"Identification of disoriented objects: Effects of context of prior presentation": Errata.

Reports an error in the original article by P. Jolicoeur and B. Milliken ( Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 1989 [Mar], Vol 15[2], 200–210). Parts of 2 sentences were omitted in the left column on page 202; these sentences should read as follows: "Half of the Ss in the rotated group received the following type of block order: R1A, R2A, R3A, R4A, R5A, T6A–6B. The other half of the Ss had Set B objects in the training phase (first 5 blocks), but received the same transfer trials. Half of the Ss in the upright group received the same transfer trials. Half of the Ss in the upright group received block orders of the following type: U1A, U2A, U1A, U2A, U1A, T6A–6B." (For original abstract, see record 1989-24712-001). (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

"The distressed psychologist: Prevalence and treatment considerations": Correction.

Reports an error in the original article by R. W. Thoreson et al (Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 1989[June], Vol 20[3], 153–258). On page 156, a variable was left out of Table 2. A corrected table is given. (The following abstract of this article originally appeared in record 1989-34534-001.) Investigated the level and types of distress in a sample of 379 psychologists, using survey methodology. Overall, Ss were healthy and satisfied with work and interpersonal relationships. 10% of Ss experienced distress in the areas of depression, marital/relationship, physical illness, alcohol use, and loneliness. A distress band was calculated and ranged from 9% for multiple categories to 19% for single categories of distress. A subsample of Ss in distress from alcohol use was characterized by use of controlled drinking strategies… (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Gender differences in interaction style and influence.

Observed 128 Ss in mixed- and same-sex dyads to examine effect of interaction on sex differences in influence. Ss discussed 2 topics on which they disagreed. During the 2nd discussion, 1 S in each pair was told to influence the other. Ss showed more agreement and positive social behavior when paired with a woman and more disagreement and task behavior when paired with a man. Although women were more easily influenced, this effect was mediated by the partners' behavior. Ss were influenced more by a partner who agreed with them and less by one who disagreed. Path analyses and ANCOVAS revealed that Ss' sex predicted the partners' behavior toward them, which in turn predicted the sex difference in influence. When instructed to be influential, Ss increased disagreements, but only with male partners. Results indicate that the masculine interaction style used when interacting with men is less effective than the feminine style used when interacting with women. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Loneliness and patterns of self-disclosure.

The 1st study examined the hypothesis that feeling lonely is related to a self-perceived lack of self-disclosure to significant others. 37 male and 38 female undergraduates rated themselves on the UCLA Loneliness Scale and the Jourard Self-Disclosure Questionnaire. Analyses showed that for males and females, loneliness was significantly and linearly related to a self-perceived lack of intimate disclosure to opposite-sex friends. For females, loneliness was also associated with a perceived lack of self-disclosure to same-sex friends. The 2nd study investigated the relationship between loneliness and actual disclosure behavior. 24 lonely and 23 nonlonely Ss were paired with nonlonely partners in a structured acquaintanceship exercise. Both opposite-sex and same-sex pairs were included in the design. Postexercise ratings by partners indicated that lonely Ss were less effective than nonlonely Ss in making themselves known. Analysis of the intimacy level in the conversations showed that lonely Ss had significantly different patterns of disclosure than nonlonely Ss. The authors suggest that the self-disclosure style of the lonely person impairs the normal development of social relationships. (37 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

"The effects of rocking on the state and respiration of normal and excessive cryers": Erratum.

Reports an error in "The effects of rocking on the state and respiration of normal and excessive cryers" by M. Ruth Elliott, Kimberly Fisher and Elinor W. Ames (Canadian Journal of Psychology Revue Canadienne de Psychologie, 1988[Jun], Vol 42[2], 163-172). On page 163, the second last sentence of the Résumé should read "Lorsque le bercement était plus rapide, il y avait plus d'entra?nement et moins de variabilité dans la respiration." (The following abstract of the original article appeared in record 1989-12571-001.) Investigated the response of 12 excessive (over 3 hrs a day) and 12 normal crying infants (aged 42-56 days) to rocking. Ss who exhibited continuous crying for 60 sec were rocked for 4 min in a motorized baby carriage and then left in a nonrocking carriage for 4 min. Half the Ss were rocked at 40 rocks/minute, half at 57 rocks/minute. Respiration rate was found to entrain to the rocking, supporting B. M. Lester's (1985) entrainment hypothesis. Normal and excessive cryers did not differ in their response to rocking. (French abstract) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

"Mental rotation and the identification of disoriented objects": Erratum.

