spectroscopic information for monomers and additives used in food packaging plastics

An internet website (http://cpf.jrc.it/smt/) has been produced as a means of dissemination of methods of analysis and supporting spectroscopic information on monomers and additives used for food contact materials (principally packaging). The site which is aimed primarily at assisting food control laboratories in the European Union contains analytical information on monomers, starting substances and additives used in the manufacture of plastics materials. A searchable index is provided giving PM and CAS numbers for each of 255 substances. For each substance a data sheet gives regulatory information, chemical structures, physico-chemical information and background information on the use of the substance in particular plastics, and the food packaging applications. For monomers and starting substances (155 compounds) the infra-red and mass spectra are provided, and for additives (100 compounds); additionally proton NMR are available for about 50% of the entries. Where analytical methods have been developed for determining these substances as residual amounts in plastics or as trace amounts in food simulants these methods are also on the website. All information is provided in portable document file (PDF) format which means that high quality copies can be readily printed, using freely available Adobe Acrobat Reader software. The website will in future be maintained and up-dated by the European Commission's Joint Research Centre (JRC) as new substances are authorized for use by the European Commission (DG-ENTR formerly DGIII). Where analytical laboratories (food control or other) require reference substances these can be obtained free-ofcharge from a reference collection housed at the JRC and maintained in conjunction with this website compendium.     

Textural Properties of Cold-set Gels Induced from Heat-denatured Whey Protein Isolates

A 9% whey protein (WP) isolate solution at pH 7.0 was heat-denatured at 80°C for 30 min. Size-exclusion HPLC showed that native WP formed soluble aggregates after heat-treatment. Additions of CaCl2 (10–40 mM), NaCl (50–400 mM) or glucono-delta-lactone (GDL, 0.4–2.0%, w/v) or hydrolysis by a protease from Bacillus licheniformis caused gelation of the denatured solution at 45°C. Textural parameters, hardness, adhesiveness, and cohesiveness of the gels so formed changed markedly with concentration of added salts or pH by added GDL. Maximum gel hardness occurred at 200 mM NaCl or pH 4.7. Increasing CaCl2 concentration continuously increased gel hardness. Generally, GDL-induced gels were harder than salt-induced gels, and much harder than the protease-induced gel.     

Aroma characterization of various apricot varieties using headspace–solid phase microextraction combined with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and gas chromatography–olfactometry

The characterization of the aromatic profile of several apricot cultivars with molecular tracers in order to obtain objective data concerning the aromatic quality of this fruit was undertaken using headspace–solid phase microextraction (HS–SPME). Six apricot cultivars were selected according to their organoleptic characteristics: Iranien, Orangered, Goldrich, Hargrand, Rouge du Roussillon and A4025. The aromatic intensity of these varieties measured by HS–SPME–Olfactometry were defined and classified according to the presence and the intensity of grassy, fruity and apricot like notes. In the six varieties, 23 common volatile compounds were identified by HS–SPME–GC–MS. Finally, 10 compounds, ethyl acetate, hexyl acetate, limonene, β-cyclocitral, γ-decalactone, 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one, linalool, β-ionone, menthone and (E)-hexen-2-al were recognized by HS–SPME–GC–O as responsible of the aromatic notes involved in apricot aroma and considered as molecular tracers of apricot aromatic quality which could be utilized to discriminate apricot varieties.     

Tests of potential functional barriers for laminated multilayer food packages. Part I: Low molecular weight permeants

The advent of the functional barrier concept in food packaging has brought with it a requirement for fast tests of permeation through potential barrier materials. In such tests it would be convenient for both foodstuffs and materials below the functional barrier (sub-barrier materials) to be represented by standard simulants. By means of inverse gas chromatography, liquid paraffin spiked with appropriate permeants was considered as a potential simulant of sub-barrier materials based on polypropylene (PP) or similar polyolefins. Experiments were performed to characterize the kinetics of the permeation of low molecular weight model permeants (octene, toluene and isopropanol) from liquid paraffin, through a surrogate potential functional barrier (25 μm-thick oriented PP) into the food simulants olive oil and 3% (w/v) acetic acid. These permeation results were interpreted in terms of three permeation kinetic models regarding the solubility of a particular model permeant in the post-barrier medium (i.e. the food simulant). The results obtained justify the development and evaluation of liquid sub-barrier simulants that would allow flexible yet rigorous testing of new laminated multilayer packaging materials.     

