表面毛霉成熟干酪制备工艺优化

利用从毛豆腐中分离得到的一株毛霉属菌株,制备得到表面毛霉成熟干酪,并在干酪生产过程中采用乳酸预酸化的方式避免了常规乳酸菌发酵剂对毛霉干酪成熟的影响。单因素实验确定牛乳预酸化pH为5.7,氯化钙添加量0.02%,凝乳酶的添加量为0.0035%,凝固温度33℃,毛霉孢子悬浮液浓度为1×104～1×105cfu.mL-1。      

一种毛霉表面成熟干酪的蛋白质水解作用评价

从毛豆腐中分离出一株毛霉,并应用于表面成熟干酪,以研究干酪成熟过程中所发生的蛋白质水解作用。在90d 的成熟过程中,干酪的pH 值增加;蛋白质水解作用的评价指标,如干酪外层的水溶性氮- 总氮比、pH4.6水溶性氮- 总氮比、12g/100mL 三氯乙酸可溶性氮- 总氮比,在成熟90d 后分别增加至(23.68 ± 1.07)%、(19.38 ± 1.32)%和(8.61 ± 0.85)%,并且高于干酪的内部相应指标。SDS-PAGE 和毛细管电泳分析干酪的pH4.6 不溶性组分,结果表明酪蛋白在干酪成熟过程中被降解。对干酪成熟过程中分离出的水溶性组分进行RP-HPLC 分析,结果显示成熟过程中蛋白质被水解以及形成一些新肽分子。     

利用雅致放射毛霉制备水牛乳豆乳混合干酪工艺参数的优化

为提高水牛乳豆乳混合干酪品质,分别利用单因素试验及正交试验对以雅致放射毛霉为表面发酵剂制备水牛乳豆乳混合发酵干酪的工艺进行了优化。通过优化确定了水牛乳豆乳混合干酪的最佳发酵条件为豆乳添加量15%,程序升温至41℃,霉菌孢子喷雾浓度1×10^6 C FU /m L,成熟时间为30 d。在此优化的工艺条件下,能得到较好品质的霉菌干酪产品。     

雅致放射毛霉在干酪中的应用

雅致放射毛霉(Actinomucorelegans)是酿造腐乳的优良菌株,鉴于其优良发酵特性和蛋白酶解效力,将其引入到传统表面霉菌成熟干酪的发酵成熟过程中,研究该菌种对干酪成熟期间理化特性等各项指标的影响。理化特性研究表明,雅致放射毛霉表面成熟干酪在成熟期间水分含量由59%(W/W)下降到50%;外部和内部的pH都呈上升的趋势,最后达到pH7.0左右;乳酸含量由1.2%(W/W)下降到0.4%;pH4.6 SN(可溶性氮)和12%TCA(三氯乙酸)SN在成熟的30 d内分别由10.1%(W/W)和2.5%增长到了45.2%和27.1%;电泳结果表明,酪蛋白发生强烈水解;毛霉干酪游离脂肪酸含量在成熟末期达到6.54%(W/W);TPA硬度由450 g下降到150 g。毛霉干酪成品的主要成分指标为:水分50%,蛋白质20%(W/W),脂肪20.6%(W/W),盐含量2.1%(W/W),符合NY478-2002软质干酪农业部标准,与Camembert青霉干酪的理化指标相似。     

霉菌成熟软质干酪工艺参数优化的研究

对影响霉菌成熟软质干酪加工关键因素进行了研究。结果表明,发酵剂添加量为0.01%效果较好,CaCl2添加量为0.02%为宜,凝块切割大小为15mm3效果较好,装模pH值为5.4效果较好,加盐量为1.5%为宜,霉菌添加量为0.005%可得较好的产品品质。     

混合乳干酪生产工艺研究(2)混合乳干酪生产最佳工艺参数优化

本试验在已筛选出的发酵剂菌种、最佳凝乳酶和钙化合物的基础上,又综合考虑了影响混合乳(豆乳和牛乳)干酪的几大因素,即豆乳添加量,发酵剂添加量,乳酸钙添加量和凝乳酶添加量,由此优化出混合乳干酪生产的最佳工艺参数.结果表明最佳发酵剂为干酪乳杆菌99108+嗜热链球菌(11),最佳凝乳酶为皱胃酶,最佳钙化合物为乳酸钙,而70%大豆豆乳与30%牛乳混合,添加4%发酵剂,0.2%乳酸钙和0.015%皱胃酶则为最佳的工艺参数.     