Reports an error in the original article by P. Jolicoeur (Canadian Journal of Psychology, 1988, Vol 42 [4], 461–478). On page 475, footnote 7 should read "Although I prefer to think about the facilitation of the identification process following practice in terms of effects on representations, it may be possible to model the practice effects in terms of effects on identification procedures and priming of procedures." (The following abstract of this article originally appeared as follows in record 1989-21225-001). Compared the effects of stimulus orientation among 30 undergraduates across an object-naming task and a left-right decision task using the same line-drawing stimuli in a within-Ss design… (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

"Seating arrangement and leadership emergence": Ettatum.

Reports an error in the original article by L. T. Howells and S. W. Becker (Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 1962, 64[2], 148-150). On page 148 of the article, the last sentence of Paragraph 2, Column 1, should read: However, Steinzor did not investigate the present program, namely, the relationship between seating distance and leadership emergence. The original sentence implied that Steinzor had reached conclusions about seating arrangement and leadership, and this implication is incorrect. (The following abstract of this article originally appeared in record 1964-02596-001): Based on the proposition that seating position effects the flow of communication which, in turn, effects leadership emergence, 20 groups of 5 Ss performed a problem solving task and then rated the group members on exhibited leadership. The seats were arranged so that 2 Ss were opposite 3 Ss. A greater number of leaders than would be expected by chance emerged from the 2-seat side of the table, thus, lending support to the hypothesis. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

"Models of behavior disorder: A formal analysis based on Woods's Taxonomy of Instrumental Conditioning": Erratum to Tryon.

Reports 2 errors in the original article by W. W. Tryon (American Psychologist, 1976, Vol 7 509–518). On page 512 the left-hand measure, line 11 "first row" should read "first column." On page 514, instead of "Signaled Contingent Reward Conditioning," the 2nd heading should read "Signaled Noncontingent Reward Conditioning." (The following abstract of this article originally appeared in PA, Vol 57:4654.) Discusses the issue of formal analysis of operations in psychology. A total of 120 conditioning paradigms are derived from P. J. Woods's (see record 1975-00351-001) "Taxonomy of Instrumental Conditioning," of which 64 are predicted to produce behavior disorder and 32 are predicted to produce no behavior disorder. The remaining 24 are either redundant or "degenerate" paradigms. Eight paradigms producing behavior disorder are selected for review because they represent simple symmetrical formal relationships and have been more widely investigated. Among the phenomena covered are "superstitious" behavior, learned helplessness, experimental neurosis, anaclitic depression as a result of maternal separation, and physiological disturbances such as ulceration… (24 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

"Failures to detect moderating effects with ordinary least squares-moderated multiple regression: Some reasons and a remedy": Correction to Morris et al.

Reports an error in "Failures to detect moderating effects with ordinary least squares-moderated multiple regression: Some reasons and a remedy" by James H. Morris, J. Daniel Sherman and Edward R. Mansfield (Psychological Bulletin, 1986[Mar], Vol 99[2], 282-288). Several errors went uncorrected. On page 283, the second line of the first full paragraph should read "in Equation 3...." On page 284, in the eighth line of the first full paragraph, the power in the equation should be "1/2," not "12." On page 287, in Table 4, the heading for column 6 should read "Adjusted SS for deletion of X?X?," not just "X?." The heading for column 7 should read "H?: β?=0c, partial F," not "β?." Finally, in line 3 of the table note, "X?X?" should read "X?,X?." (The following abstract of the original article appeared in record 1986-16215-001.) Describes a means for determining circumstances when ordinary least squares/moderated multiple regression (OLS/MMR) may be at risk in moderator applications and suggests an alternative regression procedure that can be used to overcome the threat of Type II error posed by these circumstances. Using field study data on job satisfaction of employees at state institutions for the developmentally disabled, parallel analyses are presented to show how markedly different results can be obtained between OLS/MMR and the remedial procedure. It is suggested that investigators who have reached conclusions with the traditional OLS/MMR approach reexamine their data. (23 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

"Women's changing work roles: Impact on health, family, and public policy": Correction.