Occurrence of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) in fish canned in oil

The levels of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) were quantified as part of a European survey on the migration of residues of epoxy resins into oil from canned fish. The contents of BFDGE in cans, lids and fish collected from all 15 Member States of the European Union and Switzerland were analysed in 382 samples. Cans and lids were separately extracted with acetonitrile. The extraction from fish was carried out with hexane followed by re-extraction with acetonitrile. The analysis was performed by reverse phase HPL C with fluorescence detection. BFDGE could be detected in 12% of the fish, 24% of the cans and 18% of the lids. Only 3% of the fish contained BFDGE in concentrations considerably above 1mg/kg. In addition to the presented data, a comparison was made with the levels of BADGE (bisphenol-A-diglycidyl ether)analysed in the same products in the context of a previous study.     

Contribution of European research to risk analysis

The European Commission's, Quality of Life Research Programme, Key Action 1—Health, Food & Nutrition is mission-oriented and aims, amongst other things, at providing a healthy, safe and high-quality food supply leading to reinforced consumer confidence in the safety of European food. Its objectives also include the enhancing of the competitiveness of the European food supply. Key Action 1 is currently supporting a number of different types of European collaborative projects in the area of risk analysis. The objectives of these projects range from the development and validation of prevention strategies including the reduction of consumers risks; development and validation of new modelling approaches; harmonization of risk assessment principles, methodologies, and terminology; standardization of methods and systems used for the safety evaluation of transgenic food; providing of tools for the evaluation of human viral contamination of shellfish and quality control; new methodologies for assessing the potential of unintended effects of genetically modified (genetically modified) foods; development of a risk assessment model for Cryptosporidium parvum related to the food and water industries; to the development of a communication platform for genetically modified organism, producers, retailers, regulatory authorities and consumer groups to improve safety assessment procedures, risk management strategies and risk communication; development and validation of new methods for safety testing of transgenic food; evaluation of the safety and efficacy of iron supplementation in pregnant women; evaluation of the potential cancer-preventing activity of pro- and pre-biotic ('synbiotic') combinations in human volunteers. An overview of these projects is presented here.     

低温带皮菜籽粕微粉的不同粒级部分的功能特性

为研究低温带皮菜籽粕微粉的不同粒级部分的功能特性,以经低温脱脂的带皮菜籽粕为原料,经微粉碎后筛分成212~425μm、150~212μm和106~150μm的3个不同粒级的微粉样品,检测这些样品的吸水性、吸油性、乳化性和乳化稳定性、蛋白质体外消化率。结果表明:1 3个不同粒级的微粉样品之间的粗纤维含量存在显著差异,表明三者的结构组成成分有一定差异。23个微粉样品的乳化活性和乳化稳定性随粒度级别的减小而显著增加(P0.01)。33个微粉样品的蛋白质体外消化率随粒度级别的减小而显著增加(P0.01)。4不同粒级带皮菜籽粕微粉样品的吸水性与吸油性受其结构组成物质不同和粒度的双重影响,与粒度的相关性不明显。     

Microbiology of food taints

Fresh and processed foods are often spoilt by the presence of undesirable flavours and odours caused by microbial action. The aim of this paper is to review the current knowledge of microbiologically induced taints that occur in a wide range of foodstuffs, including meats, poultry, fish, crustaceans, milk, dairy products, fruits, vegetables, cereals and cereal products. Examples have been chosen where the compounds responsible for the taint have been identified and sufficient data obtained to demonstrate the involvement of microorganisms. However, in some cases the full identity of the causative organism may not have been elucidated. The types of microorganisms covered by this review include bacteria, fungi, yeasts, actinomycetes and cyanobacteria. Although cyanobacteria do not in general infect foods, their presence in aqueous systems and water supplies can lead to off-flavours in aquatic organisms and processed foodstuffs. Several examples of each of these processes are discussed. Wherever possible, the likely biosynthetic pathway used by the microorganism to produce the offending compound in a foodstuff is indicated.