优化Tilsit干酪工艺参数的研究

应用正交试验对于Tilsit干酪加工关键因素进行优化.发酵剂添加量为0.01%,CaCl2添加量为0.01%,热烫温度42℃,热烫时间30min,装模pH值5.4,盐渍浓度18%,盐渍时间6h,表面成熟菌添加方式为0.10g/10mL活化菌液喷在干酪表面,成熟60d.获得接受性良好的干酪样品.     

驼乳干酪的工艺优化及成熟期间的理化特性

研究了驼乳干酪最佳加工工艺及成熟期间理化和微生物指标的变化。确定了驼乳干酪的最佳工艺参数:发酵剂的添加量为0.006%,CaC12的添加量为0.03 g/L,pH值为6.1,凝乳酶的添加量为0.06 g/L,凝乳温度为35℃。驼乳干酪的干物质质量分数约为45%,随成熟时间的延长,驼乳干酪的蛋白质、脂肪、乳糖、水分,质量分数下降;硬度、咀嚼性升高,但黏着性和弹性降低;pH4.6-SN的质量分数、12%TCA-SN和5%PTA-SN的质量分数都有不同程度的上升;发酵剂乳酸菌数在逐渐降低,非发酵剂活菌数却在逐渐增高。     

霉菌表面成熟干酪的生化变化

使用自传统食品中筛选出的霉菌制作霉菌表面成熟干酪,研究其在成熟过程中的化学组分、各种含氮成分的变化,以及酪蛋白的降解情况.在一定成熟条件下,干酪的蛋白质和脂肪总含量变化不大,乳糖被降解利用;蛋白质在成熟过程中发生不同程度降解,在成熟12d时蛋白质降解速率增加,产生大量不同大小的肽;pH在成熟过程中增大.     

类Cheddar豆乳干酪工艺参数的优化

研究了类Cheddar豆乳干酪的生产工艺并对其工艺参数进行了优化,对影响产品质量的主要因素进行了研究。通过正交试验,对发酵剂、豆乳、凝乳酶、CaCl2的最适添加量、凝乳时间和凝乳效果进行了研究和探讨。结果表明,添加豆乳20%、发酵剂3%、凝乳酶0.03%(活力为9 000 u/g)、CaCl20.06%时凝乳效果较好,在质构上与纯牛乳Cheddar干酪无明显差异。     

Effect of natural cheese characteristics on process cheese properties

Natural cheese is the major ingredient utilized to manufacture process cheese. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the effect of natural cheese characteristics on the chemical and functional properties of process cheese. Three replicates of 8 natural (Cheddar) cheeses with 2 levels of calcium and phosphorus, residual lactose, and salt-to-moisture ratio (S/M) were manufactured. After 2 mo of ripening, each of the 8 natural cheeses was converted to 8 process cheese foods that were balanced for their composition, including moisture, fat, salt, and total protein. In addition to the standard compositional analysis (moisture, fat, salt, and total protein), the chemical properties (pH, total Ca, total P, and intact casein) and the functional properties [texture profile analysis (TPA), modified Schreiber melt test, dynamic stress rheometry, and rapid visco analysis] of the process cheese foods were determined. Natural cheese Ca and P, as well as S/M, significantly increased total Ca and P, pH, and intact casein in the process cheese food. Natural cheese Ca and P and S/M also significantly affected the final functional properties of the process cheese food. With the increase in natural cheese Ca and P and S/M, there was a significant increase in the TPA-hardness and the viscous properties of process cheese food, whereas the meltability of the process cheese food significantly decreased. Consequently, natural cheese characteristics such as Ca and P and S/M have a significant influence on the chemical and the final functional properties of process cheese.     

再制干酪的研究

以天然干酪为主要原料，通过对再制干酪加工条件以及乳化剂种类和添加量的优化研究，确定了制造块状再制干酪的工艺流程及主要参数。实验表明，块状再制干酪以车达和高达干酪为原材料，按照不同配比使平均成熟期为5～6个月；乳化剂确定使用焦磷酸钠及多聚磷酸钠的混合盐，添加量为2．5％；产品目标水分为46％，目标pH=5．8～6．0；融化条件为：85～87℃．6．5～7min。产品风味柔和、组织状态细腻，符合消费者的饮食习惯；平均理化指标均符合再制干酪质量标准。     

夸克干酪加工工艺的优化

通过凝乳酶和排乳清条件单因素,以产率、校正产率和感官评价为指标的正交实验,确定了夸克干酪生产以产率为指标,3个因素的较优工艺条件为离心时间10 s,凝乳酶添加量为0.004％,发酵剂添加量为5％(均为体积分数,下同).以校正产率为指标,3个因素较优工艺条件为离心时间10 s,凝乳酶添加量为0.004％,发酵剂添加量为3％.以感官评价为指标,3个因素的较优工艺条件为,发酵剂添加量为5％,凝乳酶添加量为0.005％,离心时间30 s.     