Reports an error in the original article by K. A. Matthews and J. Rodin (American Psychologist, 1989[Nov], Vol 44[11], 1389–2393). On page 1391, the note in Figure 1 should read as follows: Note. 2000 is based on projections for women 25–54. (The following abstract of this article originally appeared in record 1990-06311-001.) Women's work roles have changed enormously. This article describes the long-term and short-term changes in women's paid employment. It also introduces a set of Public Forum articles that discuss the consequences of these changes for women's health and for their families and delineate the government's responses to women's changing work roles. The impetus for this Public Forum section came from a workshop conducted under the auspices of the John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation Network on the Determinants and Consequences of Health-Promoting and Health-Damaging Behavior. Therefore, the article also discusses the mission of the Network and why multidisciplinary, collaborative research on the effects of women's employment is vital. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

The effects of rocking on the state and respiration of normal and excessive cryers.

[Correction Notice: An erratum for this article was reported in Vol 42(4) of Canadian Journal of Psychology Revue Canadienne de Psychologie (see record 2007-07517-001). On page 163, the second last sentence of the Résumé should read 'Lorsque le bercement était plus rapide, il y avait plus d'entra?nement et moins de variabilité dans la respiration."] Investigated the response of 12 excessive (over 3 hrs a day) and 12 normal crying infants (aged 42–56 days) to rocking. Ss who exhibited continuous crying for 60 sec were rocked for 4 min in a motorized baby carriage and then left in a nonrocking carriage for 4 min. Half the Ss were rocked at 40 rocks/minute, half at 57 rocks/minute. Respiration rate was found to entrain to the rocking, supporting B. M. Lester's (1985) entrainment hypothesis. Normal and excessive cryers did not differ in their response to rocking. (French abstract) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

"The truly false consensus effect: An ineradicable and egocentric bias in social perception": Correction.

Reports an error in the original article by J. Krueger and R. W. Clement (Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 1994[Oct], Vol 67[4], 596–610). A correction to the equation on page 605 is provided. (The following abstract of this article originally appeared in PA, Vol 82:5338.) Consensus bias is the overuse of self-related knowledge in estimating the prevalence of attributes in a population. The bias seems statistically appropriate (R. M. Dawes; see record 1989-25841-001), but according to the egocentrism hypothesis, it merely mimics normative inductive reasoning. In Exp 1, Ss made population estimates for agreement with each of 40 personality inventory statements. Even Ss who had been educated about the consensus bias, or had received feedback about actual consensus, or both showed the bias. In Exp 2, Ss attributed bias to another person, but their own consensus estimates were more affected by their own response to the item than by the other person's response. In Exp 3, there was bias even in the presence of unanimous information from 20 randomly chosen others. In all 3 experiments, Ss continued to show consensus bias despite the availability of other statistical information. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

"Effects of chronic and acute cocaine treatment on the onset of maternal behavior and aggression in Sprague-Dawley rats": Correction.

Reports an error in the original article by J. M. Johns et al (Behavioral Neuroscience, 1994[Feb], Vol 108[1], 107–212). On page 108, in the Results, Maternal Behavior, the phrase in parentheses, "(8 min to crouch for 8 min or more of 30 min)' should read: "(6 min to crouch for 8 min or more of 30 min).' On page 109, the label on the upper right panel of Figure 1, "Percent That Crouch in 8 Minutes,' should read: "Percent That Crouch in 6 Minutes.' (The following abstract of this article originally appeared in record 1994-24731-001.) Pregnant rats (N?=?17) were treated either throughout gestation (Gestational Day 1–20) with 30 mg/kg per day (chronic cocaine) or with 1 15-mg/kg dose immediately following parturition (acute cocaine). Chronic and acute cocaine treatment delayed or diminished the postpartum onset of some components of maternal behavior, and chronically treated dams were significantly more aggressive toward a male intruder than acute cocaine-treated or saline-treated dams. Cocaine increased the latency to crouch over pups and decreased crouch duration during a 30-min observation period that immediately followed parturition. Latencies to nest build were also longer in more chronic cocaine-treated dams than in saline controls.… (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

"What is learned during automatization? The role of attention in constructing an instance": Correction to Logan and Etherton.