涂抹型再制干酪新品的研究

通过对涂抹型再制干酪的原料配合、融化条件、乳化剂、稳定剂种类和添加量的研究，确定其配方和加工工艺。结果表明：涂抹型再制干酪以车达、高达干酪为原材料，按照不同配比使平均成熟期为3个半月；辅料添加浓缩乳清蛋白4．5％～6．5％，黄油8％～10％；溶解盐选择Na4H2PO7为2．1％，Na2HPO4为0.3％；稳定荆选择黄原胶、刺槐豆胶、瓜尔豆胶，按照m黄原胶：m刺槐豆胶：m瓜尔豆胶=2：2：1的比例，添加0.3%;融化温度采用90～95℃；融化过程分2个阶段，第1阶段1500r／min搅拌10min；第2阶段60～80r／min搅拌2min。新品指标为：水分57％～59％、乳脂固形物45％～50％，pHOt05．8～6．0；组织细腻，口感柔软、奶香浓郁，具有良好的流动性和涂抹性。     

Influence of emulsifying salts on the textural properties of nonfat process cheese made from direct acid cheese bases

The objective of this study was to investigate the influence of several types of emulsifying salts (ES) on the texture of nonfat process cheese (NFPC). Improperly produced nonfat cheese tends to exhibit several problems upon baking including stickiness, insufficient or excessive melt, pale color upon cooling, formation of a dry skin (skinning) often leading to dark blistering, and chewy texture. These attributes are due to the strength and number of interactions between and among casein molecules. We propose to disrupt these interactions by using suitable emulsifying salts (ES). These ES chelate Ca and disperse caseins. Stirred curd cheese bases were made from skim milk using direct acidification with lactic acid to pH values 5.0, 5.2, and 5.4, and ripened for 1 d. Various levels of trisodium citrate (TSC; 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, 2.5, 3, and 5%), disodium phosphate (DSP; 1, 2, 3, and 4%), or trisodium phosphate (TSP; 1, 2, 3, and 4%) were blended with the nonfat cheese base. Cheese, ES, and water were weighed into a steel container, which was placed in a waterbath at 98°C and then stirred using an overhead stirrer for 9 min. Molten cheese was poured into plastic containers, sealed, and stored at 4°C for 7 d before analysis. Texture and melting properties were determined using texture profile analysis and the UW-Melt-profiler. The pH 5.2 and 5.4 cheese bases were sticky during manufacture and had a pale straw-like color, whereas the pH 5.0 curd was white. Total calcium contents were approximately 400, 185, and 139 mg/100 g for pH 5.4, 5.2, and 5.0 cheeses, respectively. Addition of DSP resulted in NFPC with the lowest extent of flow, and crystal formation was apparent at DSP levels above 2%. The NFPC manufactured from the pH 5.0 base and using TSP had reduced melt and increased stickiness, whereas melt was significantly increased and stickiness was reduced in NFPC made with pH 5.4 base and TSP. However, for NFPC made from the pH 5.4 cheese and with 1% TSP, the pH value was >6.20 and crystals were observed within a few days. Use of TSC increased extent of flow up to a maximum with the addition of 2% ES for all 3 types of cheese bases. Addition of high levels of TSC to the pH 5.2 and 5.4 cheese bases resulted in increased stickiness. Similar pH trends for attributes such as extent of flow, hardness, and adhesiveness were observed for both phosphate ES but no consistent pH trends were observed for the NFPC made with TSC. These initial trials suggest that the pH 5.0 cheese base was promising for further research and scale-up to pilot-scale process cheese making, because cheeses had a creamy color, reasonable melt, and did not have high adhesiveness when TSC was used as the ES. However, the acid whey produced from the pH 5.0 curd could be a concern.     

红枣干酪加工工艺研究

红枣干酪是在原料乳中添加枣泥制成的,符合中国人口味的风味干酪。对影响红枣干酪凝乳效果的主要因素进行了研究,试验结果表明:添加4%的枣泥,原料乳浓度越大,凝乳效果越好,用巴氏杀菌或高温短时杀菌,调节酸度到24°T,添加0.04%的CaCl2,凝乳效果较好。     

Effect of vacuum-condensed or ultrafiltered milk on pasteurized process cheese

Milk was concentrated by ultrafiltration (UF) or vacuum condensing (CM) and milks with 2 levels of protein: 4.5% (UF1 and CM1) and 6.0% (UF2 and CM2) for concentrates and a control with 3.2% protein were used for manufacturing 6 replicates of Cheddar cheese. For manufacturing pasteurized process cheese, a 1:1 blend of shredded 18- and 30-wk Cheddar cheese, butter oil, and disodium phosphate (3%) was heated and pasteurized at 74°C for 2 min with direct steam injection. The moisture content of the resulting process cheeses was 39.4 (control), 39.3 (UF1), 39.4 (UF2), 39.4 (CM1), and 40.2% (CM2). Fat and protein contents were influenced by level and method of concentration of cheese milk. Fat content was the highest in control (35.0%) and the lowest in UF2 (31.6%), whereas protein content was the lowest in control (19.6%) and the highest in UF2 (22.46%). Ash content increased with increase in level of concentration of cheese milk with no effect of method of concentration. Meltability of process cheeses decreased with increase in level of concentration and was higher in control than in the cheeses made with concentrated milk. Hardness was highest in UF cheeses (8.45 and 9.90 kg for UF1 and UF2) followed by CM cheeses (6.27 and 9.13 kg, for CM1 and CM2) and controls (3.94 kg). Apparent viscosity of molten cheese at 80°C was higher in the 6.0% protein treatments (1043 and 1208 cp, UF2 and CM2) than in 4.5% protein treatments (855 and 867 cp, UF1 and CM1) and in control (557 cp). Free oil in process cheeses was influenced by both level and method of concentration with control (14.3%) being the lowest and CM2 (18.9%) the highest. Overall flavor, body and texture, and acceptability were higher for process cheeses made with the concentrates compared with control. This study demonstrated that the application of concentrated milks (UF or CM) for Cheddar cheese making has an impact on pasteurized process cheese characteristics.     

Small-scale manufacture of process cheese using a rapid visco analyzer

Numerous formulation and processing parameters influence the functional properties of process cheese. Recently, a small-scale (25 g) manufacturing and analysis method was developed using a rapid visco analyzer (RVA), which was designed to evaluate the functional properties of process cheese when subjected to various formulations and processing conditions. Although this method successfully manufactured process cheese, there was a significant difference in the functional properties of the process cheese compared with process cheese manufactured on a pilot scale. In the present study, adjustments in the RVA methodology involving the RVA processing conditions, preblend preparation, and texture profile analysis (TPA) techniques for the final process cheese were investigated. Fourteen samples of pasteurized processed cheese food (PCF) were manufactured from 14 different preblends. Each pre-blend was prepared using 1 of the 14 different natural cheeses and was balanced for moisture, fat, and salt. Each of these 14 preblends was split into 3 portions and each portion was subjected to 3 different manufacturing treatments. The first treatment was manufactured in a pilot-scale Blentech twin screw (BTS) cooker, and the remaining 2 treatments were manufactured in an RVA with different processing profiles. The RVA treatments were produced in triplicate. The resulting process cheeses were analyzed for moisture and functional properties. Texture profile analysis and RVA melt analyses were performed on all PCF treatments. Additionally, for the RVA treatments, the data for time of emulsification and end apparent viscosity during RVA manufacture were collected and recorded. The functional properties of the PCF manufactured using the RVA treatments showed good correlation with the functional properties of the PCF produced on the pilot scale. Additionally, the end apparent viscosity during RVA manufacture was correlated with the functional properties of the process cheese. Consequently, the RVA can be used as a small-scale manufacturing and analysis tool for predicting the functional properties of process cheese, and for evaluating how various formulations and processing parameters affect these functional properties. Moreover, the adjustments in the RVA methodology produced process cheese with functionality similar to process cheese produced in the BTS.     

Comparison of pilot-scale and rapid visco analyzer process cheese manufacture

Numerous formulation and processing parameters influence the functionality of process cheese. A small-scale manufacturing and analysis method could be used to evaluate the influence of formulation parameters and processing conditions on the functionality of process cheese. The objective of this study was to compare process cheese produced on a small-scale (25 g) in a Rapid Visco Analyzer (RVA) to process cheese produced on a pilot-scale (4.5 kg) in a Blentech twin-screw pilot-scale cooker (BTS). Three replicates of pasteurized process cheese (PC) and pasteurized process cheese food (PCF) were produced in an RVA and in a BTS. Texture profile analysis (TPA) and the RVA melt test were performed on all PC and PCF produced. There was a significant replication effect on TPA-hardness and hot apparent viscosity of the PC and PCF produced in the RVA and the BTS. The PC and PCF produced in the RVA had significantly higher TPA-hardness and hot apparent viscosity compared with PC and PCF produced in the BTS. The RVA manufacturing time (short vs. long) did not have a significant effect on TPA-hardness values for PC or PCF. However, the long manufacturing time significantly increased hot apparent viscosity for PC and PCF. The RVA was successfully used to manufacture process cheeses; however, differences in the manufacturing profiles and type of cooker influenced the functional properties of the process cheese.