Reports an error in "What is learned during automatization? The role of attention in constructing an instance" by Gordon D. Logan and Joseph L. Etherton (Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 1994[Sep], Vol 20[5], 1022-1050). In the aforementioned article, the Appendix on page 1050 was incomplete. The complete Appendix is presented in the erratum. (The following abstract of the original article appeared in record 1995-04305-001.) Seven experiments with 372 Ss were conducted to examine the role of attention in automatization. Ss searched 2-word displays for members of a target category in divided-attention, focused-attention, and dual-task conditions. The main issue was whether attention conditions would affect what Ss learned about co-occurrences of the words in the displays. The attention hypothesis, derived from the instance theory of automaticity, predicts learning of co-occurrences in divided-attention and dual-task conditions in which Ss attend to both words but not in focused-attention conditions in which Ss only attend to 1 word. The data supported the attention hypothesis and therefore the instance theory. [A correction concerning this article appears in Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory & Cognition, 1994(Nov), Vol 20(6), 1390. The Appendix was incomplete and the complete Appendix is presented.] (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

"Self Verbalization and Emotional Arousal": Erratum.

Reports an error in the original article by David C. Rimm and Stuart B. Litvak (Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 1969[April],74[2],181-187). On page 187 of the article corrections need to be made in the first and second paragraphs. (The following abstract of this article originally appeared in record 1969-09037-001.) Investigated certain assumptions derived from A. Ellis' theory relating implicit verbalization to emotional arousal. Emotional responses (GSR and respiration changes) of 18 undergraduates instructed to silently read sequences of affectively loaded sentences were compared with those of 9 Ss who read neutral sentences. The relationship between relevance to S of the content of the sentences and level of emotional response was investigated, as was the effect of sentence type (observation, inference, or evaluative conclusion) on level of emotional response. Results were that Ss showed a significantly greater response to affectively loaded than to neutral sentences on 2 out of 3 responses measures. Neither relevance nor sentence type were found to have any significant effect. Results were interpreted as offering only partial support for the theory. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

"Social influences on the selection of a protein-sufficient diet by Norway rats (Rattus norvegicus)": Correction to Beck and Galef (1989).

Reports an error in "Social influences on the selection of a protein-sufficient diet by Norway rats (Rattus norvegicus)" by Matthew Beck and Bennett G. Galef (Journal of Comparative Psychology, 1989[Jun], Vol 103[2], 132-139). There was a misstatement. On page 137, second column, second paragraph, the sentence that begins on line 7 ought to read as follows: Protected t tests revealed that subjects in the Different Food-Same Place Group gained a significantly smaller percentage of body weight than did subjects in each of the other two groups (LSD = .67, both ps 1989-31944-001.) Investigated effects of interactions between naive and knowledgeable rats (Rattus norvegicus) on selection of a nutritionally adequate diet by the naive. We found that during a 7-day test, isolated rats choosing among 4 foods, 3 of which were protein-deficient and 1 of which was protein-rich, failed to learn to prefer the protein-rich diet and lost weight. Conversely, those rats that interacted with conspecifics trained to eat the protein-rich diet developed a strong preference for that diet and thrived. The authors also found that Ss were more strongly influenced in their diet selection by the flavor of the foods eaten by conspecifics than by the locations where conspecifics fed. The results suggest that social influence may be important in development of adaptive patterns of diet choice by rats (or other dietary generalists) that need to find nutritionally adequate diets in demanding environments. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Repression and guilt in relation to aggression.

College men and women who were opposed to electric shock in research were instructed to deliver intense shock to others (victims). Before administering shock ? the Ss read a positive communication (shock is beneficial) and the other ?, a negative communication (shock is harmful). There was significantly less recall of the negative communication. For the same-sex pairs (male S-male victim and female S-female victim) the positive communication elicited significantly more guilt and opposition to shock than did the negative communication; for opposite-sex pairs the results were reversed. These findings could be explained by cognitive dissonance theory or by an identification hypothesis. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Erratum to Simonton.

Reports an error in the original article ("Cross-Sectional Time-Series Experiments: Some Suggested Statistical Analyses") by Dean Keith Simonton (Psychological Bulletin, 1977[May], Vol 84[3], 489-502). On page 491, the second line of Footnote 1 reads: "chap. 3; Overall & Klett, 1972, Pt. 5). Here, dummy. . . ." It should read: "variables in multiple regression, including dummy. . . ." On page 492, Equation 2 reads: "Yt = b?+ b?Xt + b?t + b?Xt." It should read: "Yt = b?Xt + b?t + b?Xtt." On page 493, the second sentence in Paragraph 2 reads: "Since t = 0 at the moment of intervention, b? is the expected mean value of Yt across all cases just prior to the intervention." It should read: "Since t = 0 at the moment of intervention, b? is the expected mean value of Yt across all cases just prior to the intervention." On page 495, the first sentence in Paragraph 5 reads: "Coefficient b? estimates an interaction effect, namely the difference between the intercept of the postintervention control group (i.e., b?) and the intercept of the postintervention experimental group." It should read: "Coefficient b? estimates an interaction effect, namely the difference between the intercept of the postintervention control group (i.e., b? + b?) and the intercept of the postintervention experimental group." (The following abstract of this article originally appeared in record 1978-00178-001.) In the past, statistical analyses for time-series experiments have usually operated with a single-case model, thereby limiting the general applicability of the designs. In this article, alternative analytical procedures are developed for cross-sectional time-series in which the sample size is large and the number of observations per case is relatively small. Interrupted time series, equivalent time samples, and multiple time series are all treated within a multiple regression framework. A generalized least squares estimation procedure is outlined as a more suitable alternative to the G. E. Box and G. M. Jenkins (1970) approach. Some of the special advantages of the designs are briefly discussed. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

"Social–Cognitive influences on change in aggression over time": Erratum.

Reports an error in the original article by S. K. Egan et al (Developmental Psychology, 1998 [Sep], Vol 34[5], 996–1006). On pages 1004–1005, the last sentence of the article should read as follows: "Given that we speculated that the effects of aversive treatment hinge crucially on factors such as timing and whether successful counterattacks occur, such observations, especially if supplemented with measures of social cognitions, might greatly enrich our understanding of how cognition and behavior jointly contribute to social development." The first line of text in the right-hand column on page 1005 should be deleted. (The following abstract of this article originally appeared in record 1998-10846-016.) This study examined whether social cognitions that have been assumed to influence aggression actually forecast change in aggressive habits over time. Participants were 189 3rd- through 7th-grade boys and girls; data on social cognitions and social behaviors were collected in the fall and spring of the school year. Aggression-encouraging cognitions assessed in the fall indeed promoted aggression over the school year, but such developments hinged critically on child sex and on initial (fall) levels of aggression and victimization. Results illustrate the principle that cognitions affect behavioral development mainly when the child's transactions with the social environment support the use of the cognitions as guides for behavior. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

"Development of Species Identification in Ducklings: I. Nature of Perceptual Deficit Caused by Embryonic Auditory Deprivation": Erratum.

Reports an error in the original article by Gilbert Gottlieb (Journal of Comparative & Physiological Psychology, 1975[Jul], Vol 89[5], 387-399). The eighth line in the right-hand column on page 392 should read "hatched about 9 hr earlier ...." (The following abstract of this article originally appeared in record 1975-31344-001.) Reports results of 2 experiments with over 150 Peking ducklings. In simultaneous choice tests with normal and filtered maternal calls, devocal-isolated Ss were much more likely than vocal-communal Ss to select the mallard maternal call in which the higher frequencies were severely attenuated, thus indicating their relative insensitivity to the higher frequency components of the maternal call. However, the devocal Ss were as adept as vocal Ss in selecting the normal mallard maternal call when it was pitted against a low-frequency attenuated mallard call. Thus, the perceptual deficiency resulting from embryonic and postnatal auditory deprivation is selective in the sense of being relegated to the higher frequency components of the maternal call. Devocalization prevents the embryo and hatchling from hearing their own vocalizations, all of which happen to be in the high-frequency range (greater than 1,500 Hz). (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)